Hawkman

Hawkman
Hawkman: Secret Files & Origins #1 (2002). Art by Rags Morales.
Publication information
Publisher	DC Comics
First appearance	Flash Comics # 1 (January 1940)
Created by	Gardner Fox Dennis Neville
In-story information
Alter ego	Carter Hall
Team affiliations	Justice Society of America Justice League All-Star Squadron Wingmen of Thanagar Black Lantern Corps
Abilities	Nth metal allows for flight, enhanced eyesight, temperature regulation, limited physical regeneration, reincarnation enhanced strength and is a component of Hawkman's artificial feather wings and archaic weaponry.

Carter Hall is a DC Comics superhero, the original Hawkman. Created by Gardner Fox and Dennis Neville, he first appeared in Flash Comics # 1 (January, 1940). The history of this character is somewhat confusing, due mainly to the fact that his origins were retroactively changed with the Crisis on Infinite Earths limited series as well as the Hawkworld ongoing series. As a result, there are two separate origins for Carter Hall: the Golden Age origin and the Post-Hawkworld (or current) origin. Both are described below.

Fictional character biography

Golden Age origin

In the days of ancient Egypt, Prince Khufu is engaged in a feud with his rival, the Egyptian priest Hath-Set. The priest eventually captures both Khufu and his consort Chay-Ara, and kills them. Millennia later, in 1940, Khufu is reincarnated as American archaeologist Carter Hall, and Chay-Ara as Shiera Sanders. Hath-Set himself is reincarnated as a scientist named Anton Hastor. Upon finding the ancient knife Hath-Set used to kill him, Hall regains his memories of his past life and recognizes Hastor as the reincarnated evil priest.

Using the properties of "Nth metal" to craft a gravity-defying belt, Hall creates wings and a costume, ultimately confronting Hastor as Hawkman. He also encounters and remembers Shiera during this time. Following Hastor's defeat, the two begin a romance.

Hawkman becomes a charter member of the Justice Society of America, and takes the position of permanent chairman, following the Flash and Green Lantern. Shiera, meanwhile, adopts the identity of Hawkgirl and fights beside Hall throughout the 1940s.

Hawkman is JSA chairman in 1951 when the team is investigated by the "Joint Congressional Un-American Activities Committee" (based on the real-life House Un-American Activities Committee) for possible communist sympathies. Congress asks members of the JSA to reveal their identities. The heroes decline, and Hawkman and most of the JSA retire for the bulk of the 1950s.

Carter Hall finds the ancient knife connected to his past life. Interior panel of Flash Comics #1 (1940).
Art by Dennis Neville.

The JSA and Hawkman regroup in the early 1960s following the Flash's meeting with his counterpart on the parallel world Earth-1, the JSA being active on Earth-2. Around this time, the Halls, having married, have a son, Hector. Little is known of Hawkman's activities during the 1960s, other than the JSA's annual meeting with Earth-1's Justice League of America.

In the early 1980s, Hawkman is instrumental in denying his son and other JSA children membership in the JSA, leading directly to the formation of Infinity, Inc.

Following Crisis on Infinite Earths, some of Hall's history was retconned by DC when the parallel worlds were combined into one, but one piece of retroactive continuity was written before Crisis and fills out early Hall history: All-Star Squadron Annual #3 states that during a JSA battle against Ian Karkull, the villain imbued them with energy which retarded their aging, allowing Hall and many others - as well as their spouses - to remain active into the late 20th century without infirmity.

Also, following the Crisis, the Golden Age and the Silver Age Hawkmen lived on the same Earth, until Carter was cast off into Limbo in the Last Days of the Justice Society one-shot.

Originally, the Hawkworld mini-series retold the origins of Katar Hol and Shayera Thal from a modern perspective, but following its success, DC launched a Hawkworld regular series, taking place after the miniseries, resulting in a complete reboot of Hawkman's continuity.

Post-Hawkworld (or current) origin

Much of Carter Hall's post-Hawkworld history is fleshed out in the pages of DC's JSA and Hawkman (vol. 4). These two titles, penned to a great extent by writers David S. Goyer, Geoff Johns, and James Dale Robinson, examine Hall's previous lives.

According to the post-Hawkworld origin, Prince Khufu lives during the reign of Ramesses II in the 19th dynasty of ancient Egypt. Khufu believes that his ka, or soul, will not journey on to the land of the afterlife. Rather, his soul and that of his betrothed, Chay-Ara, are fated to remain in the mortal world.

As prophesied by the wizard Nabu, a spaceship lands in Egypt. Prince Khufu, Nabu, and the champion Teth-Adam search the desert, finally coming across the remains of a Thanagarian ship styled with a hawk-like motif. Nabu casts a spell translating the strange language of the female space traveler. Just before dying, she whispers the words, "Nth Metal", the name of the substance that powered the downed ship.

Teth-Adam lifts the ship back to Khufu's palace, where it is studied inside the Temple of Horus at Erdu. The remaining Nth metal is examined, and its most obvious property proves to be its ability to negate gravity. The remaining sample from the ship is melted and used to create several remarkable devices, including a scarab which allows Khufu to fly, a deadly knife, and a battle glove referred to as the Claw of Horus. However, the metal also strengthens the souls of Khufu and Chay-Ara, binding them together in their love and imprinting them with the collective knowledge of Thanagar. Although the villainous priest Hath-Set murders the two with the knife of Nth metal, their souls live on in the mortal plane. They are reincarnated over many lifetimes, always finding true love in each other, but cursed to be repeatedly killed at the hands of a reincarnated Hath-Set.

From Khufu to Carter Hall

After his death, Khufu's soul is reincarnated countless times in markedly different eras and locations. Some of his known reincarnated identities have been depicted in Hawkman (vol. 4) and include:

• Brian Kent (also known as the Silent Knight), alive during 5th century Britain, love of Lady Celia Penbrook;
• Koenrad Von Grimm, the son of a blacksmith in 14th century Germany;
• Captain John Smith of the 16th century English colony in Virginia;
• Hannibal Hawkes, the Nighthawk, a gunfighter in the American Old West, love of Cinnamon;
• Detective James Wright, a Pinkerton detective in the early 20th century, love of Sheila Carr.

Eventually, the soul of Prince Khufu is reborn as Carter Hall, an archaeologist active during the 1940s. After regaining the memories of his first life in Egypt, Hall uses the hawk motif of the Egyptian God Horus to inspire his role as the original Hawkman.

Some of Carter Hall's lives and wives. Art by Joe Bennett.

During the same period, his love Chay-Ara is reborn as archaeologist Shiera Saunders. After the two meet and marry, she becomes Hawkgirl, fighting at Carter's side. They become founding members of the Justice Society of America, and Hawkman takes the role of chairman. The pair reduce their activities in the early 1950s but became fully active again in the early 1980s when Hall briefly joins the Justice League of America as a mentor. The two have a son, Hector Hall, who later becomes an incarnation of Doctor Fate. Just following the Crisis on Infinite Earths limited series, Hawkman and the JSA become trapped in a battle in an ever-repeating Ragnarok. Odin tries unsuccessfully to give this repeating Ragnarok to Dream as a trade, noting that the one of the fighting JSA team members, Wesley Dodds, the Golden Age Sandman, carries a fragment of Dream's essence. (It is established in Sandman #1 that Wesley Dodds' crime-fighting career was in part a side effect of Dream's own imprisonment.)

Years after they vanish, Hawkman and the JSA return to the modern day when a primitive but superpowered tribe volunteer to substitute themselves in the Ragnarok cycle. Soon after, however, death finds Carter once again during the events of Zero Hour. He and his wife Shiera merge with Katar Hol and a "hawk god" creature in a new version of Hawkman. This individual is active for a brief time but soon loses his sanity and is banished to limbo.

Alive again

Years later, JSA member Kendra Saunders is transported to a ravaged Thanagar by the High Priests of the Downsiders. Seeking a champion to stop the evil Onimar Synn from enslaving the planet, the priests use Kendra's centuries-old connection to Carter to bring him back to the mortal plane. Following this unorthodox resurrection, Hall retains all the memories of his past lives, as well as those of Katar Hol, the Thanagarian Hawkman. However, Kendra has no interest in renewing the relationship due to her lack of memories of their past time together, and Hawkman declines the offer to reassume his role as chairman in the JSA, the role instead going to Mister Terrific. During the Black Reign storyline, however, Hawkman takes over as chairman to lead the team against Black Adam's recent takeover of Khandaq, but after his actions result in two deaths and their main objective- to bring Adam's team back to America- fails, he is asked to temporarily step down from the JSA.

After defeating Onimar Synn, Hall once again becomes a member of the JSA. Operating both with the JSA as well as with Hawkgirl, Hall embarks on a wide variety of exotic adventures. His quest as a hero takes him from the streets of St. Roch to exotic dimensions and even into outer space as he fights in the Rann-Thanagar War. Following this event Carter stays in space to help mediate the truce on Rann and avenge the murder of Hawkwoman.

As a result, Hawkman is absent during DC Comics' "One Year Later" event. Hawkman (vol. 4) becomes Hawkgirl at issue #50 and Hawkgirl is left by herself to patrol and protect St. Roch. During the events of the missing year, Hall serves as a member of the Thanagarian police force, attaining the rank of Commissioner.

In 2007, Hall returns to Earth in a 4-part story-arc presented in Hawkgirl #59-60 and JSA Classified #21-22 and appears as an active member of the JSA in the pages of Justice Society of America. This series was cancelled with Hawkgirl issue #66 in July 2007.

After that, it was stated that Katar Hol's soul has passed on from the realm of limbo, as have his memories that existed in Carter's mind. Despite this, Carter still existed in a reconstructed version of Katar Hol's body. However, in Hawkman Special published in August of 2008, the mysterious being called Demiurge told Carter Hall that his previous existence as Price Khufu was all an illusion created by some unknown force. As Demiurge departs, he calls Hawkman "Katar Hol", indicating that Hawkman is in reality Katar Hol who believed he was Carter Hall.

Final Crisis

During the Final Crisis event, Hawkman, like all the other heroes, fights to stop Darkseid from destroying the Multiverse. In an attempt to save civilians, Checkmate creates a dimensional tunnel between universes. It begins breaking down, and Lord Eye tries to close it, which will kill all the people still in the tunnel. Hawkman and Hawkgirl manage to destroy Lord Eye, but are caught in the explosion. In the meantime all the other people are safely transported via a second Boom Tube. This fulfills the prophecy of the Demiurge. ^[1] While it is implied that Hawkman and Hawkgirl are dead, author Geoff Johns has stated they are alive at the beginning of the upcoming event, the "Blackest Night."^[2] It is later confirmed in Justice League of America that Hawkgirl is alive, but is hospitalized. Hawkman is unmentioned, but it is likely he is in similar condition.

Blackest Night

In Blackest Night #1, Kendra is shown having an argument with Hawkman over whether or not to visit Jean Loring's grave with the Atom. As the two heroes quarrel, the reanimated corpses of Ralph and Sue Dibny enter Hawkman's sanctuary; now members of the Black Lantern Corps. The Black Lanterns attack, Sue impaling Hawkgirl on a spear. Ralph taunts Hawkman, telling him that Hawkgirl never loved him; a claim she refutes with her dying breath. Hawkman is killed shortly afterward, and both heroes are reanimated as Black Lanterns by Black Hand himself.^[3]

It was also revealed in Green Lantern #46 that Khufu and Chay-ara's bodies were taken from Earth by the Zamarons and placed in the violet central power battery. Their love is the source of the Star Sapphire's powers. The pair receive black rings during the battle on Zamaron. Their escape from the central power battery causes widespread destruction on the planet, enough for the Star Sapphire's to abandon the planet, and sets the Predator free, it does not seem to have affected the Star Sapphire's powers.^[4]

Powers and abilities

An expert with archaic weapons. Promotional image for the cover to JSA #23 by Andrew Robinson.

The Nth Metal in Hawkman's wings, belt, harness and boots is controlled mentally and allows him to defy gravity. His wings allow him to control flight, though they can be "flapped" through use of shoulder motions.

Hall's Nth metal also enhances his strength and eye-sight, speeds healing, and regulates body temperature, preventing the need for heavy protective clothing while flying at high altitudes. Nth metal is known to affect electromagnetism as well as the strong and weak nuclear forces of the universe, but only if one has the knowledge of how to use it in those ways. It is also mentioned in Hawkman: Secret Files #1 (2002) that Nth metal possesses powers still unknown to Hall.

Due to his multiple incarnations and having the memories of all of them, Khufu/Hall has become proficient in many types of weaponry. As a result, he is an expert with a wide array of archaic weapons from his past lives, including battle axes, maces, swords, spears and shields. As Nighthawk, he was a marksman with a pistol. In addition, Carter Hall is sometimes depicted handling futuristic technology. He has used a Thanagarian ship called "The Brontadon", and during the Rann-Thanagar War used Rannian hard-light armor. Hawkman is even depicted using technologically advanced laser weaponry in a possible future (Hawkman, vol. 4, #9). Reincarnation has also given Hawkman knowledge of hundreds of languages.

As a result of his many lives and vast amount of experience, Hall is a brilliant tactician, fierce warrior, and strong leader; indeed, during the Public Enemies story arc in the Superman/Batman series, he was selected as the perfect hero to confront Batman, possessing the significant advantage of his flight and strength but otherwise being Batman's equal. At the same time, however, he is extremely intelligent (considered a leader in his field of history and archaeology) and expresses a deeply romantic side in relation to his beloved soul-mate.

Notable Residences

New York City

NYC is home to Hawkman and Hawkgirl both in the 1940s (the Golden Age) and in their later years (when Shiera was fully retired from being Hawkgirl and when the original Infinity, Inc. was first established). Carter and Shiera Hall had a large property on Manhattan and lived in Hall Manor. While the Hawks are in Ragnarok, this mansion is destroyed by Hath-Set and a corrupted Hector Hall.

Midway City

Midway City, Michigan is a fictional city, patterned after Chicago, Illinois. It is home to the Midway City Museum and was the HQ for Hawkman during the Silver Age.

St. Roch, Louisiana

St. Roch is a fictional city, patterned after New Orleans, Louisiana (there is in fact a small neighborhood and an avenue in the Eighth Ward section of the actual New Orleans called St. Roch). The city has been described as being part of Orleans Parish, thus establishing that in the DC Universe that parish is divided between St. Roch and New Orleans. This city's most prominent appearances came in the 2002 series Hawkman. In that series it was featured as the homebase of Hawkman and his partner Hawkgirl.

The founding of St. Roch is a bit of a mystery, in the words of some of its citizens, "one day St. Roch simply was" (Hawkman #22, 2004). According to August Davezak the town was originally named La Moyne and many believed it was cursed. During the yellow fever crisis of 1868 the people prayed to the Catholic saint, Roch, and the plague vanished. The city was re-named in his honor, as St. Roch. (Hawkman #30-31, 2004)

About the time of the American Civil War or thereafter, the city was home to Jim Craddock, Hannibal Hawkes, Kate 'Cinnamon' Manser, and Matilda Dunney Roderic. (Hawkman #7, 2002)

In 1917 the city was a place where its "filth and corruption were on the surface." Only till recently its opium dens and brothels had operated openly, though kept to one area of the city - the Creek Street area, its red light district. The local gang boss was Red McMurtry, overseer of gin-joints, gambling dens and whorehouses. Ming Chu ran an opium den and seemed always to be a fount of criminal knowledge. The local mafia was run by Big Louie Moretti (a reincarnation of Hath-Set), and his dame was Sheila Carr (a reincarnation of Chay-Ara). Sheila Carr and James Wright (a Pinkerton from New York, and reincarnation of Khufu) were murdered by Moretti. (Hawkman #27, 2004)

In 1937 several of the city's "favorite sons and daughters" - writers and historians - were found beheaded, and rumors of a headhunter began. Every few years since that time headless corpses are found in the city. (Hawkman #22, 2004)

In the modern era, both Hawkman and Hawkgirl take up residence in St. Roch before the in events of the Infinite Crisis. Shortly thereafter Charles Parker aka Golden Eagle also comes to the city. His arrival, however, is also accompanied by a series of magical and mundane attacks on the city and its citizens. A Haitian freighter enters St. Roch port unleashing an army of zombies called Tonton Macoutes (Army of Lost Souls), last seen in 1971 under the control of Haitian dictator Papa Doc Duvalier. Trygg the Sorcerer also enters the city and raises up the dead buried in the local cemeteries as zombies who fill the streets seeking flesh. Nearby Belle Reve Prison is breached from the inside resulting in its inmates being escaping and fleeing into both the surrounding swamp and into the city. St. Roch is then cut off from the rest of the world by the raising of a mystical tower within the prison. Anton Lamont aka the Fadeaway Man, orchestrats this ordeal in which over hundred people lose their lives. Sara Descarl aka Satana then begins her work in assuming control of all criminal activities in the city while a more powerful group attacks the city's elite openly - this group consists of Fadeaway Man, Lion-Mane, Hummingbird, and Lasso. On a single night the city suffers explosions and fires, looting, and the appearance of alien creatures called the Manhawks. These attacks on the city prove to be part of a plot by Charles Parker aka Ch'al Andar (half-Human, half-Thanagarian), who wants revenge on Hawkman. In the end Hawkman defeats Andar, it is not revealed what the public is told about the connection between Parker and the attacks (Hawkman #34-45, 2005)

At the time of the Infinite Crisis, the city was hit by a hurricane and suffered flooding. (Hawkman #50, 2006)

During the year after the hurricane the St. Roch police find that individuals begin to go missing and only occasionally are body parts found - these are mostly creole and black transients. After one year it is discovered by the police and by Hawkgirl that the vagabonds are being killed by the gang-leader Khimaera and her hounguns in order to feed an otherworldly creature that Hawkgirl simply calls The Maw. Khimaera takes Kristopher Roderic into the creature and it then disappears after being fired upon by Lt. Henri Doucette (Hawkgirl #50-56, 2006).

Only days after the return of Hawkman from his one year absence, the city is nearly destroyed by an alien machine from the planet Apokolips, a weapon which takes over Hawkgirl and uses her body as a template. The nearest fighter pilots are called in but the military response proves ineffective. In the end Hawkgirl and a handful of Female Furies from Apokolips disable the planet killer (Hawkgirl #61-62, 2007).

Notable people in St. Roch include: Mr. Dessau, the Mayor of the city at the time when Hawkman made it his new home; Mayor Dessau was murdered shortly thereafter by Thomas Ludlow aka The Spider (Hawkman #3, 2002); the man who next took the position was Mayor Kubert (Hawkman #38, 2005). Christopher Cook was born in St. Roch, he is one of the biggest culinary stars in America but in the time of Hawkman's residency in the city he no longer lives there himself(Hawkman #5, 2002). The Paris Family came to St. Roch just before the Civil War, they took up everything from land ownership to politics, but the locals always mistrusted this family and rumors always abounded regarding voodoo and black magic; Domina Paris was a local jazz singer until her murder at the hands of the "Angel Killer" during Hawkman's tenure in the city (Hawkman #29, 2004).

Notable facilities in St. Roch include: the Stonechat Museum of Art & History. Located in the Lagnappe District of St. Roch, it is the HQ of Carter Hall (Hawkman) and houses memorabilia from his many lives. This museum was, in the days of the Old West, the home of Mr. Bois Garvey until his unsolved murder. The heir apparent was Cyrus Evans, a freed slave, and the man whom Garvey made promise to show the world his treasures - things of the past which Garvey had collected. The Stonechat Museum opened its doors in 1859 (Hawkman Secret Files #1 & Hawkman #7, 2002); Henri Bismuth was curator in the 1930s, he disappeared in 1937 (Hawkman #50, 2006).

Other locations include St. Roch University, established in 1908; Shelly's, favorite restaurant of Carter Hall, located on Gardner Avenue (Hawkman #23, 2004); the Eighty-8 Keyes night club; the Glenn Wilson Research Center just outside of the city where bioengineered virsues are created, studied and stored (Hawkman #28, 2004); Belle Reve Prison is located some distance outside of the city (Hawkman #35, 2005); the St. Roch Police HQ which has a S.T.A.R. Labs Metahuman Confinement Chamber built in the lower basement; the Angel's Rest Cemetery at St. Brigitte's, where the oldest families of St. Roch are buried (Hawkgirl #54, 2006); Willowbrook Sanctuary, an insane asylum located south and some distance from the city in the middle of the Bayou District, it was abandoned decades before the Hawks came to the city (Hawkgirl #57-58, (2006); Le Lion D'or, one of the city's finer restaurants (Hawkgirl #59, 2007); Bach's Bourree, a restaurant in the fashionable Riverside District (Hawkgirl #60, 2007).

Characterization

He has been characterized in comics as having a quick, fierce temper with adamant views and opinions. Even in the Golden Age, he had no problem blowing up a villain's lair with the villain inside.^[5] At the same time, Carter finds it difficult to balance the "savage barbarian" of his past lives with the "gentleman" of his current incarnation.

Another prominent aspect of his personality is his staunch Conservative views, this has brought him into conflict with Green Arrow (a liberal) several times. During the mini series Identity Crisis, it was revealed that the main reason for this animosity was the opposing views that he and Green Arrow took on the mindwipe of Doctor Light, to the point that they came to blows.

It appears, since his rebirth, that Carter Hall has integrated a lot of Katar Hol into his core being. He physically looks like a merger of Katar and himself, while also using more rugged superhero attire that was a trademark of Katar Hol. Although he has Katar's dark hair, his voice and face appear to be his own as he is easily recognized by Jay Garrick upon return.

Other versions

• In Alex Ross' Kingdom Come, Carter Hall is portrayed as an anthropomorphized, literal Hawkman, who has become an eco-terrorist in the absence of Superman, wielding a large mace. He dies in a nuclear explosion that kills nearly all the metahumans.
• In Tangent Comics (now part of the Multiverse as Earth-9) Carter Hall was an architech who attempted to commit suicide, dragging police officer Harvey Dent with him, ultimately triggering his evolution into Superman.

Other media

Television

Animation

Justice League Unlimited

Carter Hall appears twice on Justice League Unlimited, played by James Remar. He is portrayed as an archaeologist who was born Joseph Gardner before changing his name to Carter Hall after he discovered an Egyptian temple with a device that he believed allowed him to relive the memories of a deceased Thanagarian warrior who had crashed-landed on Earth with his mate, where they were worshipped as gods and used their technology to improve the land. Hall believed himself to be the reincarnation of this warrior, who was murdered when he along with his mate were both poisoned by a rogue official, and Hall also believed that Shayera Hol, AKA: Hawkgirl of The Justice League, was the reincarnation of his past lover, to the point that he became something of a stalker. Shayera, however, insisted that he had simply believed what he wanted to believe, and that the actual truth was different. In the end, Hall accepted Shayera's reluctance to go with him and he went on his way, continuing to believe that she would one day be with him again.
In his second appearance, he is shown as a hero operating out of Midway City (the Silver Age home of Katar Hol on Earth), still infatuated with Shayera, which annoys Green Lantern no end. When The Shadow Thief captures The Lantern, Carter, Vixen and Shayera fail to rescue him. The Thief then reveals that GL is also reincarnated from Egypt -- as the general who betrayed Katar by seducing Shayera. The Thief also reveals that he is the darker side of the reincarnated Katar, and offers Carter the chance to reclaim Shayera by murdering The Lantern, which he agrees to do - then frees GL and Shayera before forcing The Shadow Thief back into his own body. Shayera insists that the device the Thief used to tell his tale was a defective history log, and can't be trusted. Carter acknowledges that he cannot force Shayera to accept what he knows as destiny, and leaves.
Hawkman reappears briefly in the final episode ("Destroyer") to go out and battle the invading forces of Darkseid.

Live-Action

The Flash

On The Flash live action television series, episode "Watching The Detectives," Tina McGee mentions that she is expecting a call from Carter Hall.

Film

Justice League: The New Frontier

Carter Hall appears as Hawkman as a member of The Justice Society of America in the opening credits of the animated film Justice League: The New Frontier.

Legends of the supeheroes

The first live action appearances of the character were on the two NBC movie specials Legends of the Superheroes ^[6].

Superman/Batman: Public Enemies

Hawkman appears in the animated movie, Superman/Batman: Public Enemies. In the film, he fights alongside Captain Marvel and Lex Luthor's Justice League, engaging Superman and Batman outside Lex Luthor's bunker. He initially gains the upper hand against Batman until Superman and Batman switch targets. While infiltrating the bunker Batman takes his costume. He is played by an uncredited voice-actor Michael Gough.

Smallville: Absolute Justice

Carter Hall as he appears in Smallville, plays by Michael Shanks.

Actor Michael Shanks will play Carter Hall in Smallville: Absolute Justice, the movie that takes place inside the events of the ninth season of Smallville^[7].

Video games

DC Universe Online

Hawkman, presumably the Carter Hall version, appears in one of the trailers for DC Universe Online.

References

External links

• A Comprehensive index of Carter Hall's (Hawkman of Earth-2) appearance through the mid-1980s
• Hawkman and Hawkgirl's secret origin on dccomics.com
• JSA Fact File: Hawkman