history of clothing and textiles

Ladies making silk, early 12th century painting by Emperor Huizong of Song (a remake of an 8th century original by artist Zhang Xuan), illustrates silk fabric manufacture in China.

Textiles were invented in the Middle East during the late stone age and have been a major aspect of human societies through present times.^[1]

Prehistoric development

A Solutrean needle and fishhook.

Interest in prehistoric developments of textile and clothing manufacture has resulted in a number of scholarly studies since the late twentieth century, including Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean,^[2] as well as Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth, and Society in Early Times.^[3] These sources have helped to provide a coherent history of these prehistoric developments. Evidence suggests that human beings may have begun wearing clothing as far back as 100,000 to 500,000 years ago.^[4]

Body lice, which live on clothes, diverged from head lice around 72,000 years (give or take 42,000 years), evidence that humans began wearing clothing at around this time. ^[5]

Possible sewing needles have been dated to around 40,000 years ago. ^[5] The earliest definite examples of needles originate from the Solutrean culture, which existed in France from 19,000 BCE to 15,000 BCE.

The earliest evidence of weaving comes from impressions of textiles and basketry and nets on little pieces of hard clay, dating from 27,000 years ago and found in the Czech Republic.

At a slightly later date (25,000 years) the Venus figurines were depicted with clothing.^[6] Those from western Europe were adorned with basket hats or caps, belts worn at the waist, and a strap of cloth that wrapped around the body right above the breast. Eastern European figurines wore belts, hung low on the hips and sometimes string skirts.^[7]

Archaeologists have discovered artifacts from the same period that appear to have been used in the textile arts: net gauges, spindle needles and weaving sticks. ^[8]

Ancient textiles and clothing

The first actual textile, as opposed to skins sewn together, was probably felt. Surviving examples of Nålebinding, another early textile method, date from 6500 BCE. Our knowledge of ancient textiles and clothing has expanded in the recent past thanks to modern technological developments.^[9]

Medieval clothing and textiles

The history of Medieval clothing and textiles has inspired a good deal of scholarly interest in the twenty-first century. Elisabeth Crowfoot, Frances Pritchard, and Kay Staniland authored Textiles and Clothing: Medieval Finds from Excavations in London, c.1150-c.1450 (Boydell Press, 2001). The topic is also the subject of a recent two volume book series: Medieval Clothing and Textiles I (Boydell Press, 2005) and Medieval Clothing and Textiles 2 (Boydell Press, 2006) edited by Robin Netherton and Professor Gale R. Owen-Crocker of Anglo-Saxon Culture at the University of Manchester.

Industrial revolution and modern times

Main article: Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution

During the industrial revolution, production was mechanised with machines powered by waterwheels and steam-engines.

Sewing machines emerged in the nineteenth century.^[10]

Synthetic fibers such as nylon were invented during the twentieth century.

Clothing and textile manufacture expanded as an industry so that such unions as the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and the Textile Workers Union of America formed early in the twentieth century.^[11] Later in the twentieth century, the industry had expanded to such a degree that such educational institutions as UC Davis established a Division of Textiles and Clothing,^[12] The University of Nebraska-Lincoln also created a Department of Textiles, Clothing and Design that offers an Masters of Arts in Textile History,^[13] and Iowa State University established a Department of Textiles and Clothing that featurs a History of costume collection, 1865-1948.^[14] Even high school libraries have collections on the history of clothing and textiles.^[15]

Alongside these developments were changes in the types and style of clothing worn by humans. During the 1960s, had a major influence on subsequent developments in the industry.^[16]

See also

• Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
• History of Western fashion
• History of fashion design
• History of silk

External links

• Textile production in Europe, 1600-1800, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
• Things to Wear — A History of Japanese Clothing
• Spindle, Loom, and Needle - History of the Textile Industry
• Australian Museum of Clothing And Textiles Inc. - Why have a Museum of Clothing and Textiles?
• Linking Anthropology and History in Textiles and Clothing Research: The Ethnohistorical Method by Rachel K. Pannabecker - from Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3, 14-18 (1990)
• The drafting history of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
• American Women's History: A Research Guide Clothing and Fashion
• Historical Clothing/Fabric
• History of Clothing Around the World

References

Textile arts
Fundamentals:	Applique · Crochet · Dyeing · Fiber · Knitting · Lace · Nålebinding · Needlework · Textiles · Patchwork · Passementerie · Quilting · Rope · Sewing · Spinning · Tapestry · Textile printing · Weaving · Yarn
History of... :	Clothing and textiles · Silk · Quilting · Textiles in the Industrial Revolution · Timeline of textile technology
Related:	Blocking · Manufacturing · Preservation · Terminology · Textile industry · Textile Museums

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