hoard

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(hôrd, hōrd) pronunciation
n.
A hidden fund or supply stored for future use; a cache.


v., hoard·ed, hoard·ing, hoards.

v.intr.
To gather or accumulate a hoard.

v.tr.
  1. To accumulate a hoard of.
  2. To keep hidden or private.

[Middle English hord, from Old English.]

hoarder hoard'er n.


A hoard is a large stock or store of money or accumulated objects (in archaeology, for example); a horde is a large collection of people or animals, and is used in the singular or plural, often disparagingly:
A horde of football fans attempt to lure into their bedrooms a pair of tarts by arrangement with the pimpish day porter—Daily Telegraph, 1976
I am happy for there to be a zillion blurry images of me doing my Tesco shopping, among the hordes of fellow citizens, if it helps catch terrorists or shoplifters-Times, 2007.

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noun

    A supply stored or hidden for future use: backlog, cache, inventory, nest egg, reserve, reservoir, stock, stockpile, store, treasure. Slang stash. See collect/distribute.

verb

    To store up (supplies or money), usually well beyond one's needs: squirrel (away), stockpile, treasure. Slang stash. See collect/distribute, give/take/reciprocity.


n

Definition: stockpile
Antonyms: debt

v

Definition: put away, accumulate
Antonyms: expend, spend, squander, throw away, waste


[Ar]

The term applied to a deliberate deposit of complete and/or broken objects buried in the ground at one time for subsequent recovery or as a symbolic act. Hoards of metal objects are especially common during the European Bronze Age, and several different types have been recognized: for example, merchant's hoards, founder's hoards, personal hoards, weapon hoards, and votive hoards.

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pronunciation

IN BRIEF: To save or hide away, especially secretly.

pronunciation I will hoard my power like a miser, resisting every effort to drain it away from me. — William F. Buckley

Tutor's tip: The "horde" (large crowd) resisted to reveal the location of their "hoard" (well-protected stock of valuables).

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  See crossword solutions for the clue Hoard.
A hoard of silver coins, the latest about 1700 (British Museum)

In archaeology, a hoard is a collection of valuable objects or artifacts, sometimes purposely buried in the ground. This would usually be with the intention of later recovery by the hoarder; hoarders sometimes died before retrieving the hoard, and these surviving hoards may be uncovered by metal-detectorists, members of the public and archaeologists much later. Forgetfulness and physical displacement from the location of the hoard may contribute to failing to retrieve it.

Hoards provide a useful method of providing dates for artifacts through association as they can usually be assumed to be contemporary and therefore used in creating chronologies. Hoards can also be considered an indicator of the relative degree of unrest in ancient societies. Thus conditions in 5th century and 6th century Britain spurred the burial of hoards of which the most famous are the Hoxne Hoard, Suffolk; the Mildenhall Treasure, the Fishpool Hoard, Nottinghamshire, the Water Newton hoard, Cambridgeshire, and the Cuerdale Hoard, Lancashire, all preserved in the British Museum.

Prudence Harper of the Metropolitan Museum of Art voiced some practical reservations about hoards at the time of the Soviet exhibition of Scythian gold in New York, 1975. Writing of the so-called "Maikop treasure" acquired from three separate sources by three museums early in the twentieth century, the Berliner Museen, the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, and the Metropolitan Museum, New York, Harper warned

"By the time 'hoards' or 'treasures' reach museums from the antiquities market, it often happens that miscellaneous objects varying in date and style have become attached to the original group."[1]

Such 'dealer's hoards' can be highly misleading, but better understanding of archaeology amongst collectors, museums and the general public is gradually making them less common, and more easily identified.

Contents

Classification

Hoards may be of precious metals, coinage, tools or less commonly, pottery or glass vessels. There are various classifications depending on the nature of the hoard.

A founder's hoard contains broken or unfit metal objects, ingots, casting waste, and often complete objects, in a finished state. These were probably buried with the intention to recover at a later time.

A merchant's hoard is a collection of various functional items which, it is conjectured, were buried by a traveling merchant for safety, with the intention of later retrieval.

A personal hoard is a collection of personal objects buried for safety in times of unrest.

A hoard of loot is a buried collection of spoils from raiding and is more in keeping with the popular idea of "buried treasure".

Votive hoards are different from the above in that they are often taken to represent permanent abandonment, in the form of purposeful deposition of items, either all at once or over time for ritual purposes, without intent to recover them. Furthermore, votive hoards need not be "manufactured" goods, but can include organic amulets and animal remains. Votive hoards are often distinguished from more functional deposits by the nature of the goods themselves (from animal bones to diminutive artifacts), the places buried (being often associated with watery places, burial mounds and boundaries), and the treatment of the deposit (careful or haphazard placement and whether ritually destroyed/broken). However, it should be noted that valuables dedicated to the use of a deity (and thus classifiable as "votive") were not always permanently abandoned. Valuable objects given to a temple or church become the property of that institution, and may be used to its benefit. [2]

Hoards with individual articles

North American

Asian

European

England, Scotland and Wales

Other

See also

Notes

  1. ^ From the Lands of the Scythians; special edition of The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin xxxii no. 5, 1975.
  2. ^ C.Johns, 'The classification and interpretation of Romano-British treasures', Britannia 27 (1996), 1-17: see especially pp.9-11

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - opsparet beholdning, fond
v. intr. - hamstre
v. tr. - ophobe, oplagre

Nederlands (Dutch)
geheime bewaarplaats, grote hoeveelheid, voorraad inslaan, hamsteren, oppotten, gevoelens koesteren, verzamelen

Français (French)
n. - trésor, provisions
v. intr. - amasser, stocker
v. tr. - amasser, stocker, amasser (de l'argent), thésauriser (littér), amasser (objets)

Deutsch (German)
n. - Vorrat
v. - hamstern, horten

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - θησαυρός, σωρός, απόθεμα
v. - συσσωρεύω, θησαυρίζω, αποκρύπτω, αποθησαυρίζω, μαζεύω, βάζω στην μπάντα

Italiano (Italian)
ammassare

Português (Portuguese)
n. - pecúlio (m), mealheiro (m)
v. - açambarcar, amealhar

Русский (Russian)
запас, тайный склад, запасать, копить

Español (Spanish)
n. - acumulación, provisión, tesoro escondido
v. intr. - acaparar, acumular, amontonar
v. tr. - acaparar, acumular, amontonar

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - lager, gömställe, samling, depåfynd (arkeol.)
v. - samla ihop, hamstra, tesaurera (ekon.)

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
贮藏物, 密藏的金钱, 窖藏, 积聚钱财, 贮藏货物, 贮藏, 聚藏, 隐藏

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 貯藏物, 密藏的金錢, 窖藏
v. intr. - 積聚錢財, 貯藏貨物
v. tr. - 貯藏, 聚藏, 隱藏

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 축적, 저장물, 온축
v. intr. - 축적하다, 매점하다
v. tr. - 저장하다, 사장하다, ~을 가슴에 간직하다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 蓄え, 秘蔵, 貯蔵物, 蓄積
v. - 蓄える, 貯蔵する

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) ذخيرة, مؤونه (فعل) يدخر, يختزن‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮מטמון, אוצר, מצבור עובדות וכו'‬
v. intr. - ‮אגר למעלה מהדרוש לו בעת מחסור‬
v. tr. - ‮אגר, צבר, אגר למעלה מהדרוש לו בעת מחסור, אגר במוחו‬


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