Intelligent Parking Assist System (IPAS), also known as the Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) for Lexus models in the United States, is the first production automatic parking system developed by Toyota Motor Corporation in 2004 initially for the Japanese market hybrid Prius models and later Lexus models. The technology, which assists drivers in parking their vehicle.[1][2] On vehicles equipped with the IPAS, via an in-dash screen and button controls, the car can steer itself into a parking space with little input from the user. The first version of the system was deployed on the Prius Hybrid sold in Japan in 2003.[3] In 2006, an upgraded version debuted for the first time outside Japan on the Lexus LS luxury sedan,[4] which featured the automatic parking technology among other brand new inventions from Toyota. In 2009, the system appeared on the third generation Prius sold in the U.S. In Asia and Europe, the parking technology is marketed as the Intelligent Park Assist System for both Lexus and Toyota models, while in the U.S. the Advanced Parking Guidance System name is only used for the Lexus system.
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Development
The initial version of the Intelligent Parking Assist System, launched in 2003, was designed for reverse parallel parking.[3] Driver intervention was not required, as the system estimated the size of the parking space and maneuvered the vehicle appropriately. This was done by an onboard computer which used a camera built into the forward and rear of the car. Sensors located at similar locations detected the proximity of nearby vehicles. The dashboard displayed an image of the lot, and the driver would then have to determine the exact position that the vehicle in the lot via the arrows which appeared on the screen. Using the arrows, the user would set the location of the vehicle in the space. When satisfied, the user pressed the "Set" button, which then activated the IPAS. The system then took over steering control to maneuver the vehicle.[5]
Early versions of this system had difficulty detecting objects, including cats, baby prams and pedestrians. Secondly when the driver activated the system in a too small a space, the system constantly flashed warning signals to inform the user of the danger of hitting the vehicle. User assistance is required in such situations. In 2005, an upgraded version added recognition capability for parking stripes.[5] A later version of this parking technology, launched in 2006, added integration with parking sensors.[5] This latest version could calculate the steering maneuvers needed for parallel or reverse parking, and help determine that the car has enough clearance for a particular space with colored screen displays which indicated adequate or inadequate space.
How it works
The IPAS/APGS uses computer processors which are tied to the vehicle's (sonar warning system) feature, backup camera, and two additional forward sensors on the front side fenders. The sonar park sensors, known as "Intuitive Parking Assist" or "Lexus Park Assist", includes multiple sensors on the forward and rear bumpers which detect obstacles, allowing the vehicle to sound warnings and calculate optimum steering angles during regular parking.[5] These sensors plus the two additional parking sensors are tied to a central computer processor, which in turn is integrated with the backup camera system to provide the driver parking information.[6]
When the sonar park sensors feature is used, the processor(s) calculate steering angle data which are displayed on the navigation/camera touchscreen along with obstacle information. The Intelligent Parking Assist System expands on this capability and is accessible when the vehicle is shifted to reverse (which automatically activates the backup camera). When in reverse, the backup camera screen features parking buttons which can be used to activate automated parking procedures. When the Intelligent Parking Assist System is activated, the central processor calculates the optimum parallel or reverse park steering angles and then interfaces with the Electric Power Steering systems of the vehicle to guide the car into the parking spot.[6]
Procedures
Parallel parking
A summary of the IPAS/APGS procedures for parallel parking follows. Please note that this is an unofficial summary, and should be treated as such.
- 1. Pull up alongside the parking space. Move forward until your vehicle's rear bumper passes the rear wheel of the car parked in front of the open space.
- 2. Shift to reverse. This will automatically activate the backup camera system, and the car's rear view will appear on dash navigation/camera touchscreen display.
- 3. Select the parallel park guidance button on the navigation/camera touchscreen. A grid will appear with green or red lines, a flag symbol representing the corner of the parking spot, and adjustment arrows.
- 4. Check to see if the representative box on the screen correctly identifies the parking space. If the space is large enough to park, the box will be green in color. If the box is incorrectly placed, or lined in red, use the arrow buttons to move the box until it turns green.
- 5. If the parking space is correctly identified, press OK. Take your hands off the steering wheel, while keeping your foot on the brake pedal.
- 6. Slowly release the brake, while keeping your foot on the brake pedal. The car will then begin to back up and steer itself into the parking space. If at any time the steering wheel is touched or the brake firmly pressed, the system will disengage. The vehicle also cannot exceed a set speed, or the system will deactivate.
- 7. "The guidance is finished." When the car's computer voice issues this statement, the system has finished parking your car. You can now shift to drive and pull forward to make adjustments in the space if necessary.
Reverse parking
The reverse park procedure, as follows, is virtually identical to the parallel parking procedure. Please note that this is an unofficial summary, and should be treated as such.
- 1. Pull up next to the parking space. Move forward and turn your car, positioning it in place for backing into the reverse parking spot. The vehicle rear should be facing the reverse parking spot, allowing the backup camera to 'see' the parking area.
- 2. Shift to reverse. This will automatically activate the backup camera system.
- 3. Select the reverse park guidance button on the navigation/camera touchscreen. A grid will appear with green or red lines, a flag symbol representing the corner of the parking spot, and adjustment arrows.
- 4. Check the parking space and engage the reverse park procedure. Follow the same exact procedures as outlined in steps 4-7 of the parallel park procedure.
Media coverage
Press reports
The debut of the parking technology in the United States in 2006 received widespread media attention, with demonstrations performed on television shows ranging from cable news programming[7] to the The Oprah Winfrey Show.[8] In automotive publications, the feature garnered mixed reviews, with opinions on its utility varying from useful to impractical, depending on the parking situation and driver.[4][9]
A video from CNBC showed the system working "quite effectively" with a first-time user[10] and other reviewers found that the system worked smoothly.[11][12] A video produced by Automobile Magazine demonstrates how the system makes parking more difficult, due to some complexity to the touchscreen.[13]
- Lexus LS 460 L Self Parking Video at YouTube (requires Adobe Flash) A demonstration by Winding Road magazine.
Advertising
Lexus capitalized on the debut of the parking system in the U.S. with its LS flagship with two ads. The first, "Pyramid," depicted a driver parking a car between two stacks of glasses using the system. A second ad showing a montage of different technologies, followed finally by a demonstration of the parallel park feature, and a man stating that he never thought this technology could possibly exist.
The system was also referenced by competitors Audi and Hyundai in their own advertisements. Audi marketed their 2007 A4 as "the luxury car for people who can park themselves," and showed a professional driver swing into a tight parallel parking space[14]. Hyundai's advertisement for the 2007 Azera listed a side-by-side feature comparison between the Azera and the LS460, reaching a conclusion that although the Azera lacks automatic parking, the cost savings could easily go towards valet service.[15]
See also
References
- ^ BBC News: Self-parking car hits the shops
- ^ "Toyota unveils car that parks itself". CNN. 2003-09. http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/ptech/09/01/toyota.prius.reut/index.html. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ a b Coolest Inventions 2003, Toyota's Hybrid Car, the Prius
- ^ a b "Motorweek Lexus LS 460 test drive" (FLV). MotorWeek. 2007. http://www.cars.com/go/video/motorweek/videoPopup.jsp?makeid=27&year=2007&modelid=8237&location=MW_L_2007_BEST_CARS.flv&aff=cg. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ a b c d "Development of Intelligent Parking Assist". Science Links Japan. http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200621/000020062106A0792623.php. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ a b "Lexus LS 460 Parking System Grabs the Wheel". Design News. 2007-02-07. http://www.designnews.com/article/12375-Lexus_LS_460_Parking_System_Grabs_the_Wheel.php. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ "Video: Lexus’ automatic parking tested on live TV". Leftlane News. 2006-09. http://www.leftlanenews.com/video-lexus-automatic-parking-tested-on-live-tv.html. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ "How'd They Do That?". The Oprah Winfrey Show. 2007-01-02. approx. 35 minutes in.
- ^ Selingo, Jeffrey (2007-10-24). "How Well Can a Lexus Park Itself?". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/24/automobiles/autospecial/24park.html?fta=y. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ LeftLaneNews - Lexus CNBC video
- ^ Cars.com Lexus Parking
- ^ Arizona Republic video
- ^ Automobile Magazine video
- ^ YouTube parking commercial
- ^ YouTube parking commercial
External links
- Lexus.com Advanced Parking Guidance System description and video demo
- Toyota Prius - Intelligent Park Assist System description and demo
- Gizmodo.com Advanced Parking Guidance System technical review and non-affiliated video demo
- FQuick.com Advanced Parking Guidance System non-affiliated video demo
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