| Hypoxemia | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-9 | 799.02 hypoxemia |
| DiseasesDB | 6623 |
| MeSH | D000860 |
Hypoxemia (or Hypoxaemia) is generally defined as decreased partial pressure of oxygen in blood,[1][2][3][4] sometimes specifically as less than 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa)[4][3] or causing hemoglobin oxygen saturation of less than 90%[4].
Contents |
Distinction from anemia and hypoxia
The hypoxemia definition as decreased partial pressure of oxygen excludes decreased oxygen content caused by anemia (decreased content of oxygen binding protein hemoglobin) or other primary hemoglobin deficiency, because they don't decrease the partial pressure of oxygen in blood.
Still, some simply define it as insufficient oxygenation or total oxygen content of (arterial) blood,[5][6][7][8] which, without further specification, would include both concentration of dissolved oxygen and oxygen bound to hemoglobin. Inclusion of the latter would include anemia as a possible cause of hypoxemia (which, however, is not the case generally).
Hypoxemia is different from hypoxia, which is an abnormally low oxygen availability to the body or an individual tissue or organ. Still, hypoxia can be caused by hypoxemia, and such hypoxia is referred to as hypoxemic hypoxia, which is distinguished from e.g. anemic hypoxia.[9] Because of the frequent incorrect use of hypoxemia, this is sometimes erroneously stated as hypoxic hypoxia.
Causes
Causes are classified into groups:
- Low inspired partial pressure of oxygen (low PiO2)
- Alveolar hypoventilation
- Impairment of diffusion across blood-gas membrane
- Ventilation-perfusion inequality
- Shunt
- Reduced mixed venous oxygen content in the context of a Shunt
Conditions that result in hypoxemia act via one or more of these primary causes.
In contrast, primary hemoglobin deficiency, e.g. anemia is generally not considered as a cause, since it doesn't decrease the partial pressure of oxygen in blood.
Low inspired oxygen partial pressure (low PiO2)
If the partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired gas is low, then a reduced amount of oxygen is delivered to the gas exchanging parts (alveoli) of the lung each minute. The reduced oxygen partial pressure can be a result of reduced fractional oxygen content (low FiO2) or simply a result of low barometric pressure, as can occur at high altitudes. This reduced PiO2 can result in hypoxemia even if the lungs are normal. Additionally, it is the inspired oxygen content that is important in this case rather than the atmospheric concentration as the person may not be breathing atmospheric gas (e.g., during an anesthetic). NOTE: People will often simplify this concept and state low FiO2 as one of the 6 principal causes of hypoxemia, but this fails to account for important circumstances such as high altitude induced hypoxemia, where indeed FiO2 is normal.
Alveolar hypoventilation
If the alveolar ventilation is low, there may be insufficient oxygen delivered to the alveoli each minute. This can cause hypoxemia even if the lungs are normal, as the cause may be outside the lungs (e.g., airway obstruction, depression of the brain's respiratory center, or muscular weakness).
Impaired diffusion
Impaired diffusion across the blood-gas membrane in the lung can cause hypoxemia. However this is a very rare cause as it is only in extremely unusual circumstances that actually does cause a problem. Most of the past cases once thought to be due to a diffusion problem are now recognised as being due to ventilation-perfusion inequality.
Shunt
Shunting of blood from the right side to the left side of the circulation (right-to-left shunt) is a powerful cause of hypoxemia. The shunt may be intracardiac or may be intrapulmonary. It has been traditionally thought that this cause could be readily distinguished from the others as the only cause that cannot be corrected by the administration of 100% oxygen. However, this may be an oversimplification as some types of intrapulmonary shunts can be closed with 100% O2 and the hypoxemia remedied[10].
Ventilation-perfusion inequality
Ventilation-perfusion inequality (or ventilation perfusion mismatch) is a common cause of hypoxemia in people with lung disease. It is the areas of the lung with ventilation/perfusion ratios that are less than one (but not zero) that cause hypoxemia by this mechanism. A ventilation/perfusion ratio of zero is considered a shunt.
Notes
- ^ britannica.com --> blood disease, stating hypoxemia (reduced oxygen tension in the blood). Retrieved on May 25, 2009
- ^ Biology-Online.org --> Dictionary » H » Hypoxemia last modified 00:05, 29 December 2008
- ^ a b Page 430 -> Pathophysiology of acute respiratory failure in Trauma By William C. Wilson, Christopher M. Grande, David B. Hoyt Edition: illustrated Published by CRC Press, 2007 ISBN 082472920X, 9780824729202 1384 pages
- ^ a b c Hazards of hypoxemia: How to protect your patient from low oxygen levels In Nursing , May 1996 by McGaffigan, Patricia A
- ^ Medical dictionary --> hypoxemia Retrieved on May 25, 2009
- ^ MedicineNet.com --> Definition of Hypoxemia Retrieved on 25 May, 2009
- ^ About.com --> Hypoxemia By Deborah Leader, RN, About.com. Updated: June 3, 2008
- ^ MayoClinic Hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) --> Basics --> Definition By Mayo Clinic staff. Sept. 26, 2008
- ^ Chapter 85 – Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure, Including Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome In: Mason: Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 4th ed. Warren L. Lee, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C) Arthur S. Slutsky, M.D.
- ^ Lovering, Andrew Thomas; Stickland, Michael K.; Amann, Markus; Eldridge, Marlowe W. (2007). "Acute hyperoxia prevents arteriovenous intrapulmonary shunting during submaximal exercise in healthy humans". FASEB J. 21 (6): A1438-.
References
- West, John B. (1977). Pulmonary Pathophysiology: The Essentials. Williams & Wilkins.
- Anderson, Kenneth N. (ed.) (2002). Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (6th ed.). C.V. Mosby. ISBN 978-0323014304.
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