Inglewood

Inglewood, California
Location of Inglewood in Los Angeles County, California
Coordinates: 33°57′27″N 118°20′46″W / 33.9575°N 118.34611°W / 33.9575; -118.34611Coordinates: 33°57′27″N 118°20′46″W / 33.9575°N 118.34611°W / 33.9575; -118.34611
Country	United States
State	California
County	Los Angeles
Established	1888
Incorporated	February 14, 1908[1]
Government
- Mayor	Roosevelt F. Dorn
Area
- Total	9.1 sq mi (23.7 km2)
- Land	9.1 sq mi (23.7 km2)
- Water	0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)  0.00%
Elevation	131 ft (40 m)
Population (2000)
- Total	112,580
- Density	12,323.6/sq mi (4,755.7/km2)
	U.S. Census, 2000
Time zone	PST (UTC-8)
- Summer (DST)	PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP codes	90301-90313, 90397-90398
Area code(s)	Area code 310
FIPS code	06-36546
GNIS feature ID	1660799
Website	cityofinglewood.org

Inglewood is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, southwest of downtown Los Angeles. It was incorporated on February 14, 1908.^[1] In 2006, its population was estimated at 129,900.^[2]

History

Pre-American era

The earliest residents of what is now Inglewood may have been indigenous people who used the natural springs in today's Edward Vincent Jr. Park (known for most of its history as Centinela Park). Local historian Gladys Waddingham wrote that these springs took the name Centinela from the hills that rose gradually around them and which allowed ranchers to watch over their herds "(thus the name centinelas or sentinels)."^{[3]:unpaged [xiv]}

Waddingham traced the written history of Inglewood back to the original settlers of Los Angeles in 1781, one of whom was the Spanish soldier Jose Manuel Orchado Machado, "a 23-year-old muleteer from Los Alamos in Sinaloa." These settlers, she wrote, were ordered by the officials of the San Gabriel Mission "to graze their animals on the ocean side of Los Angeles in order not to infringe on Mission lands." As a result, the settlers, or pobladores, drove some of their cattle to the "lush pasture lands near Centinela Springs," and the first construction there was done by one Ygnacio Avila, who received a permit in 1822 to build a "corral and hut for his herders."^{[3]:unpaged [xiv]}

Centinela Adobe, 1890

Later Avila constructed a three-room adobe on a slight rise overlooking the creek that ran from Centinela Springs all the way to the ocean. According to the LAOkay web site,^[4] this adobe was built where the present baseball field is in the park. It no longer exists.

In 1834 Ygnacio Machado, one of the sons of Jose Machado, built the Centinela Adobe,^{[3]:unpaged [xv]} which sits on a rise above the present 405 San Diego Freeway and is used as the headquarters of the Centinela Valley Historical Society.[1] Two years later, Waddingham writes, Ygnacio^[5] was granted the 2,220-acre (9.0 km²) Rancho Aguaje de la Centinela even though this land had already been claimed by Avila.^{[3]:unpaged [xv]}

The Birth of Inglewood

The Centinela Valley remained sparsely settled for several years with the exception of a few tenant farmers and Freeman's ranch hands. The Land Boom of the 1880s in Los Angeles County changed the profile of the valley drastically. Promoters from Los Angeles sought the potential for land development and wanted to plat a townsite near Centinela Springs. In 1887, the Centinela-Inglewood Land Company was formed and began surveying the two ranches belonging to Daniel Freeman in August of that year. Freeman, interested in the long-term plans of the organization, sold 11,000 acres of his prime orchard land to the company at $1.25 an acre. This tract was to become the city of Inglewood.

The Centinela-Inglewood Land Company initially named the development Centinela Colony. They divided parcels of land into 20, 40, 80 and 160-acre plots. Residential lots were priced between $200 and $750 a piece. Farmland was offered at $200 to $400 an acre, and fine orchard property was listed between $600 to $1500 per acre. Centinela Colony was one of the most successful of the land boom subdivisions with the developers procuring over $1,000,000 in capital by 1888. In the first year of its existence, the incredible amount of $20,000 was spent for advertising alone. Local real estate moguls of the era were among the Board of Directors of the land company including: Dan McFarland, Edward C. Webster, L.T. Garnsey and Leonard J. Rose, the founder of Rosemead, California.

In 1887 a railroad was completed linking Los Angeles to Santa Monica Bay. This line was constructed by California Central Railroad (forerunner of Atchinson, Topeka and Santa Fe) and coursed through the center of Freeman's ranchos. Known as the Los Angeles and Ballona Branch, it had a depot built at Centinela Colony. Another rail line was extended to Redondo Beach from the Centinela Station. In 1888, the Centinela-Inglewood Land Company merged with land promoters from Redondo and reorganized under the name of Redondo Beach and Centinela-Inglewood Land Company.

By 1888, all lots for the young town were occupied and two business blocks were completed. The name of the town was changed from Centinela to "Inglewood", named for Daniel Freeman's Canadian hometown. Construction was underway for a stately, elegant hotel. One of Freeman's barns was used as one of the first schools in Inglewood. Population of the town was 300 at the Boom's peak in 1888. Plans for a college of applied sciences, with emphasis in farming and agriculture was in the making. The college was to be operated by the University of Southern California(USC). Daniel Freeman donated $600,000 to the University, with $100,000 of it designated for construction of the buildings.

When Freeman designed the Inglewood plat, he selected for himself sixty acres near Centinela Springs to be used as his new manor. He started building a grand three-story Victorian mansion on the site in 1888. It was completed the following year. When finished, the Freeman's left the primitive Centinela adobe to occupy their new lavish home. The site of the Freeman mansion was at 333 N. Prairie Avenue, Inglewood. The old adobe served as the residence of Freeman's mayordomo (ranch manager) until 1912.

In 1889, a huge financial crash brought an end to the Great Land Boom. The collapse proved devastating for most real estate developments in Southern California and some towns were propelled into oblivion. Inglewood fared better than most, but still felt the harmful effects. The newly completed hotel went bankrupt without it ever being furnished and plans for Daniel Freeman's college were scrapped permanently. In 1890, Freeman repossessed all lots that the land company was unable to sell, yet the town of Inglewood survived and continued to grow. It incorporated as a city in 1908 with a population of 1,200. From 1920 to 1925, Inglewood was the fastest growing city in the United States.

American era

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Inglewood, 1890

Commercial Street (later La Brea Avenue) in Inglewood, 1910

Radio engineer Ernest G. Underwood sitting at desk of his KHJ broadcasting station in Inglewood, 1927

Aircraft workers on lunch break in Inglewood aircraft factory, 1942.

Through the years

• Inglewood Park Cemetery , a widely used cemetery for the entire region, was founded in 1905.^[6]
• Inglewood has been home to the Hollywood Park Racetrack since 1938.^[7]
• Fosters Freeze, the first Soft Serve ice cream chain in California, was founded by George Foster in 1946 in Inglewood.^[8]
• Inglewood was named an All-America City by the National Civic League in 1989 and yet again recently in 2009 for its visible progress.^[9]

An article by Dennis Romero in Los Angeles CityBeat magazine of November 6, 2003, quoted three sources as saying that Hispanic gangsters in that year were moving to Inglewood as a result of higher rents, or "gentrification," and increased police presence in West Los Angeles districts where they had been living.^[10]

African-American influence

“No blacks had ever lived in Inglewood,” Gladys Waddingham wrote,^[3]:59 but by 1960, “they lived in great numbers along its eastern borders. In 1960, the census counted only 29 "Negroes" among Inglewood's 63,390 residents. Not a single black child attended the city's schools. Real estate agents refused to show homes to blacks. A rumored curfew kept blacks off the streets at night. Inglewood was a prime target because of its [previous] history of restrictions.” “Fair housing and school busing were the main problems of 1964. The schools were not prepared to handle racial incidents, even though any that occurred were very minor. Adults held many heated community meetings, since the Blacks objected to busing as much as did the Whites.”^[3]:61 In 1969, an organization called “Morningside Neighbors” changed its name to “Inglewood Neighbors" "in the hope of promoting more integration.”^[3]:63

The first black principal among the 18 Inglewood schools was Peter Butler at La Tijera Elementary,^[3]:66 and in 1971, Waddingham wrote, “Stormy racial meetings in 1971” included a charge by “some real estate men in the overflowing Crozier Auditorium” that the Human Relations Commission was acting like “the Gestapo.”^[3]:67

In 1972 Curtis Tucker Sr. was appointed as the first black City Council member.^[3]:69 That year composer LeRoy Hurte, an African-American, took the baton of the Inglewood Symphony Orchestra and continued to work with it for 20 years.^[3]:75 Edward Vincent became Inglewood’s first black mayor in 1980. In that decade Inglewood became the first city in California to declare the birth of Martin Luther King, Jr. as a holiday.^[3]:76

In the 2000 census, blacks made up 47 percent of the city's residents (53,060 people), and Hispanics made up 46 percent (51,829), but the Census Bureau estimated that in 2006 the percentage of blacks had declined to 40 percent (52,228) and that of Hispanics had a percentage increase (69,090). The white population declined from 19 percent (21,505) to 16 percent (20,627).

Geography

Randy's Donuts is a landmark in Inglewood, near the 405 Freeway.

Location and area

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 23.7 km² (9.1 mi²). Downtown Inglewood is 4.15 miles (6.68 km) from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).

Neighborhoods

Crenshaw-Imperial

The Crenshaw-Imperial district was a later annexation to Inglewood. It has its own branch public library and an important shopping center for the area.^[11][12]

Morningside Park

Morningside Park is a district in the eastern part of the city. Though the city of Inglewood does not define the district's boundaries, it may be delineated by Hyde Park on the north, South Los Angeles on the east, Century Boulevard on the south and Prairie Avenue on the west. The major streets that run through the area are Manchester and Crenshaw boulevards. It is six miles (10 km) from Los Angeles International Airport and about two miles (3 km) from the Hollywood Park Racetrack and the The Great Western Forum where for 31 years the Los Angeles Lakers played during The Showtime Era.

North Inglewood

North Inglewood is the area north of the Santa Fe railroad tracks.

Other neighborhoods

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Population

Source for this section is the American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2006. Numbers may be rounded to the nearest whole figure.^[2]

Inglewood’s population of 129,900 in 2006 was relatively youthful, with a median age of 31, compared to 36 in the nation as a whole. Eleven percent of its residents were under 5 years of age, as against 7 percent in the rest of the country. Some 8 percent were 65 or older, versus 12 percent elsewhere.

It was a city of renters squeezing into a limited amount of space. Of Inglewood’s 37,562 occupied housing units (houses and apartments), just 39 percent were owned by the people who lived in them (compared to 67 percent in the U.S. as whole). The other units were rented out. Only 5 percent of its housing units were vacant, much less than the 12 percent across the country. The number of people living in each unit was about 3.7 persons, versus 2.7 elsewhere. Family size was 3.9 people, compared to 3.2.

It was estimated that 18 percent of Inglewood families had incomes below the poverty level, about twice that of the country at large (9 percent).

About 17 percent of Inglewood’s residents had earned a bachelor’s degree or higher (versus 27 percent across the country).

Twenty-nine percent of Inglewoodians were foreign-born, compared to 13 percent in the nation as a whole.

Politics

Inglewood has the highest percentage of registered Democrats of any city in California, with 75.6 percent of its 48,615 voters registered in May 2009 as Democrats. 7 percent as Republicans, and 14.1 percent as "decline to state."^[13]

In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research, a nonpartisan organization in Berkeley, ranked Inglewood as the sixth-most-liberal city in the United States, after Oakland, California, and just ahead of Newark, New Jersey. Researchers examined voting patterns of 237 American cities with populations over 100,000 and ranked them on liberal and conservative scales.[2]

The city is within California's 35th congressional district, which in February 2008 had a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D +33, which meant that recent Democratic presidential candidates received 33 percentage points more votes than the national average.^[14] It is represented by Democrat Maxine Waters.

In the California Legislature, Inglewood is in the 25th Senate District, represented by Democrat Edward Vincent, and in the 51st Assembly District, represented by Democrat Curren D. Price Jr.

Government and infrastructure

The United States Postal Service operates the Hillcrest Inglewood Post Office at 300 East Hillcrest Boulevard,^[15] the North Inglewood Post Office at 811 North La Brea Avenue,^[16] and the Morningside Park Post Office at 3212 West 85th Street.^[17]

Education

Inglewood High School students portrayed historic characters when the restored mural behind them was dedicated in August 2007.

Public and private schools

Most of Inglewood is served by the Inglewood Unified School District. Some of it is in the Los Angeles Unified School District

• St John Chrysostom Elementary School is a private Catholic school
• St. Mary's Academy, "In 1966 St. Mary's Academy left its home of many years on Slauson Avenue [at Crenshaw Boulevard] in Los Angeles for a new building on Grace Avenue across from [Daniel] Freeman Hospital".^[3]:62

Schools history

In 1888, a school district was organized, trustees were elected and a building was chosen. The school opened on May 21 of that year on the second floor of a livery stable on Grevillea Avenue between Regent Street and Orchard (today's Florence Avenue), with 17 boys and 16 girls. The first teacher was Minnie Walker, a graduate of Los Angeles State Normal School. The schoolroom, named Bucephalus Hall, after a horse belonging to town founder Daniel Freeman, was also used for community meetings.^[3]:6

Meanwhile, a permanent school building was erected on Grevillea Avenue a block to the south, between Regent and Queen. It remained Inglewood's only school until 1911. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1920.^{[3]:6 and 26}

The Centinela Valley Union High School District was organized in 1904 to bring secondary education to the town. Inglewood High opened in two rooms of the school building with 15 students taught by Nina Martin, principal, and Anna McClelland. Four years later, a new building rose on 9.5 acres (38,000 m²) of land, and the first graduation of one boy and four girls took place in 1908.^[3]:13–14 Until 1912 there was a new principal every year at the grammar school, but on May 8 of that year George W. Crozier was named principal, and he held the post for 20 years. The school was renamed in his honor in 1932.^[3]:20 In 1913, George M. Green was appointed principal of Inglewood Union High School; he retired from that position in 1939.^[3]:22

In 1914 voters approved bonds for high school improvement. Four more buildings and a power plant were erected, "joined by walks and arcades." The improvement included a "five-room model flat in the Home Economics Building." Nine acres of land were bought at Kelso Avenue and Damask (now Inglewood Avenue) for an experimental agricultural statement, thenceforth known as "The Farm." There were gardens, an orchard and an alfalfa field. In 1915 Inglewood High won a first-place Los Angeles County prize for its beautiful ivy-covered brick buildings.^[3]:24 These buildings were destroyed in 1953 to make room for new ones.^{[3]:unpaged [58c]}

In the mid-1920s, the high school district stretched all the way south to El Segundo, so two women teachers were asked to live in El Segundo and ride the school buses with the students every day to and from that city — for an extra dollar a day in pay. In 1923 girls adopted a school uniform, "a dark blue skirt with a white middy."^[3]:30

In 1925 a new fine arts building for the high school was erected on the southwest corner of Grevillea and Manchester, replacing the Truax Candy Kitchen,^[3]:34 but it was severely damaged by the Long Beach earthquake of 1933. It was "later rebuilt with WPA help but lost its magnificent stairway and all its fireplaces." Temporary classrooms were built on Olive Street, "all too cold in winter and too hot most of the time."^[3]:41

The athletic field on the west side of the campus, later called Badenoch Field, was used for physical education and sporting events. In 1937, agricultural classes were ended at the Farm and Sentinel Field was dedicated there for sports activities.^[3]:30 By 1938 there were more than 3,000 students and 141 teachers at the high school.^[3]:43

The "startling news" of 1948 was the dismissal "of the entire administrative staff at Inglewood High School, beginning with Principal James R. Haines." He was replaced by Forrest Murdoch of Everett, Washington, as superintendent and Fred Heisner as principal.^[3]:49

In 1952, another secondary school campus in Inglewood was opened in the east side neighborhood of Morningside Park as Morningside High School.^[3]:55 Center Park School of Los Angeles became part of the Inglewood School District in 1961 when its area (Crenshaw-Imperial) was annexed to the city.^[3]:59 In the 1970s, its name was changed to Worthington School to honor Frances and William Worthington.^[3]:74

Religion

In 2007 the area served by the Inglewood post office (including Lennox) had 98 churches, temples, mosques, chapels and other houses of worship, according to the AreaConnect.com Web site.^[18]

The first church service was held on April 22, 1888, in the Inglewood House hotel on Commercial Street (today's La Brea Boulevard), popularly called Mrs. Belden's Boarding House, when Inglewood had only 300 residents and 112 registered voters. Later services were in Bucephalus Hall, but eventually the congregation moved to Hyde Park, which left Inglewood with no church. On January 19, 1890, Inglewood's first permanent church — Presbyterian — was established on Market Street. A bit later the [United] Brethren constructed a building on South Market Street.^{[3]:6, 10, and 17}

In 1907, a group of Episcopalians began services in a private home, and a few years later the first Catholic services were held in Bank Hall. In 1910 the Presbyterians moved their two buildings, a sanctuary and a manse, to the corner of Grevillea and Nutwood "because the streetcars [on Market Street] were so noisy and threw so much dust and sand fleas in the windows."^{[3]:14 and 17}

By 1940, the Methodists had built a structure at Manchester and La Brea, but in that year they moved to a new building at Kelso and Spruce. St. John's Catholic Church and School were built in 1956 on Florence Avenue.^{[3]:46 and 57}

Sister cities

• Bo (Sierra Leone)
• Pedavena, Veneto (Italy)
• Port Antonio (Jamaica)

Born in Inglewood

• Don August, baseball player for the Milwaukee Brewers.[3]
• Tyra Banks, American supermodel, television personality, talk show host, and actress.^[19]Internet Movie Data Base
• Dottie Wiltse Collins, American AAGPBL baseball pitcher (Fort Wayne Daisies).^[20]
• Maureen Flannigan, actress who played Evie Garland on Out of This World and Shauna Sullivan on the 7th Heaven television series.
• Tanedra Howard, winner of Scream Queens and Saw VI star.[4]
• Flo Hyman, American volleyball player and Olympic silver medalist. She graduated from Morningside High School.^[21]
• Bridget Johnson, nation/world opinion columnist once based at the Los Angeles Daily News and later at the Rocky Mountain News.[5]
• Philip "Bishop Lamont" Martin, a rapper who signed with Aftermath Entertainment.^[22]
• Comedian Vicki Lawrence.^[23]
• Jim Lefebvre, former manager of the Seattle Mariners, Chicago Cubs, Milwaukee Brewers, and the Chinese national baseball team.[6]
• Mack 10, a rapper from the group Westside Connection.^[24]
• Len Maxwell, voice actor and announcer
• Scott McGregor, baseball player with Baltimore Orioles during the 1970s and 1980s (January 18, 1954).^[25]
• Lisa Moretti, professional wrestler and former WWE women's champion.^[26]
• Jazz saxophonist Zoot Sims.^[27]
• Esther Williams, swimmer and motion picture actress (August 8, 1923).^[28]
• Jamal Sampson, NBA player for the Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers, Charlotte Bobcats, Sacramento Kings, and the Denver Nuggets.^[29]

Notable residents

• Salvatore (Sonny) Bono, actor and member of Congress from California. He attended Inglewood High School in the early 1950s but did not graduate. [7]
• Jeanne Crain, who was tested by Orson Welles while she was a student at Inglewood High School for the Lucy role in The Magnificent Ambersons and who later became a noted actress, the star of State Fair and Pinky. She was campus grid queen in 1941. [8] [9]
• Chikezie Ndubuisi Eze, 10th-place finalist on the seventh season of the television series American Idol.
• Paul Pierce, professional basketball player for the NBA's Boston Celtics, born in Oakland and raised in Inglewood.
• Sonny Bono attended Inglewood High School in Inglewood, California, but did not graduate.[2]
• Lisa Leslie is an American professional women's basketball player in the WNBA for the Los Angeles Sparks.
• Daniel Freeman (1837–1918) is perhaps most remembered as the founder of Inglewood, California. Daniel Freeman Memorial Hospital and Daniel Freeman Elementary are both named after him.

Filming locations

• The city was a filming location for The Wood, a 1999 movie about three African-American men recalling their childhood in 1980s Inglewood.^[30][31]
• Scenes from Boyz n the Hood, Training Day and Wayne's World were filmed in Inglewood.^[32][33]
• Sid Davis made the films Boys Beware^[34] and Girls Beware^[35] in 1961 with the cooperation of the Inglewood Police Department and the Inglewood Unified School District.

References in fiction

• Jules Winnfield, a lead-role gangster played by Samuel Jackson in Quentin Tarantino's 1994 film Pulp Fiction, told another character he lives in Inglewood^[36]
• The lead character in the movie Soul Plane (Kevin Hart) stated that he grew up in Inglewood^[37]
• The character Ruth in the novel I Am Legend, by Richard Matheson, says that she is from Inglewood.^{[citation needed]}

Song lyrics

• The rap California Love by 2Pac and Dr Dre contains the lyric "Inglewood, Inglewood, always up to no good".^{[citation needed]}
• The Smut Peddlers recorded "Inglewood Heroin Morning." [10]
• Inglewood native Mack 10 recorded "Inglewood Swangin".^{[citation needed]}
• The hip hop song titled The People by recording artist Common contains the lyric "From Inglewood to a single hood in Botswana".[11]
• The rap song titled The Next Episode by Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre contains the lyric "Clip in the strap, dippin through hoods (what hoods?) Compton, Long Beach, Inglewood!"[12]

External links

• City of Inglewood official website
• "Welcome to Inglewood - Leave Your Aspirations Behind," Los Angeles Weekly
• WikiMapia

Notes and references

Further reading

• Constance Zillgitt Snowden, Men of Inglewood, 1924.
• Roy Rosenberg, The History of Inglewood, published by Arthur Cawston, 1938.[13]
• Lloyd Hamilton, Inglewood Community Book, 1947.

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