Hippopotamidae

(vertebrate zoology) The hippopotamuses, a family of palaeodont mammals in the superfamily Anthracotherioidea.

(Hippopotamidae)

Class: Mammalia

Order: Artiodactyla

Suborder: Suiformes

Family: Hippopotamidae

Thumbnail description
Rotund, barrel-shaped body with short legs; large head with wide gape; eyes, ears, and nostrils high on the face; small tail flattened at the base

Size
Weight: female 500–3,000 lb (230–1,500 kg), male 600–4,000 lb (270–1,800 kg); length: female 58–106 in (150–270 cm), male 60–106 in (152–270 cm)

Number of genera, species
1 genus; 2 species

Habitat
Ponds, lakes, rivers, and wallows by day; grasslands and forests at night

Conservation status
Vulnerable: 1 species

Distribution
Sub-Saharan Africa

Evolution and systematics

The fossil record of hippos provides little evidence of their ancestry. All fossils can be readily assigned to one or other of the modern genera, except for a dwarf hippo from the Pleistocene of Cyprus, which has been placed in a separate genus, Phanourios, although it is considered to be of the genus Hippopotamus on the basis of its skull anatomy. Its limbs, however, are quite distinct and appear to be adapted for running over stony ground. It has been suggested that the differences are sufficiently great to justify its status as a separate genus.

There are numerous fossil Hexaprotodon, but none that can be equated with the modern pygmy hippo. Size is not a good criterion as there are dwarf Hippopotamus as well as full-sized Hexaprotodon. The former are usually found on islands, particularly those in the Mediterranean, and are probably examples of the phenomenon known as "island dwarfing," which occurs when herbivores are stranded without a predator on marine islands and subsequently shrink in body size. Simultaneously, they lose their abilities as saltors or cursors and evolve wide-ranging food habits as indicated, among others, by enlarging teeth to grind out what little nutrition there is from depleted and severely conditioned plant food supply. Island populations are inevitably small and, hence, are vulnerable to natural catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, as well as to human hunting. It is not surprising that dwarf hippos did not long survive the arrival of humans.

Most of the early fossil hippos of both genera are found in East Africa, suggesting that the family originated on that continent. But by the late Miocene, hippos had spread from Africa to most of Eurasia, though they did never reached Australia or the Americas. Some extinct species survived well into historical times. For example, Hippopotamus lemerlei was present in Madagascar as recently as A.D. 1000. As with the Mediterranean species, its extinction occurred soon after the arrival of man. In the case of Madagascar, this happened around 1,500 years ago.

The classical assumption is that hippos (Hippopotamidae) are related to pigs (Suidae) and peccaries (Tayassuidae), with the three families constituting the suborder Suiformes within the order Artiodactyla. Nine other families, containing only extinct forms, are recognized as belonging to the Suiformes, but none is obviously an ancestor to hippos. However, one superfamily, Anthracotheroidea, includes fossils that have been suggested as possible ancestors as they show some resemblance to hippos in their dentition. The anthracotherids resembled large pigs and were probably semi-aquatic. If they are ancestors, the hippo lineage branched off from them between the Oligocene and Miocene, about 25 million years ago. Hippos themselves date from the middle to late Miocene.

Some recent research points to a different evolutionary history as DNA analysis and gene sequencing suggest that the closest relatives to the hippo are whales (Cetacea). This relationship is not evident from comparative anatomy or from the fossil record, however, the evolutionary history of whales is about as poorly known as that of hippos. It is now generally accepted that whales evolved from ungulate stock. One 1994 study suggested a link with hippos from their sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene, though other research found no support for such a relationship from the mitochondrial DNA sequencing, although a link was demonstrated between cetaceans and artiodactyls. There is, therefore, no general agreement on a hippo/whale link, though if such a link exists, it is probably a weak one.

DNA analyses have also questioned the position of the Hippopotamidae within the Suiformes. Two separate studies did not find a close relationship between pigs and peccaries on the one hand and hippos on the other. The mitochondrial sequence comparisons support the relationship between pigs and peccaries, with hippos forming a separate evolutionary line. The conclusions from these genetic studies, however, differ from those of their morphological analyses, which support the monophyly of the Suiformes. With opposite conclusions from the two techniques, the question of the ancestry of hippos remains open.

Physical characteristics

Hippos have rotund bodies and short legs. Unlike other artiodactyls, which have only two functional hooves, there are four toes on each foot with slight webbing between them. The thick skin appears hairless apart from a few bristles around the mouth and on the tail, but there is a covering of very fine hairs at low density over the whole of the body. There are no sweat glands as such, but there are large skin glands that secrete a viscous liquid that turns pink on exposure to air. The secretion probably acts as a sunscreen; it is also thought to have antiseptic properties. The skin needs to be kept wet, and cracks appear if the hippo is prevented from entering water.

The head is large with a wide mouth. The canines and incisors are tusk-like with open roots so that the teeth grow continuously, somewhat like the teeth of rodents. The lower canines are curved and are particularly large. They are kept sharp by rubbing against the upper canines. The incisors are straight and peg-like. The lower incisors point forward, but the shorter upper incisors point downward. There are six molariform (grinding) teeth in each half-jaw, with a pattern of cusps that is diagnostic of the species. The full dental formula for the family is (I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M3/3) × 2 = 44. The nostrils, eyes, and ears are placed high on the face. Consequently, the animal can remain submerged with very little of its body in view, while at the same time being able to breath and survey its surroundings. The ears are small but highly moveable and wag vigorously on surfacing.

The alimentary canal shows what is known as the pseudo-ruminant condition, i.e., digestion takes place through fermentation of food in a multi-chambered stomach, as in ruminants, but there is no chewing of the cud. The post-gastric gut is typical of a large herbivore. There is no cecum, which is not typical of large herbivores, but there is a gall bladder despite statements to the contrary.

The reproductive organs show some peculiarities. Unlike most mammals, the male lacks a scrotum as the testes do not fully descend at birth. The penis is normally retracted, so it is difficult to tell the sex of a hippo. The female reproductive tract shows two marked peculiarities, one being the series of ridges in the upper vagina and, the other, two large sacs that project from the vestibule. The functions of these organs remain obscure.

Distribution

The common hippo occurs in many sub-Saharan countries, but some of the populations are extremely small, especially in West Africa. The pygmy hippo is confined to West Africa with Liberia containing the majority of the population.

Habitat

The common hippo is found in shallow freshwater aquatic habitats during the day, but at night it emerges to graze some distance from water. The pygmy hippo is a forest animal, although it too spends the day in or near water.

Behavior

Although it is highly colonial in the water, the common hippo is not a social animal and the only social bond is that between a female and her dependent calves. Males are territorial in the water and maintain mating rights over the females within a defended length of shoreline. In addition to their aerial calls, common hippos vocalize under water. Some of the sounds are amphibious and pass through the air and water simultaneously. The pygmy hippo is usually found alone; although pairs occur; the duration of the pair bond is not known. There is no evidence that males are territorial.

Feeding ecology and diet

Hippos are herbivorous, although carnivory through scavenging has been reported in the common hippo on a few occasions. Grass is the principal food of the common hippo, while the pygmy hippo has a much wider diet that includes fruits and ferns. Both species feed by nipping off the vegetation with their muscular lips.

Reproductive biology

The common hippo mates in the water as does the pygmy hippo, which also copulates on land. Births occur in the water in both species, although the pygmy hippo sometimes calves on land. Usually, only one calf is produced at a time, though twins do occur at a low rate. Births may take place throughout the year, but there are peaks associated with increased rainfall. Hippopotamuses are polygamous.

Conservation status

The common hippo is placed on Appendix II of CITES and the pygmy hippo on Appendix I. The common hippo is not in immediate danger over much of its range in southern and east Africa, but it is vulnerable to extinction in West Africa. The conservation status of the pygmy hippo is not clear, though the IUCN lists it as Vulnerable.

Significance to humans

The common hippo impinges on human affairs as it is a dangerous animal that also raids crops, particularly rice. The pygmy hippo is not a threat to people, although it does sometimes raid crops. Both species are hunted for meat.

Species accounts

Resources

Barklow, W. E. "Some Underwater Sounds of the Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)." Marine and Freshwater Behavioral Physiology 29 (1997): 237–249.

Coryndon, S. C. "The Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Ardiodactyla) and a Description of Two New Fossil Species." Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Wetenschappen Series B 80 (1977): 61–88.

Gansberger, K., and G. Forstenpointer. "On the Existence of a Gall Bladder in the Hippopotamus." Wiener Tieraerztliche Monatsschrift 82 (1995): 157–158.

Hasegawa, M., and J. Adachi. "Phylogenetic Position of Cetaceans Relative to Artiodactyls—Reanalysis of Mitochondrial and Nuclear Sequencies." Molecular Biology and Evolution 13 (1996): 710–713.

Houtekamer, J. L., and P. Y. Sondaar. "Osteology of the Forelimb of the Pleistocene Dwarf Hippopotamus from Cyprus with Special Reference to Phylogeny and Function." Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Wetenschappen Series B 82 (1979): 411–448.

Irwin, D. M., and U. Amason. "Cytochrome b Gene of Marine Mammals: Phylogeny and Evolution." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2 (1994): 37–55.

Klingel, H. "The Social Organisation and Behaviour of Hippopotamus amphibius." African Wildlife: Research and Management, International Council of Scientific Unions (1991): 73–75.

Lang, E. M., M. vK. Hentschel, and W. Bulow. "Zwergflusspferde (Gattung Choeropsis)." Grzimeks Enzyklopädie: Saugetiere (1988): 62–64.

Laws, R. M., and G. Clough. "Observations on Reproduction in the Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius Linn." Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 15 (1966): 117–140.

Montegelard, C., S. Ducrocq, and E. Douzery. "What is a Suiform (Artiodactyla)? Contribution of Cranioskeletal and Mitochondrial DNA Data." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9 (1998): 528–532.

Randi, E., V. Lucchini, and C. H. Diong. "Evolutionary Genetics of the Suiformes as Reconstructed Using mtDNA Sequencing." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3 (1996): 163–194.

[Article by: Stewart K. Eltringham, PhD]

The noun has one meaning:

Meaning #1: hippopotami
  Synonym: family Hippopotamidae

Hippopotamidae Fossil range: Middle Miocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Hippopotamus amphibius
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
(unranked)	Whippomorpha
Family:	Hippopotamidae Gray, 1821
Subtaxa
†Trilobophorous afarensis Geze, 1985 Hippopotaminae Gray, 1821 Hippopotamus Choeropsis †Hexaprotodon †Archaeopotamus †Saotherium †Kenyapotaminae Pickford, 1983 †Kenyapotamus †Palaeopotamus

Hippopotamuses are the members of the family Hippopotamidae. They are the only extant artiodactyls which walk on four toes on each foot.

Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Evolution 2.1 Analogous structures 3 Species 4 References and notes

Characteristics

Hippopotamids are large mammals, with short, stumpy legs, and barrel-shaped bodies. They have large heads, with broad mouths, and nostrils placed at the top of the snout. Like pigs, they have four toes, but unlike pigs, all of the toes are used in walking. Hippopotamids are unguligrade, although, unlike most other such animals, they have no hooves, instead using a pad of tough connective tissue. Their stomach has three chambers, but they are not true ruminants.

The living species are smooth-skinned and lack both sebaceous glands and sweat glands. The outer epidermis is relatively thin, so that hippos dehydrate rapidly in dry environments.^[1]

Both the incisors and canines are large and tusk-like, although the canine tusks are by far the largest. The tusks grow throughout life. The postcanine teeth are large and complex, suited for chewing the plant matter that composes their diet. The number of incisors varies even within the same species, but the general dental formula is:

Evolution

Main article: Evolution of Hippopotamus

The hippopotamids are descended from the anthracotheres, a family of semi-aquatic artiodactyls that appeared sometime during the late Eocene, and are popularly thought to have resembled small- or narrow-headed hippos. More specifically, the hippos split off from the anthracotheres some time during the Miocene. After the appearance of the true hippopotamids, the anthracotheres went into a decline brought about by a combination of climatic change and competition with their descendants, until the last genus, Merycopotamus, died out in the early Pliocene of India.

There were once many species of hippopotamid, but only two survive today: Hippopotamus amphibius, and Choeropsis liberiensis. They are the last survivors of two major evolutionary lineages, the hippos proper and the pygmy hippos, respectively; these lineages could arguably be considered subfamilies but their relationships to each other - apart from being fairly distant relatives - are not well resolved.

The enigmatic Miocene Kenyapotamus is insufficiently known to be assigned a place in the hippo phylogeny with any degree of certainty. In addition, the genus Hexaprotodon, in a sense now restricted to an extinct group of animals once living around the northern and northeastern Indian Ocean, which formerly included most ancient hippos, turned out to be paraphyletic.

Analogous structures

An analogous structure that hippopotamids have is the lower canine teeth, which are similar in function and structure to an elephant’s tusks. Hippopotamids and elephants are not closely related, but the lower canine teeth of the hippopotamus and the tusk of the elephant are both long and have a slight curve and both animals use this structure when fighting.

Species

The systematics and taxonomy used here mostly follows the review of Boisserie (2005).^[2]

Genus Hippopotamus - true hippopotami

• Hippopotamus amphibius - Hippopotamus
• Hippopotamus antiquus - European Hippopotamus (prehistoric)
• Hippopotamus creutzburgi - Cretan Dwarf Hippopotamus (prehistoric)
• Hippopotamus minor - Cyprus Dwarf Hippopotamus (prehistoric)
• Hippopotamus melitensis - Maltese Hippopotamus (prehistoric)
• Hippopotamus pentlandi - Sicilian Hippopotamus (prehistoric)
• Hippopotamus lemerlei - Lemerle's Hippopotamus or Madagascan Dwarf Hippopotamus (prehistoric)
• Hippopotamus laloumena - Lesser Madagascar Hippopotamus (prehistoric)
• Hippopotamus gorgops - Gorgon-eyed Hippopotamus (fossil)

Tentatively placed into Hippopotamus:

• Hippopotamus karumensis (fossil)
• Hippopotamus aethiopicus (fossil)
• Hippopotamus behemoth (fossil)
• Hippopotamus protamphibius (fossil)
• Hippopotamus coryndoni (fossil)
• Hippopotamus kaisensis (fossil)
• Hippopotamus sirensis (fossil)
• Hippopotamus afarensis (fossil) - formerly genus Trilobophorus

Genus Hexaprotodon - hexaprotodons or Asian hippopotami

• Hexaprotodon palaeindicus - Indian Hippopotamus (fossil)
• Hexaprotodon namadicus - Lesser Indian Hippopotamus (fossil) - possibly same as H. palaeindicus
• Hexaprotodon bruneti - Afar Hexaprotodon (fossil)
• Hexaprotodon sivalensis - Sivalik Hippopotamus (fossil)
• Hexaprotodon sp. - Myanmar Hippopotamus (fossil)
• and some Indonesian species from the Pleistocene

Genus Archaeopotamus - formerly included in Hexaprotodon

• Archaeopotamus harvardi (fossil)
• Archaeopotamus lothagamensis (fossil)
• and 1-2 undescribed species

Genus Choeropsis - pygmy hippopotami

• Choeropsis liberiensis - Pygmy Hippopotamus
• Choeropsis madagascariensis - Madagascan Pygmy Hippopotamus (prehistoric)

Genus Saotherium - formerly included in Hexaprotodon

• Saotherium mingoz (fossil)

References and notes

1. ^ Laws, Richard (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 506–511. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. 
2. ^ Boisserie identifies the species Hippopotamus minor as Phanourios minutus, but this genus is not widely recognized.

• Boisserie, Jean-Renaud (2005): The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 143(1): 1-26. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00138.x (HTML abstract)
• TSN 624917. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 11 August 2004.
• Petronio, C. (1995): Note on the taxonomy of Pleistocene hippopotamuses. Ibex 3: 53-55. PDF fulltext

v • d • e Extant Artiodactyla species Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Mammalia · Infraclass: Eutheria · Superorder: Laurasiatheria   Suborder Ruminantia Antilocapridae Antilocapra Pronghorn (A. americana) Giraffidae Okapia Okapi (O. johnstoni) Giraffa Giraffe (G. camelopardalis) Moschidae Moschus Himalayan Musk Deer (M. chrysogaster) · Siberian Musk Deer (M. moschiferus) · Dwarf Musk Deer (M. berezovskii) · Black Musk Deer (M. fuscus) Tragulidae Hyemoschus Water Chevrotain (H. aquaticus) Moschiola Indian Spotted Chevrotain (M. meminna) · M. kathygre Tragulus Java Mouse-deer (T. javanicus) · Lesser Mouse-deer (T. kanchil) · Greater Mouse-deer (T. napu) · Philippine Mouse-deer (T. nigricans) · Vietnam Mouse-deer (T. versicolor) · Williamson's Mouse-deer (T. williamsoni) Cervidae Large family listed below Bovidae Large family listed below   Family Cervidae Muntiacinae Muntiacus Indian Muntjac (M. muntjak) · Reeves's Muntjac (M. reevesi) · Hairy-fronted Muntjac (M. crinifrons) · Fea's Muntjac (M. feae) · Bornean Yellow Muntjac (M. atherodes) · Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum) · Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis) · Giant Muntjac (M. vuquangensis) · Truong Son Muntjac (M. truongsonensis) · Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis) Elaphodus Tufted deer (E. cephalophus) Cervinae Cervus Red Deer (C. elaphus) · Elk (C. canadensis) · Thorold's deer (C. albirostris) · Sika Deer (C. nippon) · Barasingha (C. duvaucelii) · Eld's Deer (C. eldii) · Sambar Deer (C. unicolor) · Rusa Deer (C. timorensis) · Philippine Sambar (C. mariannus) · Philippine Spotted Deer (C. alfredi) Axis Chital (A. axis) · Hog deer (A. porcinus) · Calamian Deer (A. calamianensis) · Bawean Deer (A. kuhlii) Elaphurus Père David's Deer (E. davidianus) Dama Fallow Deer (D. dama) · Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica) Hydropotinae Hydropotes Water deer (H. inermis) Capreolinae Odocoileus White-tailed deer (O. virginianus) · Mule deer (O. hemionus) Blastocerus Marsh Deer (B. dichotomus) Ozotoceros Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus) Mazama Red Brocket (M. americana) · Small Red Brocket (M. bororo) · Merida Brocket (M. bricenii) · Dwarf Brocket (M. chunyi) · Gray Brocket (M. gouazoubira) · Pygmy Brocket (M. nana) · Fair Brocket (M. ochroleuca) · Yucatan Brown Brocket (M. pandora) · Little Red Brocket (M. rufina) · Central American Red Brocket (M. temama) Pudu Northern Pudu (P. mephistophiles) · Pudú (P. pudu) Hippocamelus Taruca (H. antisensis) · South Andean Deer (H. bisulcus) Capreolus Roe Deer (C. capreolus) · Siberian Roe Deer (C. pygargus) Rangifer Reindeer (R. tarandus) Alces Moose (A. alces)   Family Bovidae Cephalophinae Cephalophus Abbott's Duiker (C. spadix) · Aders' Duiker (C. adersi) · Bay Duiker (C. dorsalis) · Black Duiker (C. niger) · Black-fronted Duiker (C. nigrifrons) · Blue Duiker (C. monticola) · Harvey's Duiker (C. harveyi) · Jentink's Duiker (C. jentinki) · Maxwell's Duiker (C. maxwellii) · Red Forest Duiker (C. natalensis) · Ogilby's Duiker (C. ogilbyi) · Peters's Duiker (C. callipygus) · Red-flanked Duiker (C. rufilatus) · Ruwenzori Duiker (C. rubidis) · Weyns's Duiker (C. weynsi) · White-bellied Duiker (C. leucogaster) · Yellow-backed Duiker (C. Sylvicultor) · Zebra Duiker (C. zebra) Sylvicapra Common Duiker (S. grimmia) Hippotraginae Hippotragus Roan Antelope (H. equinus) · Sable Antelope (H. niger) Oryx East African Oryx (O. beisa) · Scimitar Oryx (O. dammah) · Gemsbok (O. gazella) · Arabian Oryx (O. leucoryx) Addax Addax (A. nasomaculatus) Reduncinae Kobus Upemba Lechwe (K. anselli) · Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus) · Kob (K. kob) · Lechwe (K. leche) · Nile Lechwe (K. megaceros) · Puku (K. vardonii) Redunca Southern Reedbuck (R. arundinum) · Mountain Reedbuck (R. fulvorufula) · Bohor Reedbuck (R. redunca) Aepycerotinae Aepyceros Impala (A. melampus) Peleinae Pelea Grey Rhebok (P. capreolus) Alcelaphinae Beatragus Hirola (B. hunteri) Damaliscus Korrigum (D. korrigum) · Common Tsessebe (D. lunatus) · Bontebok (D. pygargus) · Bangweulu Tsessebe (D. superstes) Alcelaphus Hartebeest (A. buselaphus) · Red Hartebeest (A. caama) · Lichtenstein's Hartebeest (A. lichtensteinii) Connochaetes Black Wildebeest (C. gnou) · Blue Wildebeest (C. taurinus) Pantholopinae Pantholops Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii) Caprinae Large subfamily listed below Bovinae Large subfamily listed below Antilopinae Large subfamily listed below   Family Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae) Ammotragus Barbary Sheep (A. lervia) Budorcas Takin (B. taxicolor) Capra Wild goat (C. aegagrus) · West Caucasian Tur (C. caucasia) · East Caucasian Tur (C. cylindricornis) · Markhor (C. falconeri) · Alpine Ibex (C. ibex) · Nubian Ibex (C. nubiana) · Spanish Ibex (C. pyrenaica) · Siberian Ibex (C. sibirica) · Walia Ibex (C. walie) Hemitragus Nilgiri Tahr (H. hylocrius) · Arabian Tahr (H. jayakari) · Himalayan Tahr (H. jemlahicus) Naemorhedus Red Goral (N. baileyi) · Japanese Serow (N. crispus) · Long-tailed Goral (N. caudatus) · Gray Goral (N. goral) · Mainland Serow (N. sumatraensis) · Taiwan Serow (N. swinhoei) Oreamnos Mountain goat (O. americanus) Ovibos Muskox (O. moschatus) Ovis Argali (O. ammon) · Domestic sheep (O. aries) · Bighorn Sheep (O. canadensis) · Dall Sheep (O. dalli) · Mouflon (O. musimon) · Snow sheep (O. nivicola) · Urial (O. orientalis) Pseudois Bharal (P. nayaur) · Dwarf Blue Sheep (P. schaeferi) Rupicapra Pyrenean Chamois (R. pyrenaica) · Chamois (R. rupicapra)   Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae) Boselaphini Tetracerus Four-horned Antelope (T. quadricornis) Boselaphus Nilgai (B. tragocamelus) Bovini Bubalus Water Buffalo (B. bubalus) · Lowland Anoa (B. depressicornis) · Mountain Anoa (B. quarlesi) · Tamaraw (B. mindorensis) Bos Banteng (B. javanicus) · Gaur (B. gaurus) · Yak (B. mutus) · Cattle (B. taurus) · Kouprey (B. sauveli) Pseudonovibos Kting Voar (P. spiralis) Pseudoryx Saola (P. nghetinhensis) Syncerus African Buffalo (S. caffer) Bison American Bison (B. bison) · Wisent (B. bonasus) Strepsicerotini Tragelaphus Sitatunga (T. spekeii) · Nyala (T. angasii) · Bushbuck (T. scriptus) · Mountain Nyala (T. buxtoni) · Lesser Kudu (T. imberbis) · Greater Kudu (T. strepsiceros) · Bongo (T. eurycerus) Taurotragus Common Eland (T. oryx) · Giant Eland (T. derbianus)   Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae) Antilopini Ammodorcas Dibatag (A. clarkei) Antidorcas Springbok (A. marsupialis) Antilope Blackbuck (A. cervicapra) Gazella Mountain Gazelle (G. gazella) · Neumann's Gazelle (G. erlangeri) · Speke's Gazelle (G. spekei) · Dorcas Gazelle (G. dorcas) · Saudi Gazelle (G. saudiya) · Chinkara (G. bennettii) · Thomson's Gazelle (G. thomsonii) · Red-fronted Gazelle (G. rufifrons) · Dama Gazelle (G. dama) · Grant's Gazelle (G. granti) · Soemmerring's Gazelle (G. soemmerringii) · Cuvier's Gazelle (G. cuvieri) · Rhim Gazelle (G. leptoceros) · Goitered Gazelle (G. subgutturosa) Litocranius Gerenuk (L. walleri) Procapra Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa) · Goa (P. picticaudata) · Przewalski's Gazelle (P. przewalskii) Saigini Pantholops Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii) Saiga Saiga Antelope (S. tatarica) Neotragini Dorcatragus Beira (D. megalotis) Madoqua Günther's Dik-dik (M. guentheri) · Kirk's Dik-dik (M. kirkii) · Silver Dik-dik (M. piacentinii) · Salt's Dik-dik (M. saltiana) Neotragus Bates's Pygmy Antelope (N. batesi) · Suni (N. moschatus) · Royal Antelope (N. pygmaeus) Oreotragus Klipspringer (O. oreotragus) Ourebia Oribi (O. ourebi) Raphicerus Steenbok (R. campestris) · Cape Grysbok (R. melanotis) · Sharpe's Grysbok (R. sharpei)   Suborder Suina Suidae Babyrousa Buru Babirusa (B. babyrussa) · North Sulawesi Babirusa (B. celebensis) · Togian Babirusa (B. togeanensis) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni) Phacochoerus Desert Warthog (P. aethiopicus) · Warthog (P. africanus) Porcula Pygmy Hog (P. salvania) Potamochoerus Bushpig (P. larvatus) · Red River Hog (P. porcus) Sus Palawan Bearded Pig (S. ahoenobarbus) · Bearded Pig (S. barbatus) · Indo-chinese Warty Pig (S. bucculentus) · Visayan Warty Pig (S. cebifrons) · Celebes Warty Pig (S. celebensis) · Flores Warty Pig (S. heureni) · Oliver's Warty Pig (S. oliveri) · Philippine Warty Pig (S. philippensis) · Boar (S. scrofa) · Timor Warty Pig (S. timoriensis) · Javan Pig (S. verrucosus) Tayassuidae Tayassu White-lipped Peccary (T. pecari) Catagonus Chacoan Peccary (C. wagneri) Pecari Collared Peccary (P. tajacu) · Giant Peccary (P. maximus)   Suborder Tylopoda Camelidae Lama Llama (L. glama) · Guanaco (L. guanicoe) Vicugna Vicuña (V. vicugna) · Alpaca (V. pacos) Camelus Dromedary (C. dromedarius) · Bactrian Camel (C. bactrianus)   Cetartiodactyla (unranked clade, higher than Artiodactyla) Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus Hippopotamus (H. amphibius) Choeropsis Pygmy Hippopotamus (C. liberiensis)

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