| Hexathelidae venomous funnel-web spiders |
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 Female Sydney funnel-web spider
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The spider family Hexathelidae[1], the only family in the super-family Hexatheloidea[2], is one of two families (along with Dipluridae) of spiders known as funnel-web tarantulas. This order is sometimes referred to as the venomous funnel-web tarantulas, due to the inclusion of the Australasian funnel-web spiders, including the notorious Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) but most specimens in Hexathelidae are not dangerous to humans.
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Description
These spiders are medium-to-large in size, with body lengths ranging from 1 cm to 5 cm (0.4 to 2 inches). The body is typically three times longer than it is wide. They are darkly colored, ranging from black to brown, with a glossy carapace covering the front part of the body. Like the related diplurid spiders, the hexathelids have generally long spinnerets; this is especially true of A. robustus. The eyes of these spiders are close together.
Their long posterior spinnerets and other features make the Hexathelidae appear similar to the Dipluridae, and were considered a subfamily of the latter until 1980.[4]
Like other Mygalomorphae (also called the Orthognatha, an infraorder of spiders which includes the true tarantulas), these spiders have fangs which point straight down and do not cross each other (see also araneomorphae). They have ample poison glands that lie entirely within their chelicerae. Their chelicerae and fangs are large and powerful. Although they are rather small compared to the true tarantulas, as venomous specimens they should not be handled without taking substantial precautions because their fangs have been known to penetrate fingernails and soft shoes, resulting in dangerous bites.[5]
Range and habitat
Most hexathelids are found in Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. One species is known in the Mediterranean region and two from South America. Two species exist in Central Africa.
Hexathelids typically live in burrows, which are constructed in the ground or in tree hollows. An elaborately constructed burrow entrance is common. These spiders construct a funnel shaped web and lurk for prey in the small end of the funnel. They frequently search for a place to nest under human dwellings, or under nearby rocks, logs, or other similar objects. They are most active at night.
Most species live in rainforests, but they also exist in other habitats, from sea level to high up in the mountains.[6]
Medical significance
There are three genera known to contain medically significant spiders —Atrax and Hadronyche of Australia and the south Pacific, and Macrothele, which contains some specimens considered dangerous in Taiwan and parts of eastern Asia.
Genera
The categorization into subfamilies follows Joel Hallan.[2]
- Hexathelinae Simon, 1892
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- Atrax O. P-Cambridge, 1877 — Australia
- Bymainiella Raven, 1978 — Australia
- Hadronyche L. Koch, 1873 — Australia, New Guinea
- Hexathele Ausserer, 1871 — New Zealand
- Mediothele Raven & Platnick, 1978 — Chile
- Paraembolides Raven, 1980 — Australia
- Rosamygale † Selden & Gall, 1992 — (fossil, Triassic)
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- Rosamygale grauvogeli † (Selden & Gall, 1992)
- Scotinoecus Simon, 1892 — Chile, Argentina
- Teranodes Raven, 1985 — Australia
- Macrothelinae Simon, 1892
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- Macrothele Ausserer, 1871 — Africa, Europe, Asia
- Plesiothelinae Raven, 1980
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- Plesiothele Raven, 1978 — Tasmania
- Porrhothele Simon, 1892 — New Zealand
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Raven, R.J. 1980 The evolution and biogeography of the mygalomorph spider family Hexathelidae (Araneae, Chelicerata). J. Arachnol. 8: 251-266.
- ^ Raven, R.J. 1985. The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 182: 1-180.
- ^ Museum Victoria: Victorian Funnel-web Spider
- ^ Platnick 2008
- ^ [1]
- ^ Murphy & Murphy 2000: 68
References
- Raven, Robert John (1985). The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 182: 1-180.
- Find-a-spider guide
- Raven, R.J. & Platnick, N.I. (1978): A new genus of the spider family Dipluridae from Chile (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). J. Arachnol. 6: 73-77. PDF (Mediothele, now in Hexathelidae)
- Murphy, Frances & Murphy, John (2000): An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
- Platnick, Norman I. (2008): The world spider catalog, version 8.5. American Museum of Natural History.
External links
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