Hans Scharoun (right), with Otto Nagel.
Bernhard Hans Henry Scharoun (20 September 1893 Bremen – 25 November 1972 West Berlin) was a German architect best known for designing the Berlin Philharmonic concert hall and the Schminke House in Löbau, Saxony. He was an important exponent of Organic architecture.
Life
1893 to 1924
Scharoun was born in Bremen, German Empire. After passing his Abitur in Bremerhaven in 1912, Scharoun studied architecture at the Technical University of Berlin until 1914 (at the time called Königliche Technische Hochschule, the Royal Technical University of Berlin), but he did not complete his studies. He had already shown an interest in architecture during his school years. At the age of 16 he drafted his first designs, and at 18 he entered for the first time an architectural competition for the modernisation of a church in Bremerhaven.
In 1914 he volunteered to serve in the First World War. Paul Kruchen, his mentor from his time in Berlin, had asked him to assist in a reconstruction program for East Prussia. In 1919, after the war, Scharoun assumed responsibility for its office as a freelance architect in Breslau (Wrocław). There and in Insterburg (Chernyakhovsk), he realised numerous projects and organised art exhibitions, such as the first exhibition of the expressionist group of artists, Die Brücke, in East Prussia.
1925 to 1932
He received a professorship at the Staatliche Akademie für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe Breslau (Breslau Academy for Arts and Crafts) where he taught until its closure in 1932. In 1919 he had joined Bruno Taut's expressionist architects group the Glass Chain. In 1926 he entered the architects association Der Ring. In 1927 Scharoun built a house in the Stuttgart Weissenhof Estate. He had responsibility at the end of the twenties for the development plan of a large housing estate, Siemensstadt, in Berlin. Hugo Häring's theory of the new building inspired Scharoun in a new architectural direction that departed from rationalism and from preformulated schemata, in order to develop buildings starting in each case from a unique functional character. The organisation of social living space played a central role.
1933 to 1945
During the Nazi era he remained in Germany, whilst many of his friends and colleagues from the Glass Chain or Der Ring went abroad. In this time he only built a few family houses, one of which is the remarkable Schminke house (publicly accessible) in the city of Löbau in Saxony (1933). Subsequent houses had to adapt outwardly to politically determined construction specifications, while on the inside they displayed the typically Scharounian sequences of spaces. During the war he was busy with reconstruction after bomb damage. He recorded his architectural ideas and visions secretly in numerous watercolors. With these imaginary architectures he prepared mentally for a time after the Nazis.
1946 to 1972
After the end of the Second World War he was appointed by the Allies to the city building council and named director of the Abteilung Bau- und Wohnungswesen des Magistrats (Department of Building and Municipal Housing). In an exhibition in the destroyed ruins of the Berliner Stadtschloss (Berlin City Palace) titled Berlin plant — Erster Bericht (Berlin Plans - First Report), he presented his conceptions for the reconstruction of Berlin. Immediately he found himself in a political no-man's land as the division of the city was becoming apparent.
In 1946 he became a professor at the faculty for architecture at the Technical University of Berlin, with a teaching post at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Städtebau (Institute for Urban Building).
After the war he was able to realise his architectural understanding, both ambitious and humanistic, in exemplary buildings; e.g., in the Stuttgart apartment towers of Romeo and Julia (1954-59), in the Geschwister-Scholl-Gymnasium in Lünen (1956-62) and in the famed Philharmonic concert hall in Berlin (1956-63).
Common to all these buildings is a new kind of entrance to an extremely imaginative and socially differentiated organization of space. The school is planned like a small, child-friendly city, and the apartment towers allow for flexible allocation of space and function. The Philharmonic Concert Hall, internationally recognised as one of the most successful buildings of its kind, is considered as Scharoun's best work. Around the center of the music podium the ranks of spectators rise in irregularly placed terraces, and the ceiling planes layer themselves like a tent-like firmament over the architectural landscape.
The German Embassy in Brasília (1963-69) remains the only building that he built outside of Germany.
After 1972
Some of his most important buildings were only finished after his 1972 death in Berlin, including the Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum (German Maritime Museum), the theatre in Wolfsburg and the Staatsbibliothek (State Library) in Berlin. The extension to the Berlin Philharmonic Concert Hall around the Kammermusiksaal and the Staatliche Institut für Musikforschung Preußischer Kulturbesitz mit Musikinstrumentemuseum (Institute for Music Research and Musical Instrument Museum, Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation) developed under the supervision of his office partner Edgar Wisniewski, who took over the office after Scharoun's death. During the 1980s, the facade of the Philharmonic Concert Halls was provided with a cladding of gold-anodized aluminum plates; originally it was a white and ocher painted concrete facade.
Scharoun's original designs had planned a similar cladding, which was not implemented at the time for cost reasons. After the reunification of Berlin Potsdamer Platz, adjacent to the east of the Kulturforum, was rebuilt; by this Scharoun's designs concerning city redevelopment of the area could finally be recorded as complete.
Awards and prizes
From 1955 to 1968 he was the president of the Berliner Akademie der Künste (West); in 1968 he was honorary president.
Hans Scharoun was a founding member of the Paul Hindemith society in Berlin.
Work
Chamber music hall (left) and Philharmonic (right) in Berlin
An early work of Scharoun: Hostel in the WuWa-
Werkbund exposition in
Breslau
A late work of Scharoun: Theater in Wolfsburg, open 1973 (a year after Scharoun's death)
Buildings (Selected)
- A house called Die Wohnung (The dwelling) for the Werkbund exhibition at the Weissenhof Estate, Stuttgart, (1927)
- Men's hostel for the Werkbund exhibition called Wohnung und Werkraum (Dwellings and Workspaces), Breslau, (1929)
- Apartments at Kaiserdamm, Berlin-Charlottenburg, (1928/29)
- Apartments at Hohenzollerndamm, Berlin-Wilmersdorf, (1929/30)
- Town planning and housing design at Berlin-Siemensstadt, (1929–31)
- The Schminke house, Löbau/Sachsen, (1933)
- The Baensch house, Berlin-Spandau, (1935)
- The Hoffmeyer house, Bremerhaven, (1935)
- The Moll house, Berlin-Grunewald, (1936)
- The Mohrmann house, Berlin-Lichtenrade, (1939)
- Romeo & Julia, high rise apartments, Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, (1954–59)
- Charlottenburg-Nord, housing development, Berlin-Charlottenburg, (1955–60)
- Girls School (now a comprehensive school) „Geschwister-Scholl-Schule”, Lünen, (1956–62)
- Berlin Philharmonic, Berlin-Tiergarten, (1957–63)
- Salute, high-rise apartments, Stuttgart-Fasanenhof, (1961–63)
- Main and primary school, Marl, (1961–66)
- Institutes of the faculty for architecture of the Technical University, Berlin, (1962–70)
- Rauher Kapf, residential district Böblingen, (1965)
- Orplid, high-rise apartments, Böblingen, (1971)
- Embassy building for the Federal Republic of Germany, Brasília, (1964–71)
- City Theatre, Wolfsburg, (1965–73)
- Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum (German maritime museum), Bremerhaven, (1970–75)
- State library, Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Berlin-Tiergarten, (1964–78)
Projects (Selected)
- Competition - Prenzlau Cathedral Square, 1st Prize, (1919)
- Competition - German hygiene museum, Dresden, (1920)
- Competition - Multistorey building at Friedrichstraße station, Berlin, (1922)
- Competition - Münsterplatz Ulm, (1925)
- Competition - Town hall and Exhibition spaces, Bremen, (1928)
- Competition - Liederhalle concert hall, Stuttgart, 1st Prize, (1949)
- Competition - American Memorial Library, Berlin, (1951)
- Design for a primary school, Darmstadt, (1951)
- Competition - Land development, Isle of Helgoland, (1952)
- Competition - Theater, Kassel, 1st Prize, (1952)
- Competition - National Theater, Mannheim, 3rd Prize, (1953)
Writings
- 1925 Preliminary lecture at the Staatlichen Akademie für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe (State Academy for Arts and Crafts), Breslau
Sources
Bibliography (Selected)
- Bürkle, J. Christoph: „Hans Scharoun”, Studio Paperback, Birkhäuser, Basel 1993, ISBN 3-7643-5581-6
- Jones, Peter Blundell: „Hans Scharoun — a monograph”, 1978, ISBN 0-900406-57-7
- Jones, Peter Blundell: „Hans Scharoun”, London 1993/1997, ISBN 0714828777 }(Hardback) ISBN 0-7148-3628-1 (Paperback)
- Jones, Peter Blundell; „Hans Scharoun: Buildings in Berlin”, 2002, ISBN 0-9714091-2-9
- Kirschenmann, Jörg C. und Syring, Eberhard: „Hans Scharoun”, Taschen Basic Architecture, Taschen, Köln 2004, ISBN 3-8228-2778-9
(German)
- Bürkle, J. Christoph: „Hans Scharoun und die Moderne — Ideen, Projekte, Theaterbau”, Frankfurt am Main 1986
- Janofske, Eckehard: „Architektur-Räume, Idee und Gestalt bei Hans Scharoun”, Braunschweig 1984
- Jones, Peter Blundell: „Hans Scharoun — Eine Monographie”, Stuttgart 1980
- Kirschenmann, Jörg C. und Syring, Eberhard: „Hans Scharoun — Die Forderung des Unvollendeten”, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-421-03048-0
- Pfankuch, Peter (Hrsg.): „Hans Scharoun — Bauten, Entwürfe, Texte”, Schriftenreihe der Akademie der Künste Band 10, Berlin 1974, Neuauflage 1993, ISBN 3-88331-971-6
- Ruby, Andreas und Ilka: Hans Scharoun. Haus Möller. Köln 2004.
- Syring, Eberhard und Kirschenmann, Jörg C.: „Hans Scharoun — Außenseiter der Moderne”, Taschen, Köln 2004, ISBN 3-8228-2449-6
- Wendschuh, Achim (Hrsg.): „Hans Scharoun — Zeichnungen, Aquarelle, Texte”, Schriftenreihe der Akademie der Künste Band 22, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-88331-972-4
- Wisniewski, Edgar: „Die Berliner Philharmonie und ihr Kammermusiksaal. Der Konzertsaal als Zentralraum”, Berlin 1993
External links
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