Huainanzi

The Huainanzi (淮南子; pinyin Huáinánzǐ, Wade-Giles Huai-nan Tzu; literally "The Masters/Philosophers of Huainan") is a 2nd century BCE Chinese philosophical classic from the Han dynasty that blends Daoist, Confucianist, and Legalist concepts, including theories such as Yin-Yang and the Five Phases. It was written under the patronage of Liu An, King of Huainan, a legendarily prodigious author. The text, also known as the Huainan honglie 淮南鸿烈 ("The Great Brilliance of Huainan"), is a collection of essays presented as resulting from literary and philosophical debates between Liu and guests at his court, in particular the scholars known as the Eight Immortals of Huainan.

Before the 1978 discovery of the inscriptions on each of the bells of the Marquis Yi of Zeng (433 BC),^[1] the Huainanzi contained the oldest known Chinese 12 tone tuning in music, with 6-digit precise values and 2-digit approximations.^[2] It also made use of the Pythagorean comma.^[3]

The book

The date of composition for the Huainanzi is more certain than for most early Chinese texts. Both the Book of Han and Records of the Grand Historian record that when Liu An paid a state visit to his nephew the Emperor Wu of Han in 139 BCE, he presented a copy of his "recently completed" book in twenty-one chapters.

The Huainanzi is an eclectic compilation of chapters or essays that range across topics of mythology, history, astronomy, geography, philosophy, science, metaphysics, nature, and politics. It discusses many pre-Han schools of thought (especially Huang-Lao Daoism), and contains more than 800 quotations from Chinese classics. The textual diversity is apparent from the chapter titles (tr. Le Blanc, 1985, 15-16):

	01	原道訓 Yuandao	Searching out Dao
	02	俶真訓 Chuzhen	Beginning of Reality
	03	天文訓 Tianwen	Patterns of Heaven
	04	墬形訓 Zhuixing	Forms of Earth
	05	時則訓 Shize	Seasonal Regulations
	06	覽冥訓 Lanming	Peering into the Obscure
	07	精神訓 Jingshen	Seminal Breath and Spirit
	08	本經訓 Benjing	Fundamental Norm
	09	主術訓 Zhushu	Craft of the Ruler
	10	繆稱訓 Miucheng	On Erroneous Designations
	11	齊俗訓 Qisu	Placing Customs on a Par
	12	道應訓 Daoying	Responses of Dao
	13	氾論訓 Fanlun	A Compendious Essay
	14	詮言訓 Quanyan	An Explanatory Discourse
	15	兵略訓 Binglue	On Military Strategy
	16	說山訓 Shuoshan	Discourse on Mountains
	17	說林訓 Shuolin	Discourse on Forests
	18	人間訓 Renjian	In the World of Man
	19	脩務訓 Youwu	Necessity of Training
	20	泰族訓 Taizu	Grand Reunion
	21	要略 Yaolue	Outline of the Essentials

Some Huainanzi passages are philosophically significant, for instance, this combination of Five Phases and Daoist themes.  

When the lute-tuner strikes the kung note [on one instrument], the kung note [on the other instrument] responds: when he plucks the chiao note [on one instrument], the chiao note [on the other instrument] vibrates. This results from having corresponding musical notes in mutual harmony. Now, [let us assume that] someone changes the tuning of one string in such a way that it does not match any of the five notes, and by striking it sets all twenty-five strings resonating. In this case there has as yet been no differentiation as regards sound; it just happens that that [sound] which governs all musical notes has been evoked.
Thus, he who is merged with Supreme Harmony is beclouded as if dead-drunk, and drifts about in its midst in sweet contentment, unaware how he came there; engulfed in pure delight as he sinks to the depths; benumbed as he reaches the end, he is as if he had not yet begun to emerge from his origin. This is called the Great Merging. (chapter 6, tr. Le Blanc 1985:138)

Translations

The Huainanzi has never yet been completely translated into English. A complete translation is due to be published for the first time in 2009 by John Major, Harold Roth, Sarah Queen and Andy Meyer, with contributions from Judson Murray and Michael Puett. Besides Evan Morgan's free translation of eight chapters (1, 2, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, and 19) and John Major's scholarly analysis of three (3, 4, and 5), the only published translations are of individual chapters: 1 by Frederic Balfour, 6 by Charles Le Blanc, 9 by Roger Ames, 1 by Roger Ames and D.C. Lau and 11 by Benjamin Wallacker. Certain passages have also been translated by Thomas Cleary for use in several of his anthologies of Taoist philosophical thought.

Notes

References

• Ames, Roger T. (1983).The Art of Rulership: A Study of Ancient Chinese Political Thought. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-7914-2062-0

• Balfour, Frederic H. (1884). Taoist Texts: Ethical, Political, and Speculative. London: Trubner. ISBN 1-59752-175-2.

• Le Blanc, Charles. (1985). Huai-nan Tzu: Philosophical Synthesis in Early Han Thought: The Idea of Resonance (Kan-Ying) With a Translation and Analysis of Chapter Six. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 962-209-179-2.

• Major, John S. (1993). Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four, and Five of the Huainanzi. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-1586-4.

• McClain, Ernest G. and Ming Shui Hung. "Chinese Cyclic Tunings in Late Antiquity," Ethnomusicology, Vol. 23, No. 2 (May, 1979): 205-224.

• Morgan, Evan S. (1934). Tao, the Great Luminant: Essays from the Huai Nan Tzu. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh. ASIN: B00085Y8CI.

• Roth, Harold. (1992). The Textual History of the Huai-nan Tzu. Ann Arbor: AAS Monograph Series. ISBN 0-924304-06-5.

• Vankeerberghen, Griet. (2001). The Huainanzi and Liu An's Claim to Moral Authority. Albany. SUNY. ISBN 0-7914-5147-x.

• Wallacker, Benjamin E. (1962). The Huai-nan-tzu, Book Eleven: Behavior, Culture and the Cosmos. New Haven: American Oriental Society. ASIN: B0007DSHAA.

External links

• 淮南子, original text in Chinese 21 chapters
• 淮南子, original text in Chinese 21 chapters
• 淮南子, original text in Chinese 21 chapters
• Tao, the Great Luminant, Morgan's translation
• Huainan-zi, Sanderson Beck's article
• Huainanzi, Chinaknowledge article

Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Huainanzi (in Chinese)

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