| Haplogroup A
|
|
| Time of origin | 50,000 YBP |
| Place of origin | Asia |
| Ancestor | N |
| Descendants | A3, A4, A5, A7, A8 |
|---|---|
| Defining mutations | 152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319[1] |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Contents |
Origin
Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000-50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N.
The higher frequency is among Indigenous peoples of the Americas the larger population is in East Asia and its greater variety in East Siberia. Thus it might have been originated in and spread from Far East or Central Asia.[2]
Distribution
Its subgroup A1 is found in northern and central Asia, while its subgroup A2 is found in Siberia and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X that is only associated with the indigenous Americas.[2]
Haplogroup A is the most common haplogroup among the Chukchis, Eskimos, Na-Denes, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. 7.5% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (mostly A4 and A5)[3].
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.
- A
- A3
- A4
- A4a
- A4a1
- A4a1a
- A4a1
- A4b
- A4c
- A4c1
- A2
- A2a
- A2a2
- A2b
- A2b1
- A2c
- A2d
- A2d1
- A2d1a
- A2d2
- A2e
- A2f
- A2f1
- A2f1a
- A2f1
- A2g
- A2h
- A2i
- A2j
- A2j1
- A2k
- A2k1
- A2n
- A2p
- A2d1
- A2q
- A2a
- A6
- A4a
- A5
- A5a
- A5a1
- A5a1a
- A5a1a1
- A5a1a1a
- A5a1a1b
- A5a1a2
- A5a1a1
- A5a1b
- A5a1a
- A5a2
- A5a1
- A5b
- A5c
- A5a
- A7
- A8
- A9
Popular culture
The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[4][5]
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.
See also
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic Genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population Genetics
- Indigenous American Haplogroups see: Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA)
|
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | Former Clusters IWX | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:. PMID 18853457 doi:10.1002/humu.20921. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 2009-05-20.|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1|doi_brokendate=2009-07-06 }}
- ^ a b Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz, Roberta Eckert, Ana C.S. Valls, Mauricio R. Bogo, Francisco M. Salzano, David Glenn Smith, Wilson A. Silva, Marco A. Zago, Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Sidney E.B. Santos, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, and Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (pdf). American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592. http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Fagundes-et-al.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ Japan Reference : The Origins of Japanese people
- ^ "The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health". Scientific American. http://www.physorg.com/news169474130.html.
- ^ First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover - Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News, http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html, retrieved 2009-11-18
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup A
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