| Haplogroup L2 | |
| Time of origin | 68,100-111,100 YBP[1] |
| Place of origin | East Africa |
| Ancestor | L2'3'4'6 |
| Descendants | L2a'b'c'd, L2e |
|---|---|
| Defining mutationsDescendants | 2416, 8206, 9221, 10115, 13590[2] |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Contents |
Origin
Haplogroup L2* originated in East Africa. Either L2* or its subclades are present in approximately one third of recent African people. It is believed to have evolved between 87,000 to 107,000 years ago.[3]
Distribution
Subclades
L2 has five main subgroups: L2a, L2b, L2c, L2d and L2e. The most common L2 subgroup, L2a, is the most common mtdna haplogroup amongst West African Americans and the most common subclade of L2 in Africa.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L2 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.
- Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
- L1'2'3'4'5'6
- L2'3'4'6
- L2
- L2a'b'c'd
- L2a
- L2a1
- L2a1a
- L2a1a1
- L2a1a2
- L2a1a2a
- L2a1a2a1
- L2a1a2b
- L2a1a2a
- L2a1a3
- 16189 (16192)
- L2a1b
- L2a1f
- L2a1f1
- 143
- L2a1c
- L2a1c1
- L2a1c2
- L2a1c3
- L2a1c4
- L2a1d
- L2a1e
- L2a1e1
- L2a1h
- 16189
- L2a1i
- L2a1j
- L2a1k
- 16192
- L2a1l
- L2a1l1
- L2a1l1a
- L2a1l2
- L2a1l1
- L2a1l
- L2a1c
- L2a1a
- L2a2
- L2a2a
- L2a2a1
- L2a2b
- L2a2b1
- L2a2a
- L2a1
- L2b'c
- L2b
- L2b1
- L2b1a
- L2b1a2
- L2b1a3
- L2b1a
- L2b1
- L2c
- L2c2
- L2c2a
- L2c3
- L2c2
- L2b
- L2d
- L2d1
- L2d1a
- L2d1
- L2a
- L2e
- L2a'b'c'd
- L2
- L2'3'4'6
- L1'2'3'4'5'6
References
- ^ Soares, Pedro; Luca Ermini, Noel Thomson, Maru Mormina, Teresa Rito, Arne Röhl, Antonio Salas, Stephen Oppenheimer, Vincent Macaulay and Martin B. Richards (04 Jun 2009). "Supplemental Data Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Society of Human Genetics 84 (6): 82–93. PMID 19500773 doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(09)00163-3. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
- ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386-E394. PMID 18853457 doi:10.1002/humu.20921. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
- ^ Tishkoff et al., Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages, Mol. Biol. Evol, 24(3):757-68. 2007
See also
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic Genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population Genetics
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
|
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes) |
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| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | Former Clusters IWX | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup L2
- Spread of Haplogroup L2, from National Geographic
- Haplogroup L, from Genetree
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