Haplogroup B: Information from Answers.com

Haplogroup B
Time of origin	50,000 YBP
Place of origin	Far East
Ancestor	R11'B
Descendants	B4, B5, B7
Defining mutations	8281-8289d^[1]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

1 Origin
2 Distribution
3 Subclades
- 3.1 Tree
4 Popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup R.

Its greater variety is in China. It is conspicuous that haplogroup B may have its earliest diversification in southern China and/or Southeast Asia.^[2]

Distribution

Haplogroup B is found more often in East Asia^[3]. Its subgroup B2 is one of five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X that are only associated with the indigenous Americas.

Since the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of Indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from Siberia, it is especially surprising that Haplogroup B is the only haplogroup found in Aboriginal Americans which is not found in modern North Siberian populations.^[4] However, Haplogroup B has been found among Southern Siberians, such as Tuvans, Altays, and Buryats. This haplogroup is also found in Mongolians, Tibetans, Koreans, and among populations of Japan, China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Madagascar, the Philippines, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.^[5]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation^[1] and subsequent published research.

B
- B4
  - B4a
    - B4a1
      - B4a1a
        
        B4a1a1
        
        B4a1a1a
        
        B4a1a1a1
        
        B4a1a1b
        
        B4a1a2
        
        B4a1b
        
        B4a1b1
        
        B4a1b1a
      - B4a1c
        
        B4a1c1
        
        B4a1c2
        
        B4a1c4
        
        B4a1c3
        
        B4a1c3a
    - B4a2
    - B4a2a
  - B4g
  - B4b'd'e
    - B4b
      - B2
        
        B2a
        
        B2a1
        
        B2a1a
        
        B2b
        
        B2c
        
        B2c1
        
        B2d
        
        B2e
      - B4b1
        
        B4b1a
        
        B4b1a1
        
        B4b1a1a
        
        B4b1a2
        
        B4b1a2a
        
        B4b1b'c
        
        B4b1b
        
        B4b1c
    - B4d
      - B4d1'2'3
        
        B4d1
        
        B4d2
        
        B4d3
    - B4e
  - B4c
    - B4c1
      - B4c1a'b
        
        B4c1a
        
        B4c1a1
        
        B4c1a1a
        
        B4c1a2
        
        B4c1b
        
        B4c1b1
        
        B4c1b1a
        
        B4c1b2
      - B4c1c
        
        B4c1c1
    - B4c2
      - B4c2a
  - B4f
    - B4f1
- B5
  - B5a
    - B5a1
      - B5a1a
    - B5a2
      - B5a2a
  - B5b
    - B5b1
      - B5b1a'b
        
        B5b1a
        
        B5b1b
    - B5b2
      - B5b2a'b
        
        B5b2a
        
        B5b2b
        
        B5b2b1
      - B5b2c
    - B5b3
- B7

Popular culture

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.

References

^ ^a ^b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457 doi:10.1002/humu.20921. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 2009-05-20. |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1|doi_brokendate=2009-07-06 }}
^ Yong-Gang Yao et al. 2001, Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese Am J Hum Genet. 2002 March; 70(3): 635–651
^ Haplogroup B.
^ Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz, Roberta Eckert, Ana C.S. Valls, Mauricio R. Bogo, Francisco M. Salzano, David Glenn Smith, Wilson A. Silva, Marco A. Zago, Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Sidney E.B. Santos, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, and Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (pdf). American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592. http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Fagundes-et-al.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
^ Theodore G Schurr and Douglas C Wallace, "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Southeast Asian populations," Human Biology, Jun 2002.

External links

General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup B
- Spread of Haplogroup B, from National Geographic
- Ina

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Haplogroup B

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