heriot

Heriot, from Old English heregeat ("war-gear"), was originally a death-duty in late Anglo-Saxon England, which required that at death, a nobleman provided to his king a given set of military equipment, often including horses, swords, shields, spears and helmets. It later developed into a kind of tenurial relief due from villeins.

Late Anglo-Saxon England

According to the historian Nicholas Brooks, heriot arose out of the obligation of a retainer to return, on the occasion of his death, a part of the weaponry and armour with which his lord had invested him.^[1] Payments of heriot are sometimes mentioned in the wills of West-Saxon nobles since the mid-tenth century, such as Æthelmær, . The regulation of levels of heriot is the subject of a clause in Cnut's secular law-code (II Cnut § 71), drawn up between 1020 and 1023. The form of this duty depended on the rank of the nobleman (earl, king's thegn, median thegn) and on his region (Danelaw, Wessex).

Feudal Europe

It was the right of a lord in feudal Europe to seize a serf's best horse and or clothing upon his death. It arose from the tradition of the lord loaning a serf a horse or armour or weapons to fight so that when the serf died the lord would rightfully reclaim his property. When knights as a class emerged and were later able to acquire their own fighting instruments, the lord continued to claim rights to property upon death, extending sometimes to everyone not just the fighting knights. Serfs could make provisions for heriot in their wills, but death in battle often meant no heriot was required, because the winner of a fight would often take horse and armour anyway as was often the custom. By the 13th century the payment was made either in money or in kind by handing over the best beast or chattel of the tenant. The enlightened cleric Jacques de Vitry called lords who imposed heriots "vultures that prey upon death... worms feeding upon the corpse."

Heriot came in many varieties. G. G. Coulton reports a curious case of heriot in modern times:

"In the later 19th century Lord Rothschild bought an estate of which part was copyhold under New College, Oxford. The Warden and Fellows, therefore, were in that respect his lords, and he had to redeem the freehold in all haste lest, at his death, these overlords should claim as a heriot his best beast which, in the case of so distinguished a racing man as Rothschild, might have been worth twenty thousand pounds or more."

Heriot is one of the many curious laws from feudal times that started because of a logical need between two parties, but because of the custom of noble rights, where whatever rights a lord had before continue on by way of custom, even if the original reason for it no longer existed. This law and many others, such as the noble right not to pay taxes, have a long contentious history in Europe.

For the manorial law relating to heriots, see copyhold.

Word origin: Old English. Heriot, by derivation the arms and equipment (geatwa) of a soldier or army (here); the Old English word is thus here-geatwa.

References

• Abels, Richard. Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England. London, 1988.
• Abels, Richard. "Heriot." The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. Michael Lapidge et al. Oxford: Blackwell: 1999. 235-6.
• Brooks, Nicholas. "Arms, Status and Warfare in Late-Saxon England." In Ethelred the Unready, ed. David Hill. Oxford, 1978. 81-103.
• Stafford, Pauline. "King and kin, Lord and Community." In Gender, Family and the Legitimation of Power.

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

External links

• Canute, King of the English: On Heriots and Reliefs, c. 1016-1035