Despenser, Hugh, 1st earl of Winchester (1261-1326). Despenser's father had been a member of the baronial opposition to Henry III, and was killed with de Montfort at Evesham. Despenser was an ardent supporter of Edward II and his closest companion after the death of Gaveston. He and his son received many estates and incurred great unpopularity. In 1321 Edward was forced to exile him, but the death of his great enemy Thomas of Lancaster at Boroughbridge the following year seemed to have secured his position. But he was speedily overthrown in 1326. Edward's queen Isabella led an invasion, and Despenser was captured at Bristol and executed. His son was taken a few days later with the king and hanged at Hereford. The king himself was deposed two months later.

(lə dĭspĕn'sər) , d. 1265, chief justiciar of England. He joined the barons in their struggle against Henry III and received various offices, becoming chief justiciar in 1260. He lost this office in 1261 but was restored to it in 1263. He fought in the Barons' War and was killed at Evesham in 1265. His son and grandson, Hugh le Despenser, the elder, 1262–1326, and Hugh le Despenser, the younger, d. 1326, became even more prominent. The elder Despenser took part in Edward I's Scottish campaigns and engaged in negotiations with France. On the accession of Edward II, Despenser alienated the baronial party by his support of Piers Gaveston and, on the latter's death (1312), became the chief adviser to the king. After Edward's defeat by the Scots at Bannockburn in 1314, Hugh withdrew from the court. About 1318 the younger Despenser, who had earlier supported the barons, joined his father and the king, soon gaining more influence with Edward than had the elder Hugh. Both Despensers became involved in a quarrel with the barons, who formed a league against them and brought about their banishment in 1321. In 1322, however, they returned to England, and after the baronial defeat at Boroughbridge they were the real rulers of the kingdom. The elder Despenser was created earl of Winchester in 1322. Their rule was notable for several important administrative reforms and the conclusion of peace with Scotland (1323), but their greed was enormous and they were bitterly hated by the barons. Both Despensers were executed after the invasion of Queen Isabella in 1326.

Bibliography

See J. C. Davies, The Baronial Opposition to Edward II (1918, repr. 1967).