Initial mass function

Star Formation

Interstellar medium Molecular cloud Bok globule | Dark nebula Young stellar object Protostar T Tauri star Herbig Ae/Be stars Nebular hypothesis

Classes of Object

Herbig-Haro object

Theoretical Concepts

Initial mass function Jeans Instability Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism

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The initial mass function (IMF) is an empirical function that describes the mass distribution (the histogram of stellar masses) of a population of stars in terms of their theoretical initial mass (the mass they were formed with). The properties and evolution of a star are closely related to its mass, so the IMF is an important diagnostic tool for astronomers studying large quantities of stars. The IMF is relatively invariant from one group of stars to another.

Form of the IMF

The IMF is often stated in terms of a series of power laws, where N(M)dM, the number of stars with masses in the range M to M + dM within a specified volume of space, is proportional to M ^{− α}, where α is a dimensionless exponent. The IMF can be inferred from the present day stellar luminosity function by using the stellar mass-luminosity relation together with a model of how the star formation rate varies with time.

The IMF of stars more massive than our sun was first quantified by Edwin Salpeter in 1955. His work favoured an exponent of α = 2.35. This form of the IMF is called the Salpeter function or a Salpeter IMF. It shows that the number of stars in each mass range decreases rapidly with increasing mass.

Later authors extended the work below one solar mass. Glenn E. Miller and John M. Scalo suggested that the IMF "flattened" (approached α = 0) below one solar mass. Pavel Kroupa kept α = 2.3 above half a solar mass, but introduced α = 1.3 between 0.08-0.5 solar masses and α = 0.3 below 0.08 solar masses.

There are large uncertainties concerning the substellar region.

References

• Edwin Salpeter, The luminousity function and stellar evolution, ApJ 121, 161 (1955)
• Glen Miller & John Scalo, The initial mass function and stellar birthrate in the solar neighborhood, ApJS 41, 513 (1979)
• John Scalo, The initial mass function of massive stars in galaxies. Empirical evidence, Luminous stars and associations in galaxies; Proceedings of the Symposium, Porto-Kheli, Greece, May 26-31, 1985. Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1986, p. 451-466.
• Pavel Kroupa, On the variation of the initial mass function, MNRAS 322, 231 (2001) arXiv preprint
• Pavel Kroupa, The initial mass function of stars: evidence for uniformity in variable systems, Science 295, 82 (2002) arXiv preprint