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| Interleukin 21 | ||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | ||||||||||||||
| Symbols | IL21; IL-21; Za11 | |||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 605384 MGI: 1890474 HomoloGene: 11032 | |||||||||||||
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| RNA expression pattern | ||||||||||||||
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| More reference expression data | ||||||||||||||
| Orthologs | ||||||||||||||
| Species | Human | Mouse | ||||||||||||
| Entrez | 59067 | 60505 | ||||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000138684 | ENSMUSG00000027718 | ||||||||||||
| UniProt | Q9HBE4 | Q9ES17 | ||||||||||||
| RefSeq | NM_021803 (mRNA) | NM_021782 (mRNA) | ||||||||||||
| NP_068575 (protein) | NP_068554 (protein) | |||||||||||||
| Location | Chr 4: 123.75 - 123.76 Mb |
Chr 3: 37.12 - 37.13 Mb |
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| PubMed search | [1] | [2] | ||||||||||||
Interleukin-21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL21 gene.[1][2][3]
Interleukin 21 is a cytokine that has potent regulatory effects on cells of the immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells that can destroy virally infected or cancerous cells.[1][4] This cytokine induces cell division/proliferation in its target cells.
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Gene
The human IL-21 gene is about 8.43kb, mapped to chromosome 4 and 180kb from IL-2 gene, and the mRNA product is 616 nucleotides long.[1][3]
Tissue and cell distribution
IL-21 is expressed in activated human CD4+ T cells but not in most other tissues.[1] In addition, IL-21 expression is up-regulated in Th2 and Th17 subsets of T helper cells, as well as T follicular cells.[5][6][7] Furthermore IL-21 is expressed in NK T cells regulating the function of these cells.[8]
Interleukin-21 is also produced by Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cancer cells (which is surprising because IL-21 was thought to be produced only in T cells). This observation may explain a great deal of the behavior of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma including clusters of other immune cells gathered around HL cells in cultures. Targeting IL-21 may be a potential treatment or possibly a test for HL.[9]
Receptor
The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is expressed on the surface of T, B and NK cells. IL-21r is similar in structure to the receptors for other type I cytokines like IL-2R[10] or IL-15 and requires dimerization with the common gamma chain (γc) in order to bind IL-21.[11][12] When bound to IL-21, the IL-21 receptor acts through the Jak/STAT pathway, utilizing Jak1 and Jak3 and a STAT3 homodimer to activate its target genes.[12]
Clinical relevance
Role in allergies
It has been shown that IL-21R knock-out mice express higher levels of IgE and lower levels of IgG1 than normal mice after antigen exposure. IgE levels decreased after mice were injected with IL-21. This has implications for the role of IL-21 in controlling allergic responses because of the role of IgE in hypersensitivity type 1 responses.[13] IL-21 has been tried as therapy for alleviating allergic responses. It was shown to be successful in decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by T cells in addition to decreasing IgE levels in a mouse model for rhinitis (nasal passage inflammation).[14] A study using mice with peanut allergies showed that systemic treatment of IL-21 was an effective means of mitigating the allergic response.[15] This has strong implications for the pharmacological development of IL-21 for controlling both localized and systemic allergies.
Role in cancer immunotherapy
IL-21 was approved for Phase 1 clinical trials in metastatic melanoma (MM) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. It was shown to be safe for administration with flu-like symptoms as side effects. Dose-limiting toxicities included low lymphocyte, neutrophil, and thrombocyte count as well as hepatotoxicity. According to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) response scale, 2 out of 47 MM patients and 4 out of 19 RCC patients showed complete and partial responses, respectively. In addition, there was an increase of perforin, granzyme B, IFN-γ, and CXCR3 mRNA in peripheral NK cells and CD8+ T cells. This suggested that IL-21 enhances the CD8+ effector functions thus leading to anti-tumor response. IL-21 proceeded to Phase 2 clinical trials where it was administered alone or coupled with drugs as sorafinib and rituximab.[16]
References
- ^ a b c d Parrish-Novak J, Dillon SR, Nelson A, Hammond A, Sprecher C, Gross JA, Johnston J, Madden K, Xu W, West J, Schrader S, Burkhead S, Heipel M, Brandt C, Kuijper JL, Kramer J, Conklin D, Presnell SR, Berry J, Shiota F, Bort S, Hambly K, Mudri S, Clegg C, Moore M, Grant FJ, Lofton-Day C, Gilbert T, Rayond F, Ching A, Yao L, Smith D, Webster P, Whitmore T, Maurer M, Kaushansky K, Holly RD, Foster D (Nov 2000). "Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function". Nature 408 (6808): 57-63. doi:. PMID 11081504.
- ^ Kuchen S, Robbins R, Sims GP, Sheng C, Phillips TM, Lipsky PE, Ettinger R (Oct 2007). "Essential role of IL-21 in B cell activation, expansion, and plasma cell generation during CD4+ T cell-B cell collaboration". J Immunol 179 (9): 5886-96. PMID 17947662.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: IL21 interleukin 21". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=59067.
- ^ Parrish-Novak J, Foster DC, Holly RD, Clegg CH (2002). "Interleukin-21 and the IL-21 receptor: novel effectors of NK and T cell responses". J. Leukoc. Biol. 72 (5): 856–63. PMID 12429707. http://www.jleukbio.org/cgi/content/abstract/72/5/856.
- ^ Chtanova T, Tangye SG, Newton R, Frank N, Hodge MR, Rolph MS, Mackay CR (2004). "T follicular helper cells express a distinctive transcriptional profile, reflecting their role as non-Th1/Th2 effector cells that provide help for B cells.". J Immunol 173 (1): 68-78. PMID 15210760.
- ^ Wei L, Laurence A, Elias KM, O'Shea JJ, (2007). "IL-21 is produced by Th17 cells and drives IL-17 production in a STAT3-dependent manner.". J Biol Chem 282 (48): 34605-10. doi:. PMID 17884812.
- ^ Wurster AL, Rodgers VL, Satoskar AR, Whitters MJ, Young DA, Collins M, Grusby MJ (2002). "Interleukin 21 is a T helper (Th) cell 2 cytokine that specifically inhibits the differentiation of naive Th cells into interferon gamma-producing Th1 cells.". J Exp Med 196 (7): 969-77. PMID 12370258.
- ^ Coquet JM, Kyparissoudis K, Pellicci, DG, Besra G, Berzins, SP, Smyth, MJ, Godfrey DI (2007). "IL-21 is produced by NKT cells and modulates NKT cell activation and cytokine production.". J Immunol 178 (5): 2827-34. doi:. PMID 17312126.
- ^ Lamprecht B, Kreher S, Anagnostopoulos, I, Johrens k, Monteleone G, Junt F, Stein H, Janz M, Dorken B, Mathas S (2008). "Aberrant expression of the Th2 cytokine IL-21 in Hodgkin lymphoma cells regulates STAT3 signaling and attracts Treg cells via regulation of MIP-3a". Blood 112 (Oct 2008): 3339–3347. doi:. http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/112/8/3339.
- ^ K. Ozaki, K. Kikly, D. Michalovich, P. R. Young, W. J. Leonard (2000). "Cloning of a type I cytokine receptor most related to the IL-2 receptor beta chain.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 (21): 11439-11444. PMID 11016959.
- ^ H. Asao, C. Okuyama, S. Kumaki, N. Ishii, S. Tsuchiya, D. Foster, K. Sugamura (2001). "Cutting edge: the common gamma-chain is an indispensable subunit of the IL-21 receptor complex.". Journal of immunology 167 (1): 1-5. doi:. PMID 11418623. http://www.pnas.org/content/97/21/11439.
- ^ a b Tania Habib, Shantha Senadheera, Kenneth Weinberg, Kenneth Kaushansky (2002). "The common gamma chain (γc) is a required signaling component of the IL-21 receptor and supports IL-21-induced cell proliferation via JAK3.". Biochemistry 41 (27): 8725-8731. PMID 12093291.
- ^ Ozaki K, Spolski R, Feng CG, Qi CF, Cheng J, Sher A, Morse HC 3rd, Liu C, Schwartzberg PL, Leonard WJ. (Nov 2002). "A critical role for IL-21 in regulating immunoglobulin production.". Science 298 (5598): 1630-4. doi:. PMID 12446913.
- ^ Hiromura Y, Kishida T, Nakano H, Hama T, Imanishi J, Hisa Y, Mazda O.title =IL-21 administration into the nostril alleviates murine allergic rhinitis. (Nov 2007). Journal of Immunology 179 (10): 7157-65. PMID 17982108.
- ^ Kishida T, Hiromura Y, Shin-Ya M, Asada H, Kuriyama H, Sugai M, Shimizu A, Yokota Y, Hama T, Imanishi J, Hisa Y, Mazda O..title =IL-21 induces inhibitor of differentiation 2 and leads to complete abrogation of anaphylaxis in mice. (Dec 2007). Journal of Immunology 179 (12): 8554-61. PMID 18056403.
- ^ Søndergaard H, Skak K (October 2009). "IL-21: roles in immunopathology and cancer therapy". Tissue Antigens. doi:. PMID 19845910.
Further reading
- Sivakumar PV, Foster DC, Clegg CH (2004). "Interleukin-21 is a T-helper cytokine that regulates humoral immunity and cell-mediated anti-tumour responses.". Immunology 112 (2): 177–82. doi:. PMID 15147560.
- Leonard WJ, Spolski R (2005). "Interleukin-21: a modulator of lymphoid proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation.". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5 (9): 688–98. doi:. PMID 16138102.
- Brandt K, Singh PB, Bulfone-Paus S, Rückert R (2007). "Interleukin-21: a new modulator of immunity, infection, and cancer.". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 18 (3-4): 223–32. doi:. PMID 17509926.
- Flores I, Casaseca T, Martinez-A C, et al. (1996). "Phosphatidic acid generation through interleukin 2 (IL-2)-induced alpha-diacylglycerol kinase activation is an essential step in IL-2-mediated lymphocyte proliferation.". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (17): 10334–40. doi:. PMID 8626603.
- Vosshenrich CA, Di Santo JP (2001). "Cytokines: IL-21 joins the gamma(c)-dependent network?". Curr. Biol. 11 (5): R175–7. doi:. PMID 11267886.
- Asao H, Okuyama C, Kumaki S, et al. (2001). "Cutting edge: the common gamma-chain is an indispensable subunit of the IL-21 receptor complex.". J. Immunol. 167 (1): 1–5. PMID 11418623.
- Strengell M, Sareneva T, Foster D, et al. (2002). "IL-21 up-regulates the expression of genes associated with innate immunity and Th1 response.". J. Immunol. 169 (7): 3600–5. PMID 12244150.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:. PMID 12477932.
- Zhang JL, Foster D, Sebald W (2003). "Human IL-21 and IL-4 bind to partially overlapping epitopes of common gamma-chain.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 300 (2): 291–6. doi:. PMID 12504082.
- Strengell M, Matikainen S, Sirén J, et al. (2003). "IL-21 in synergy with IL-15 or IL-18 enhances IFN-gamma production in human NK and T cells.". J. Immunol. 170 (11): 5464–9. PMID 12759422.
- Brandt K, Bulfone-Paus S, Foster DC, Rückert R (2004). "Interleukin-21 inhibits dendritic cell activation and maturation.". Blood 102 (12): 4090–8. doi:. PMID 12893770.
- Sivori S, Cantoni C, Parolini S, et al. (2004). "IL-21 induces both rapid maturation of human CD34+ cell precursors towards NK cells and acquisition of surface killer Ig-like receptors.". Eur. J. Immunol. 33 (12): 3439–47. doi:. PMID 14635054.
- Pène J, Gauchat JF, Lécart S, et al. (2004). "Cutting edge: IL-21 is a switch factor for the production of IgG1 and IgG3 by human B cells.". J. Immunol. 172 (9): 5154–7. PMID 15100251.
- Strengell M, Julkunen I, Matikainen S (2004). "IFN-alpha regulates IL-21 and IL-21R expression in human NK and T cells.". J. Leukoc. Biol. 76 (2): 416–22. doi:. PMID 15178704.
- Zhang SQ, Chen B, Luo X, Xu CZ (2005). "[Cloning and expression of human interleukin-21 cDNA in E.coli]". Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 20 (4): 406–9. PMID 15207081.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:. PMID 15489334.
- Ozaki K, Spolski R, Ettinger R, et al. (2004). "Regulation of B cell differentiation and plasma cell generation by IL-21, a novel inducer of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6.". J. Immunol. 173 (9): 5361–71. PMID 15494482.
- Mehta DS, Wurster AL, Weinmann AS, Grusby MJ (2005). "NFATc2 and T-bet contribute to T-helper-cell-subset-specific regulation of IL-21 expression.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (6): 2016–21. doi:. PMID 15684054.
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