| Haplogroup B
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| Time of origin | 60,000-65,000 years BP |
| Place of origin | Africa |
| Ancestor | BT |
| Descendants | B1, B2 |
|---|---|
| Defining mutationsDescendants | M60, M181 |
| Highest frequencies | Baka (CAR) 72%[1], Hadzabe (Tanzania) 52%[2], Nuer (Sudan) 50%[3], Mbuti (DRC) 33%[4]-60%[1], Biaka (CAR) 35%[4]-55%[1], Tsumkwe San (Namibia) 31%[1], Khoisan 28%[5], Shilluk (Sudan) 27%[3], Dinka (Sudan) 23%[3], Ngumba (Cameroon) 23%[1], Fali (Cameroon) 18%[4], Sotho-Tswana (South Africa) 18%[1], Zulu (South Africa) 17%[1], Hausa (Sudan) 16%[3], Sukuma (Tanzania) 16%[2], Bakola (Cameroon) 15%[1], Copts (Sudan) 15%[3], Tutsi (Rwanda) 15%[6], Uldeme (Cameroon) 5%[4]-31%[1], Nuba (Sudan) 14%[3], Ewondo (Cameroon) 10%[4], Ethiopians 10%[5], Shona (Zimbabwe) 10%[1] |
In human genetics, Haplogroup B (M60) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.
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Distribution
Haplogroup B is localized to sub-Saharan Africa, especially to tropical forests of West-Central Africa. After Y-haplogroup A, it is the second oldest and one of the most diverse human Y-haplogroups. It was the ancestral haplogroup of modern Pygmies like the Baka and Mbuti, but also Hadzabe from Tanzania, who are often mistakenly considered as a remnant of Khoisan people in East Africa.
In Sudan, haplogroup B has been found in 16/53 = 30.2% of Southern Sudanese, 5/32 = 15.6% of the West African migrant Hausa people, 4/28 = 14.3% of the Nuba of central Sudan, 8/216 = 3.7% of Northern Sudanese (but only among Copts and Nubians), and 2/90 = 2.2% of Western Sudanese.[3]
Subclades
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Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[7] and subsequent published research.
- B
- B- (M60, M181, P85, P90)
- B1- (M236, M288)
- B1a- (M146)
- B2- (M182)
- B2a- (M150)
- B2a1- (M218)
- B2a1a- (M109, M152, P32, P50)
- B2a2- (M108.1)
- B2a2a- (P111, M43)
- B2a1- (M218)
- B2b- (M112, M192, 50f2(P))
- B2b1- (P6)
- B2b2- (M115, M169)
- B2b3- (M30, M129)
- B2b3a- (M108.2)
- B2b4- (P7)
- B2b4a- (P8, P70)
- B2b4b- (MSY2.1, M211)
- B2b1- (P6)
- B2c- (P112)
- B2a- (M150)
- B1- (M236, M288)
- B- (M60, M181, P85, P90)
See also
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Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes) |
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| most recent common Y-ancestor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| A | BT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| B | CT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| CF | DE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| C | F | D | E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| G | H | IJK | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| IJ | K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| I | J | L | MNOPS | T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| M | NO | P | S | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| N | O | Q | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret et al., "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies)
- ^ a b Alec Knight, Peter A. Underhill, Holly M. Mortensen et al., "African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages," Current Biology, Vol. 13, 464–473 (March 18, 2003).
- ^ a b c d e f g Hisham Y. Hassan, Peter A. Underhill, Luca L. Cavalli-Sforza, and Muntaser E. Ibrahim, "Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History," American Journal of Physical Anthropology (2008).
- ^ a b c d e Fulvio Cruciani, Piero Santolamazza, Peidong Shen et al., "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes," American Journal of Human Genetics 70:1197–1214, 2002.
- ^ a b Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nat. Genet. 26 (3): 358–61. doi:. PMID 11062480.
- ^ J. R. Luis, D. J. Rowold, M. Regueiro et al., "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations," American Journal of Human Genetics 74:532–544, 2004.
- ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18: 830–8. doi:. http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1.
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