Hubbard Glacier

Hubbard Glacier
False color image of the Hubbard Glacier
Type	Tidewater/Mountain glacier
Location	Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska, U.S., Yukon, Canada
Coordinates	60°00′54″N 139°29′31″W / 60.015°N 139.49194°W / 60.015; -139.49194Coordinates: 60°00′54″N 139°29′31″W / 60.015°N 139.49194°W / 60.015; -139.49194
Length	122 km (76 miles)
Terminus	Sealevel
Status	Stable/Advancing

Hubbard Glacier is a tidewater glacier in the U.S. state of Alaska and the Yukon Territory of Canada. From its source in the Yukon, the glacier stretches 122 km (76 mi) to the sea at Yakutat Bay and Disenchantment Bay. Named in 1890 after Gardiner G. Hubbard (regent of the Smithsonian Institution and first president of the National Geographic Society), it is the longest tidewater glacier in Alaska, with an open calving face over ten kilometers (6 mi) wide.^[1]

Details

Map of Hubbard Glacier

Hubbard Glacier, Alaska squeezes towards Gilbert Point on May 20, 2002 The glacier is close to sealing off Russell Fjord at top from Disenchantment Bay at bottom.

The longest source for Hubbard Glacier originates 122 kilometres (76 mi) from its snout and is located at about at about 61°00′N 140°09′W / 61°N 140.15°W / 61; -140.15, approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Mt. Walsh with an altitude around 11,000 feet. A shorter tributary glacier begins at the easternmost summit on the Mt. Logan ridge at about 18,300 feet at about 60°35′0″N 140°22′40″W / 60.58333°N 140.37778°W / 60.58333; -140.37778.

Before it reaches the sea, Hubbard is joined by the Valerie Glacier to the west, which, through forward surges of its own ice, has contributed to the advance of the ice flow that experts believe will eventually dam the Russell Fiord from Disenchantment Bay waters.

The Hubbard Glacier ice margin has continued to advance for about a century. In May 1986, the Hubbard Glacier surged forward, blocking the outlet of Russell Fiord and creating "Russell Lake." All that summer the new lake filled with runoff; its water level rose 25 meters, and the decrease in salinity threatened its sea life.^[2]

Around midnight on October 8 the dam began to give way. In the next 24 hours an estimated 5.3 cubic kilometres (1.3 cu mi) of water gushed through the gap, and the fiord was reconnected to the ocean at its previous level.^[2] This was the second largest glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in recorded history.

In spring 2002, the glacier again approached Gilbert Point. It pushed a terminal moraine ahead of its face and closed the opening again in July. On August 14, the terminal moraine was washed away after rains had raised the water level behind the dam it formed to 18 m (61 ft) above sea level.^[3] The fiord could become dammed again, and perhaps permanently. If this happens, the fiord could overflow its southern banks and drain through the Situk River instead, threatening trout habitat and a local airport.

It takes about 400 years for ice to traverse the length of the glacier, meaning that the ice at the foot of the glacier is about 400 years old. The glacier routinely calves off icebergs the size of a ten-story building. Where the glacier meets the shore, most of the ice is below the waterline, and newly calved icebergs can shoot up quite dramatically, so that ships must keep their distance from it as they ply their way up and down the coast.

Cited references

See also

• Glacial lake outburst flood
• List of glaciers

External links

• Earthshots: Satellite Images of Environmental Change, U.S. Geological Survey
• Google Maps: Interactive satellite view of where Hubbard Glacier meets the sea
• U.S. Geological Survey: Sequence of photographs showing the 2002 ice blockage and breakthrough

Image gallery

The glacier from a distance

Holland America Line's MS Oosterdam passing Turner Glacier while leaving Disenchantment Bay

Hubbard Glacier and icebergs formed by calving

Closeup of Hubbard Glacier