heptachlor

Heptachlor
IUPAC name	1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene
Identifiers
CAS number	76-44-8 Y
SMILES	ClC1(C(Cl)2Cl)C(C=CC3Cl)C3C2(Cl)C(Cl)=C1Cl
Properties
Molecular formula	C10H5Cl7
Molar mass	373.32 g/mol
Density	1.58 g/cm3
Melting point	95-96 °C
Boiling point	135-145 °C at 1-1.5 mmHg
Y (what is this?)  (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Heptachlor is an organochlorine compound that was used as an insecticide. Usually sold as a white or tan powder, heptachlor is one of the cyclodiene insecticides. In 1962, Rachel Carson's Silent Spring questioned the safety of heptachlor and other chlorinated insecticides. Due to its highly stable structure, heptachlor can persist in the environment for decades. The US EPA has limited the sale of heptachlor products to the specific application of fire ant control in underground transformers. The amount that can be present in different foods is regulated.^[1]

Synthesis

Analogous to the synthesis other cyclodienes, heptachlor is produced via the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and cyclopentadiene. The resulting adduct is brominated followed by treatment with hydrogen chloride in nitromethane in the presence of aluminum trichloride or with iodine monochloride.^[2]

Compared to chlordane, it is about 3 - 5 times more active as an insecticide, but more inert chemically, being resistant to water and caustic alkalies.^[2]

Metabolism

Soil microorganisms transform heptachlor by epoxidation, hydrolysis, and reduction. When the compound was incubated with a mixed culture of organisms, chlordene (hexachlorocyclopentadine, its precursor) formed, which was further metabolized to chlordene epoxide. Other metabolites include 1-hydroxychlordene, 1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxychlordene, and heptachlor epoxide. Soil microorganisms hydrolyze heptachlor to give ketochlordene. Rats metabolize heptachlor to the epoxide 1-exo-1-hydroxyheptachlor epoxide and 1,2-dihydrooxydihydrochlordene. When heptachlor epoxide was incubated with microsomal preparations form liver of pigs and from houseflies, the products found were diol and 1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxychlordene.^[2] Metabolic scheme in rats shows two pathways with the same metabolite. The first involves following scheme: heptachlor → heptachlor epoxide → dehydrogenated derivative of 1-exo-hydroxy-2,3-exo-epoxychlordene → 1,2-dihydrooxydihydrochlordene. The second involves: Heptachlor → 1-exo-hydroxychlordene → 1-exo-hydroxy, 2,3-exo-epoxychlordene → 1,2-dihydrooxydihydrochlordene.^[3]

Environmental impact

Heptachlor is persistent organic pollutant (POP). It has a half life of ~1.3-4.2 days (air),~0.03-0.11 years (water),~0.11-0.34 years (soil). One study described its half life to be 2 years and claimed that its residues could be found in soil 14 years after its initial application. Like other POPs, heptachlor is lipophilic and poorly soluble in water (0.056 mg/L at 25 °C), thus it tends to accumulate in the body fat of humans and animals.

Heptachlor epoxide is more likely to be found in the environment than its parent compound. The epoxide also dissolves more easily in water than its parent compound and is more persistent. Heptachlor and its epoxide absorb to soil particles and evaporate.^[4]

Toxicity of heptachlor and related derivatives

The range of oral rat LD50 values are 40 mg/kg to 162 mg/kg. Daily oral doses of heptachlor at 50 and 100 mg/kg were found to be lethal to rats after 10 days. For heptachlor epoxide, the oral LD₅₀ values ranging from 46.5 to 60 mg/kg. With rat oral of LD₅₀47mg/kg, heptachlor epoxide is more toxic. A product of hydrogenation of heptachlor, β-dihydroheptachlor, has high insecticidal activity and low mammalian toxicity, rat oral LD₅₀>5,000mg/kg.^[2]

Human impact

Humans are exposed to heptachlor through drinking water and foods, including breast milk.^[4] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the EPA have classified the compound as a possible human carcinogen. Animals exposed to Heptachlor epoxide during gestation and infancy are found to have changes in nervous system and immune function. Higher doses of Heptachlor when exposed to newborn animals caused decrease in body weight and death.^[3]

The U.S. EPA MCL for drinking water is 0.0004 mg/L (Heptachlor) and 0.0002 mg/L (Heptachlor epoxide). The U.S. FDA limit on food crops is 0.01 ppm, in milk is 0.1 ppm, and on edible seafoods is 0.3 ppm. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has limit of 0.5 mg/m³ (cubic meter of workplace air) for 8-hour shifts and 40-hour work weeks.^[4]

The compound was designated as a Class 2B or "possible human carcinogen" by The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). ATSDR report in 1993 found no studies with respect to death in humans after oral exposure to heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide.

Appendix - further data

Its octanol water coefficient (K_ow) is ~10^5.27. Henry's Law Constant is 2.3 x 10^-3atm-m³/mol and the vapour pressure is 3 x 10^-4mmHg at 20°C.^[5]

References

External links

• ASTDR ToxFAQs for Heptachlor