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Henry Clay Frick
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American industrialist and financier Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919) played leading roles in expanding the Carnegie Steel Company into the largest such enterprise in the world and in forming the United States Steel Company.
Born to a farming family in western Pennsylvania, Henry Clay Frick was the grandson of a wealthy miller and distiller. Although Frick received little formal education, he early showed an aptitude for business and at 19 became bookkeeper for his grandfather's businesses.
Frick was aware of the potential value of coking coal deposits for the burgeoning steel industry, and with financial backing from relatives and the Pittsburgh banker Thomas Mellon he began buying coal lands in the Connellsville region and constructing coke ovens. The enterprise brought handsome returns. Plowing all profits into acquiring more coal land and building more ovens, Frick and Company eventually controlled 80 percent of the output of this region.
Partnership with Carnegie
Meanwhile Andrew Carnegie, aware of Frick's abilities as financier and industrial manager and anxious to have a continuing supply of coke for his great steel company, took Frick in as a partner in 1882 and allowed him to purchase an 11 percent stock interest. At the same time, Carnegie purchased a controlling interest in the Frick Coke Company, though Frick continued as president.
Frick was one of the managing partners of the Carnegie Company until 1889, when Carnegie retired from active management and Frick was elected chairman. At this time the firm consisted of five or six mills and furnaces around Pittsburgh. There was no integration of production and no centralized management except the informal guidance supplied by the managing partners (a group of perhaps 6 out of about 25 owners of the business). In 1892, in accordance with a plan worked out by Frick, the productive units were reorganized as the Carnegie Steel Company, Ltd., capitalized at $25 million and, although not incorporated, probably the largest steel company in the world. Frick then introduced centralized management procedures which greatly increased the firm's efficiency.
Homestead Strike
In 1892 occurred the Homestead strike, one of the most bitter labor conflicts of the decade; it cast a shadow over the rest of Frick's career, cooled his relationship with Carnegie, and almost cost Frick his life. In response to depressed business conditions and to compensate for expensive new machinery that greatly increased worker productivity, Frick proposed to lower the piecework wage rate. In response, the Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers Union struck the Homestead plant. Frick recruited 300 strikebreakers through the Pinkerton Detective Agency, bringing them in armed barges down the Monongahela River. When the strikebreakers attempted to land, a day-long battle ensued. Ten men were killed and 60 wounded; order was restored only when the governor placed Homestead under martial law. Frick was widely denounced throughout the country for provoking the violence, but this criticism was soon followed by acclaim for his courage, when, with the help of a secretary, he subdued an assassin who shot him twice and stabbed him several times. Despite his wounds and loss of blood, Frick finished his day's work.
During the late 1890s the company prospered greatly. Between 1889 and 1899 annual production of steel rose from 332,111 to 2,663,412 tons, and profits advanced from about $2 million to $40 million in 1900. To secure a continuing supply of ore, Frick, in partnership with a Pittsburgh industrialist, acquired extensive ore properties in the newly opened Mesabi Range near Lake Superior, and Carnegie, at Frick's urging, leased other lands in an area belonging to John D. Rockefeller.
Formation of United States Steel
Although the company was extremely prosperous, its existence as a partnership was terminated in 1899 largely as a result of a quarrel between Frick and Carnegie. When Carnegie, acting on what he believed to be a binding agreement with Frick, set a price for coke from the Frick Coke Company that was considerably below the market price, Frick suspended deliveries, and the Carnegie Company faced a shutdown. Carnegie, as majority stockholder in both the coke and steel companies, forced Frick's resignation from both firms. By the terms of the "ironclad" partnership agreement of 1887 the Carnegie Company was obligated to purchase Frick's stock upon his resignation, but Carnegie refused to pay more than the valuation set by the "ironclad," although by 1899 the stock was worth three times that figure. Frick sued in equity to have the agreement set aside. Because of Frick's damaging revelations of the company's apparently exorbitant profits, Carnegie settled the suit by allowing the company to be incorporated at a figure which gave a value of $15 million to Frick's stock. Both men retired from management, and the two never spoke to each other again. In 1901, with the active participation of Frick, the Carnegie Corporation was merged into the United States Steel Company.
Until his death in 1919 Frick participated as a director in the affairs of many large corporations. He also formed a magnificent art collection, today housed in the Frick Museum in New York City. A large, handsome man with a powerful physique, Frick was hardworking, quiet, and reserved - the antithesis of the ebullient Andrew Carnegie. Frick left a fortune of about $50 million, five-sixths of it donated for public and philanthropic purposes.
Further Reading
The only complete biography of Frick is George Harvey, Henry Clay Frick: The Man (1928), which is laudatory, particularly in discussing his ability as a business manager. James Howard Bridge, a longtime friend of Frick and sometime secretary to Carnegie, favors Frick over Carnegie in The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company (1903); Bridge's Millionaires and Grub Street (1931) contains an intimate, laudatory description of Frick. A more critical treatment is Burton J. Hendrick, The Life of Andrew Carnegie (2 vols., 1932). More recent is Joseph Frazier Wall, Andrew Carnegie (1970), which also discusses Frick.
Additional Sources
Schreiner, Samuel Agnew, Henry Clay Frick: the gospel of greed, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.
Warren, Kenneth, Triumphant capitalism: Henry Clay Frick and the industrial transformation of America, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995.
| US History Companion: Frick, Henry Clay |
(1849-1919), industrialist and art collector. Born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, the son of an impecunious farmer, Clay was determined to escape the poverty of his unambitious father and sought to emulate his maternal grandfather, Abraham Overholt, a successful whiskey distiller and the wealthiest man in the county. Nor did Frick have far to look to find a source for the wealth he desperately wanted, for under the thin topsoil of this region lay thousands of acres of soft coal, ideally suited for making coke, an essential ingredient in the production of Bessemer steel.
After a few years of schooling, Frick became a grocery clerk and then a bookkeeper in his grandfather's distillery. Every penny he could save or borrow was invested in the purchase of land and the building of coke ovens. Taking advantage of low prices during the 1870s depression and with the financial backing of Thomas Mellon, Frick by 1880 had emerged as the Coke King of Pennsylvania.
He had also attracted the attention of Andrew Carnegie, the acknowledged Steel King of America. On a wedding trip to New York in 1881, Frick and his bride, Adelaide Childs, met Carnegie at a dinner. Carnegie surprised the guests by proposing a partnership with Frick, which the latter quickly accepted. From that moment, the two men's destinies were joined, and both were to profit immensely from the union. Carnegie gained control of the coke his steel mills needed and in Frick found the able general manager of operations he had long sought. Frick, in turn, now had a partnership in Carnegie Steel and the capital he needed for further expansion.
Both shared the same views in building an industrial empire: cut costs and reinvest profits in plant expansion rather than pay out big dividends. Frick proved to be even more daring than Carnegie in seeking vertical integration. It was he who persuaded his reluctant senior partner to seize an opportunity to lease the rich Mesabi iron range lands owned by John D. Rockefeller.
In temperament, however, the two men were polar opposites. Frick was as taciturn and antisocial as Carnegie was voluble and gregarious. Frick scorned Carnegie's frequent pronouncements on the rights of labor and the social responsibility of wealth as foolish, if not hypocritical. A break between the two was inevitable.
It began with the Homestead strike of 1892. Although Frick was simply carrying out Carnegie's instructions to break the union at that plant, Carnegie never forgave him for the bloodshed that resulted when Pinkerton strikebreakers were brought in. Carnegie tried to shift the blame for the massacre onto Frick, but the latter won public sympathy by being nearly assassinated by the anarchist Alexander Berkman.
The final break occurred in 1900 when Frick sought to end the special pricing agreement between Carnegie Steel and the Frick Coke Company. In retaliation, Carnegie demanded that Frick sell his 11 percent interest in Carnegie Steel at its grossly undervalued book value. Frick fought back and won. He kept his steel stock, and when Carnegie the following year sold out to a syndicate headed by J. P. Morgan, Frick played a prominent role as director of the newly created United States Steel Corporation.
Although generally regarded as a tough entrepreneur whose only interest was in business, Frick was far more complex than most associates realized. Within his family he was warm and affectionate, and in his avid collecting of European art, he expressed a surprising appreciation for aesthetic values. He left to the American people one of the country's finest art collections, housed in his mansion on Fifth Avenue and richly endowed for its maintenance.
Bibliography:
George Harvey, Henry Clay Frick: The Man (1936); Joseph Frazier Wall, Andrew Carnegie (1989).
Author:
Joseph Frazier Wall
See also Carnegie, Andrew; Homestead Strike; Iron and Steel Industry.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Henry Clay Frick |
Frick, Henry Clay, 1849-1919, American industrialist, b. Westmoreland co., Pa. He worked on his father's farm, was a store clerk, and did bookkeeping before he and several associates organized (1871) Frick & Company to operate coke ovens in the Connellsville coal district. He strengthened his position by buying out competitors during the Panic of 1873 and soon held a key place in the industry.
Andrew Carnegie, in order to control a business so vital to steelmaking, acquired heavy interests in Frick's organization. Frick, in turn, was given large holdings in the Carnegie company, and because of his managerial ability, he was made (1889) chairman of the steel company. He played a key role in the organization (1892) of the Carnegie Steel Company, and as its acting head Frick engineered a large expansion of the company by buying out competing companies and acquiring many holdings in railroad securities and in Lake Superior iron ore lands. Frick, frequently over Carnegie's protest, dealt in strong-handed fashion with the company's workers, and his adamant stand resulted in a pitched battle in the strike (1892) at Homestead, Pa.-one of the bitterest strikes in U.S. history (see Homestead strike). He was largely responsible for the antiunion policy that characterized the steel industry for many decades.
Disputes between Frick and Carnegie led to a struggle between them for control, and in 1899 Frick resigned. He became a director of the U.S. Steel Corp. and turned to other interests, chiefly railroads. His mansion in New York City, together with his art collection and endowment of $15 million, was willed to the public as a museum. Princeton Univ. and the city of Pittsburgh also benefited from his philanthropies.
Bibliography
See biography by G. B. M. Harvey (1928).
| Wikipedia: Henry Clay Frick |
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| Henry Clay Frick | |
|---|---|
 Henry Clay Frick |
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| Born | December 19, 1849 West Overton, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | December 2, 1919 (aged 69) New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Heart Attack |
| Resting place | Homewood Cemetery |
| Nationality | United States |
| Education | Otterbein University- Did not graduate. |
| Known for | strikebreaking, art collector, Johnstown Flood |
| Spouse(s) | Adelaide Childs |
| Children | Childs Frick, Helen Clay Frick |
| Parents | John Wilson Frick, Elizabeth Overholt |
| Relatives | Abraham Overholt |
Henry Clay Frick (December 19, 1849 – December 2, 1919) was an American industrialist and art patron, once known as "America's most hated man".[1] The defunct magazine Portfolio named Frick as one of the "Worst American CEOs of All Time".[2]
Contents |
Early years
Frick was born in West Overton, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, U.S., a grandson of Abraham Overholt, the owner of the prosperous Overholt Whiskey distillery (see Old Overholt). Frick's father, John W. Frick, was unsuccessful in business pursuits. Henry Clay Frick attended Otterbein University for one year, but did not graduate.[3] In 1871, at 21 years old, Frick joined two cousins and a friend in a small partnership, using a beehive oven to turn coal into coke for use in steel manufacturing, and vowed to be a millionaire by the age of thirty. The company was called Frick Coke Company. [4]
Thanks to loans from the family of lifelong friend Andrew Mellon, by 1880, Frick bought out the partnership. The company was renamed H. C. Frick & Company, employed 1,000 workers and controlled 80 percent of the coal output in Pennsylvania. [4]
H.C. Frick and Andrew Carnegie
Shortly after marrying his wife, Adelaide, in 1881, Frick met Andrew Carnegie in New York City (the Fricks were on their honeymoon). This meeting resulted in a partnership between H. C. Frick & Company and Carnegie Steel Company, and was the predecessor to United States Steel. This partnership ensured that Carnegie's steel mills had adequate supplies of coke. Frick became chairman of the company.
The Johnstown Flood
At the suggestion of his friend Benjamin Ruff, Frick formed the exclusive South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The charter members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, assembled by Henry Clay Frick, were: Benjamin Ruff; T. H. Sweat; Charles J. Clarke; Thomas Clark; Walter F. Fundenberg; Howard Hartley; Henry C. Yeager; J. B. White; Henry Clay Frick; E. A. Meyers; C. C. Hussey; D. R. Ewer; C. A. Carpenter; W. L. Dunn; W. L. McClintock; A. V. Holmes.
The sixty-odd club members were the leading business tycoons of Western Pennsylvania, and included among their number Frick’s best friend, Andrew Mellon, his attorneys Philander Knox and James Hay Reed, as well as Frick's occasional business partner Andrew Carnegie. The Club members created what was at that time the world's largest earthen dam, behind which formed a private lake called Lake Conemaugh. Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the dam sat the city of Johnstown, and not incidentally, Carnegie Steel's chief competitor, the Cambria Iron and Steel Company, which at that time boasted the world's largest annual steel production.
Poor maintenance, unusually high snowmelt and heavy spring rains combined to cause the dam to put out on May 31, 1889, resulting in the Johnstown Flood. When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, Frick and other members of the club gathered to form the Pittsburgh Relief Committee for tangible assistance to the flood victims, as well as determining to never speak publicly about the club or the flood. This strategy was a success, and Knox and Reed were able to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon the club’s members. Although Cambria Iron and Steel's facilities were heavily damaged, they returned to full production within a year and a half.
Homestead strike
Frick and Carnegie's partnership was strained over actions taken in response to the Homestead Steel Strike, an 1892 labor strike at the Homestead Works of the Carnegie Steel Company, called by the Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers Union. [4] At Homestead, striking workers, some of whom were armed, had locked the company staff out of the factory and surrounded it with pickets. Frick was known for his anti-union policy and as negotiations were still taking place, he ordered the construction of a solid board fence topped with barbed wire around mill property. The workers dubbed the newly fortified mill "Fort Frick." With the mill ringed by striking workers, Pinkerton agents planned to access the plant grounds from the river. Three hundred Pinkerton detectives [4] assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles (8 km) below Pittsburgh at 10:30 p.m. on the night of July 5, 1892. They were given Winchester rifles, placed on two specially-equipped barges and towed upriver with the object of removing the workers by force. Upon landing, the resulting confrontation resulted in a large mêlée between workers and Pinkerton detectives. Several men were killed, nine workers among them, [4] and the riot was ultimately quelled only by the intervention of 8,000 armed state militia. Among working-class Americans, Frick's actions against the strikers were condemned as excessive, and he soon became a target of even more union organizers. Because of this strike, some people think he is depicted as the "rich man" in Maxo Vanka's murals in St. Nicholas Croatian Church, but others think this depicts Andrew Mellon. [5]
Assassination attempt
Along with Emma Goldman, the anarchist Alexander Berkman plotted to murder Frick in revenge for the seven steelworkers killed when they were attacked by the Pinkerton detectives hired by Frick to disperse the locked-out workers and allow in strikebreakers. On July 23, 1892, [4] Berkman, armed with a revolver and a sharpened steel file, entered Frick's office in downtown Pittsburgh.
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Frick, realizing what was happening, attempted to rise from his chair while Berkman pulled a revolver and fired at nearly point-blank range. The bullet hit Frick in the left earlobe, penetrated his neck near the base of the skull, and lodged in his back. The impact hurled Frick off his feet, and Berkman fired again, again striking Frick in the neck and causing him to bleed profusely. Carnegie Steel vice president (later, president) John George Alexander Leishman, who was with Frick, was then able to grab Berkman’s arm and deflect a third shot, saving Frick's life.
Frick was seriously wounded, but he still rose [6] to fight back and tackled his assailant. All three men crashed to the floor, where Berkman managed to stab Frick four times in the leg with the pointed steel file before finally being subdued by other employees, who had rushed into the office. As the police entered the room, guns drawn, Frick reportedly yelled, "Don't shoot! Leave him to the law, but raise his head and let me see his face." Frick was back at work in a week; Berkman was charged and found guilty of attempted murder. Berkman's actions in planning the assassination clearly indicated a premeditated intent to kill, and he was sentenced to 22 years in prison. [4] He eventually served a total of fourteen years, and under pressure from supporters in the labor movement, including the forming of The Berkman Defense Association,[4] was pardoned in 1906.
Negative publicity from the attempted assassination resulted in the collapse of the strike.[7] Two thousand five hundred men lost their jobs, and most of the workers who stayed had their wages halved.[7]
Private life
He married Adelaide Howard Childs of Pittsburgh on December 15, 1881. They had four children: Childs Frick (born March 12, 1883), Martha Howard Frick (born August 9, 1885), Helen Clay Frick (born September 3, 1888) and Henry Clay Frick, Jr. (born July 8, 1892). In 1882, after the formation of the partnership with Andrew Carnegie, Frick and his wife bought Clayton, an estate in Pittsburgh. They moved into the estate in 1883. The Frick children were born in Pittsburgh and were raised at Clayton. Two of them, Henry, Jr. and Martha, died in infancy or childhood.[8] In 1904, he built Eagle Rock, a summer estate at Prides Crossing in Beverly, Massachusetts on Boston's fashionable North Shore. The 104-room mansion designed by Little & Browne would be razed in 1969.
Frick was an avid art collector whose wealth allowed him to accumulate a significant art collection. By 1905, Henry Clay Frick's business, social, and artistic interests had shifted from Pittsburgh to New York. He took his art collection with him to New York, and served on many corporate boards, which brought him considerable opportunity to continue his lifelong business machinations.
For example, as a board member of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, Frick attempted to wheedle the removal of James Hazen Hyde (the founder's only son and heir) from the United States to France by seeking an appointment for him to become United States Ambassador to France. Frick had engaged a similar stratagem when orchestrating the ouster of the man who had saved his life, John George Alexander Leishman, from the presidency of Carnegie Steel a decade beforehand. In that instance, Leishman had chosen to accept the post as ambassador to Switzerland. Hyde, however, rebuffed Frick's plan. Hyde did, nonetheless, move to France, where he served as an ambulance driver during World War I and lived until the outbreak of World War II. (Coincidentally, while in France, Hyde married Leishman's eldest daughter Marthe.)
In 1910, Frick purchased property at Fifth Avenue and 70th Street to construct a mansion, now known as The Frick Collection. Built to a massive size and covering a full city block, Frick told friends he was building it to "make Carnegie's place look like a miner's shack."[citation needed] In 1914, Frick built the William Penn Hotel in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
To this day, the Frick Collection is home to one of the finest collections of portraits in the United States. It contains many works of art dating from the pre-Renaissance up to the post-Impressionist eras. In addition to paintings, it also contains a beautiful exhibition of carpets, porcelain, sculptures, and fine furniture; and is a wonderful example of design and architecture. Frick continued to live at both his New York mansion and at Clayton until his death.
Death
Henry Clay Frick died of a heart attack[9] on December 2, 1919, weeks before his 70th birthday. He was buried in Pittsburgh's Homewood Cemetery. That evening, Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman were attending a farewell banquet in Chicago, their last whirlwind tour before being expelled from the country by federal authorities. At a dinner given in honor of the anarchist movement, a reporter approached Alexander Berkman with news of Frick's death and asked him what he had to say about the man. Referring to his own impending deportation from the U.S., Berkman replied that Frick had been "deported by God. I'm glad he left the country before me."
Legacy
Frick left a will in which he bequeathed 150 acres (0.61 km2) of undeveloped land to the City of Pittsburgh for use as a public park, together with a $2 million trust fund to assist with the maintenance of the park. Frick Park opened in 1927. Between 1919 and 1942, money from the trust fund was used to enlarge the park, increasing its size to almost 600 acres (2.4 km2). Following the death of Adelaide Howards Childs Frick in 1931, the Frick Collection was opened to the public as a museum in 1935.
Many years after her father's death, Helen Clay Frick returned to Clayton in 1981, and lived there until her death in 1984. After extensive restoration, this property was also opened to the public in 1990 as the Frick Art & Historical Center.
See also
References
- ^ "Frick Collection". http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/f/frick_collection/index.html. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
- ^ "Portfolio's Worst American CEOs of All Time." CNBC.com April 30, 2009.
- ^ "Founded His Fortune in the Panic of 1873" (obituary). New York Times (December 3): 3. 1919.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Sample short biographies from: Emma Goldman: A documentary history of the american years, 1890-1901". University of California Press. April 2003. http://sunsite3.berkeley.edu/goldman/Samples/sample_bios.html#aberkman. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ POP City [1]
- ^ "The 1892 Battle of Homestead". http://www.battleofhomesteadfoundation.org/battle.php. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ a b Krause, Paul. The Battle for Homestead, 1890-1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. ISBN 0822954664
- ^ "Frick History". http://www.frickhistory.com/lectures.html.
- ^ "New York Times Obituary". http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9E0CE4D6153BEE32A25750C0A9649D946896D6CF&oref=slogin.
For further reading
- Sanger, Martha Frick Symington. Henry Clay Frick: An Intimate Portrait. New York: Abbeville Press, 1998. ISBN 0789205009
- Sanger, Martha Frick Symington. The Henry Clay Frick Houses: Architecture, Interiors, Landscapes in the Golden Era. New York: Monacelli Press, 2001. ISBN 1580931049
- Standiford, Les. Meet You in Hell: Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick and the Bitter Partnership that Transformed America. New York: Crown Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1400047676
- Strother, French (May 1907). "Frick, The Silent: Successor to Mr. Carnegie, Possible Successor to Mr. Harriman". The World's Work: A History of Our Time XIV: 8849-8726.
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- George Brinton McClellan Harvey (American journalist & statesman)
- America's Castles: The Miners (1997 History Film)
- Frick Collection (American history)
- 1st Baron Duveen of Millbank Joseph Duveen (English artist & businessman)
- Paul’s Case (Historical Context) (story)
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- Pittsburgh: Communications (city, Pennsylvania)
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