| Henri I | |
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| King Henri I of Haiti | |
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| King Henri I | |
| Reign | 28 March 1811 – 8 October 1820 |
| Coronation | 2 June 1811 |
| Born | October 6, 1767 |
| Died | October 8, 1820 (aged 53) |
| Place of death | Cap-Haïtien, Haiti |
| Predecessor | Jacques I (as Emperor of Haiti) |
| Successor | Monarchy Abolished Jean Pierre Boyer (as President of Haiti) |
| Consort | Marie Louise Christophe |
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Henri Christophe (often Henry Christophe) (6 October 1767 – 8 October 1820) was a key leader in the Haitian Revolution, winning independence from France in 1804. On 17 February 1807, after the creation of separate nation in the north, Christophe was elected President of the State of Haiti. On 26 March 1811, he was proclaimed Henri I, King of Haïti. He is also known for constructing the Citadelle Laferrière.
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Early life
Born probably in Saint Kitts or Grenada,[1] the son of Christophe, a freeman on the island of Grenada, Christophe was brought to Saint Domingue as a slave in the northern region. He was said to be of mixed race. In 1779 he may have served with the French Forces as a drummer boy in the American Revolution in the Chasseurs-Volontaires de Saint-Dominigue, a regiment composed of gens de couleur. They fought at the Siege of Savannah.
As an adult, King Henri worked in and managed a hotel restaurant in Le Cap, the capital of the French colony of Saint-Domingue, where he became skilled at dealing with the grand blancs, as the wealthy white French planters were called. Such political skills also served him well when he became an officer in the military and leader in the country. He was said to have obtained his freedom as a young man, before the slave uprising of 1791. Sometime after he had settled in Haiti he brought his sister Marie Christophe there, where she married Jean and had issue.
Beginning with the slave uprising of 1791, Christophe distinguished himself in the Haïtian Revolution and quickly rose to be an officer. He fought for years with Toussaint Louverture in the north, helping defeat the French, the Spanish, British, and finally French national troops. By 1802 he was a general under Toussaint Louverture.
Independent Haiti
After the French deported Toussaint Louverture to France, and fighting continued under Rochambeau, Jean Jacques Dessalines recognized they wanted to reenslave the blacks. He led the fight to defeat French forces. As leader, Dessalines declared Saint-Domingue's independence and the new name of Haiti in 1804.
In 1806 Christophe was aware of a plot to kill Dessalines; seeing an opportunity to seize power for himself, he did not warn the self-proclaimed Emperor. The plot was said to involve Alexandre Pétion, a competing "gens de couleur"; since he was half white, this presumably led him to use assassination because of his weak position among the majority of black leaders and population. However, this allegation has not been proven; other sources clear Pétion's name from the plot and say that he has been tied to Dessalines's assassination only because of the question of race. In any case, after Dessaline's assassination, Christophe was elected to the newly created position of president, but without real powers.
State and kingdom of Haïti
Feeling insulted, Christophe retreated with his followers to the Plaine du Nord and created a separate government there. Christophe had suspected that he would be next to be assassinated. In 1807 Christophe declared himself président et généralissime des forces de terre et de mer de l'État d'Haïti, in English, President and Generalissimo of the armies of land and sea of the State of Haïti.[2] Pétion became President of the "Republic of Haïti" in the south backed by General Boyer who had control of the southern armies.
In 1811 Henri made the northern state of Haïti a kingdom, and was ordained Emperor by Arch Bishop of Milot Corneil Breuil. The edict of 1 April 1811 gave his full title as
Henri, par la grâce de Dieu et la Loi constitutionelle de l'État Roi d'Haïti, Souverain des Îles de la Tortue, Gonâve, et autres îles adjacentes, Destructeur de la tyrannie, Régénérateur et bienfaiteur de la nation haïtienne, Créateur de ses institutiones morales, politiques et guerrières, Premier monarque couronné du Nouveau-Monde, Défenseur de la foi, Fondateur de l'ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Henri.
Henry, by the grace of God and constitutional law of the state, King of Haiti, Sovereign of Tortuga, Gonâve, and other adjacent islands, Destroyer of tyranny, Regenerator and Benefactor of the Haïtian nation, Creator of her moral, political, and martial institutions, First crowned monarch of the New World, Defender of the faith, Founder of the Royal Military Order of Saint Henry.[2]
He renamed Le Cap as Cap-Henri. It is now called Cap-Haïtien.
Christophe named his legitimate son, Jacques-Victor Henry, heir apparent with the title Prince Royal of Haïti. Even in documents written in French, the king's name was usually given an English spelling. He had another son who was a colonel in his army.
Christophe built for his own use six châteaux, eight palaces and the massive Citadelle Laferrière, still considered one of the wonders of the era. Nine years later, at the end of his monarchy, he had increased the number of designated nobility from the original 87 to 134.[3]
Politically, in the North, Christophe was caught between reinforcing a version of the slave plantation system in an attempt to increase agricultural production, or handing out the plantation land for peasant cultivation (the approach taken by Alexandre Petion in the South). King Henri took the route of enforcing corvee plantation work on the population in lieu of taxes alongside his massive building projects. As a result, Northern Haiti during his reign was despotic but relatively wealthy. He preferred trading with English merchants and American merchants than both French and Spanish merchants which did not recognize Haiti as independent country, he ordered that extra Africans be brought to Haiti to work on his vast projects instead of being traded to other Caribbean countries where they would be held as slaves. As a result, numerous Africans who were originally brought by the French as slaves came to Haiti. He made an agreement with Britain that Haiti would not be threat to their Caribbean colonies in return that the British Navy would warn the Kingdom of Haiti of any imminent attack from French troops, in 1807 the British Parliament passed the Slave Trade of 1807 which did not outlaw slavery, but abolishing the importation of African slaves in British territory, because of this increased bilateral trade, he had gathered an enormous sum of British pounds for his treasury. By contrast, Petion's Southern Haiti became much poorer because the land-share destroyed agricultural productivity.[4]
Nobility and Heraldry
One of Christophe's first acts as king was to create a Haïtian Peerage, with four princes, seven dukes, 22 counts, 40 barons and 14 chevaliers. Christophe also founded a College of Arms to provide armorial bearings to the newly ennobled.
Christophe's kingship was modelled in part on the enlightened absolutism of Frederick the Great. Thomas Clarkson, the English slave abolitionist, held a long written correspondence with Christophe which gives insights into his philosophy and style of government (Griggs and Prator). The king sought an education for his children along the lines of the princelings of Enlightenment Europe.
End of reign
Despite his efforts to promote education and establish a legal system called the Code Henri, King Henri was an unpopular autocratic monarch. In addition, his realm was constantly challenged by that of the South, which was ruled by gens de couleur. Toward the end of Christophe's reign, public sentiment was sharply against what many perceived to be his feudal policies, which he intended to develop the country. Ill and infirm at age fifty-three, King Henri shot himself with a silver bullet rather than face the possibility of a coup. He was buried within the Citadelle Laferriere.
Pierre Nord Alexis, President of Haiti from 1902–1908, was Christophe's grandson.
Cultural representations
- La Mort du Roi Christophe. Note présentée par la noblesse d'Haïti aux trois grands alliés, a 1820 chanson written by Pierre-Jean de Béranger.
- Drums of Destiny, novel written by Peter Bourne and published by G.P. Putnam's Sons in New York in 1946.
- The Kingdom of this World novel by Aléjo Carpentier, first published in Spanish in 1949 in Mexico DF as El Reino de Este Mundo.
- Henri Christophe: A Chronicle in Seven Scenes, a play by Derek Walcott.
- La Tragédie du Roi Christophe, a 1963 play written by Martinican Aimé Césaire.
- Henri Christophe was also the inspiration for Eugene O'Neill's fictional character The Emperor Jones
Notes
- ^ John Vandercook's biography states: "No one knows where King Christophe was born. [. . .] A Royal Almanac prepared by a courtier and published at the presses at the King's Palace of Sans Souci gives the date of his birth as October 6, 1767, and his birthplace as Grenada [. . .]. But old men who still live in Haiti [. . .] say he came from Kitts." Vandercook, 1928, p. 6.
- ^ a b Cheesman, 2007.
- ^ Cheesman, 2007, p. 10.
- ^ Griggs and Prator, James.
References
- Cheesman, Clive (2007), The Armorial of Haiti: Symbols of Nobility in the Reign of Henry Christophe, London: The College of Arms, ISBN 978-0950698021.
- Griggs, E.L.; Prator, C.H., eds. (1968), Henry Christophe and Thomas Clarkson: A Correspondence.
- James, C.L.R. (1968), The Black Jacobins.
- Vandercook, John (1928), Black Majesty: The Life of Christophe, King of Haiti, New York: Harper and Brothers Publishing.
External links
- Christophe genealogy
- Haitian American Historical Society Savannah Monument Project
- Marvin T. Jones's blog "Photographing Haiti's Citadelle Henry"
- Institut de la Maison Imperiale d'Haiti
| Preceded by Jacques I Emperor of Haïti |
President of the State of Haïti 1807–1811 King of Haïti 1811–1820 |
Succeeded by Jean Pierre Boyer President of Haïti |
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