Internet in Australia

Internet access was first available in Australia to universities via AARNet in 1989^[1][2][3]. The first commercial dial-up ISPs (Internet Service Providers) appeared in capital cities soon after^[4] and by the mid-1990s almost the entire country had a wide choice of dial-up Internet access providers.^[5] In present times Internet access is available through a range of technologies, chiefly Hybrid Fibre Coaxial Cable, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), ISDN and Satellite Internet. The Australian Government, in partnership with industry, will begin rolling out a nation-wide Fibre to the Home broadband network in July 2009.^[6]

History of Internet in Australia

Early days

Australia was connected to the internet on September 3, 1983 when Darwin established a connection to the University of California in Berkeley, California and connecting via a UUCP dial-up using an early version of Rick Adams SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol). This connection was maintained privately until the CSIRO took over the maintenance and costs of the weekly UUCP SLIP calls. Prior to the connection of the greater internet, there existed an IP-based network linking academic institutions within Australia known as ACSNet, using the top level domain .oz. When Australia was connected to the internet, this domain was moved under .au to become .oz.au and exists today.^[7]

The first permanent circuit connecting AARNet to ARPANet using TCP/IUP over X.25 was established in May 1989. It linked the University of Melbourne with the University of Hawaii via a 2400 bps (bits per second) satellite connection. Later upgraded to 56 kbit/s (kilobits per second) and then 256 kbit/s, at a time which the US end-point was moved to San Jose at a NASA facility.^[1][2][3]

In 1992 there were two commercial ISPs competing with one another. One being DIALix, providing services to Perth and Pegasus Networks out of Byron Bay.^[8] By June 1995 this number had increased to excess of 100 [Internet Australasia Magazine], attributing some fifth of all AARNet traffic. At this time, it was decided by the Vice Chancellors Committee that Telstra would be better positioned to lead the commercial push of the Internet into Australia, so all commercial customers were sold.^[9]

First Broadband

In the late 1990s, Telstra and Optus rolled-out separate cable Internet services, focusing on the east coast. In 2000, the first consumer ADSL services were made available via Telstra Bigpond, at speeds of 256/64 kbit/s (downstream/upstream), 512/128 kbit/s, and 1500/256 kbit/s. Telstra chose to artificially limit all ADSL speeds to a maximum of 1500/256 kbit/s. As ADSL required access to the telephone exchange and the copper line — which only Telstra had — this allowed Telstra to be dominant due to the expense of roll-out for other companies and Telstra's established customer base. Other ISPs followed suit soon after; offering a re-sold Telstra service.

Competition, Faster Broadband

Gradually, larger ISPs began taking over more of the delivery infrastructure themselves by taking advantage of regulated access to the unconditioned local loop. As well as significantly reducing costs, it gave the service providers complete control of their own service networks, other than the copper pair (phone line from the exchange to the customer).^[10] The first competition to Telstra's DSLAMs was provided by then Optus subsidiary XYZed, launching business-grade xDSL services from 50 exchanges in September 2000.^[11] Competition in the residential infrastructure market began in 2003, when Adelaide-based ISP Internode ^[12] installed a DSLAM in the town of Meningie, South Australia. Several other service providers have since begun deploying their own DSLAMs. The presence of non-Telstra DSLAMs allowed the service providers to control the speed of connection, and most offered "uncapped" speeds, allowing the customers to connect at whatever speed their copper pair would allow, up to 8 Mbit/s. Ratification of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ increased the maximum to 12 Mbit/s, then 24 Mbit/s.^{[citation needed]}

In 2005, Telstra announced it would invest AUD $210 million in upgrading all their ADSL exchanges to support ADSL2+ by mid 2006, though they did not say whether they would continue to restrict access speeds^[13]. However, in 2006, they announced new intentions to substantially alter their copper phone network and setup a "Fibre to the Node (FTTN)" network. This was later scrapped, with Telstra citing regulations forcing it to provide cheap wholesale access to its competitors as the reason not to invest in upgrading their network^[14].

In late 2006, Telstra uncapped their retail and wholesale ADSL offerings to the maximum attainable speed of ADSL to 8 Mbit/s, however with a limited 384 kbit/s upstream speed. This has allowed many Australians access to higher speed broadband, while the comparitively lower wholesale rates discouraged competitive infrastructure investment in most cases.^{[citation needed]}

Wireless broadband in Australia is also thriving, with many point-to-point fixed wireless broadband providers serving broadband-poor regional and rural areas, predominantly with Motorola Canopy and WiMAX technologies. Telstra's 2006 introduction of the "Next G" HSPA network (which reportedly covers 99% of the Australian population as of September 2008) with speeds advertised of being up to 14 Mbit/s.^[15], and stimulated investment in wireless broadband by competitors Optus, Vodafone and Hutchison Telecommunications, who are presently expanding their HSPA networks to cover 96-98% of the Australian population.^[16][17][18]

Delivering Broadband to Rural Areas

Delivering competitive telecommunications services to regional and rural areas is a major issue, with Telstra often providing the only telecommunications backhaul transmission infrastructure. The large distance and small population means that providers interested in serving these areas often must invest large amounts of capital with low returns. Agile Communications is a pioneer of deploying cost-effective, competitive backhaul networks including their own microwave network in rural South Australia.^[19] Internode has been active in increasing access in order to be accessible to more people, spending $3.5 Million. This expansion will include both "wireless and fixed line-broadband (ADSL 2+)".^[20]

In June 2006, the Australian Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (DCITA) under the then coalition government called for expressions of interest for discussion of how to invest up to A$878 million in funding under Broadband Connect program to provide greater access to broadband services in rural and regional areas at prices comparable to services available in metropolitan areas, $500 million of which was envisaged as being available to infrastructure projects.^[21] On September 21, 2006, the government announced they would invest up to $600 million in broadband infrastructure projects in rural, regional and remote Australia under this program. Applications for funding were open until November 30.^[22] On June 18, 2007, in the lead up to a federal election, OPEL Networks was announced as the sole successful bidder, receiving the entire $600 million in funding under the program, as well as an additional allocation of $358 million. This was to be combined with $917 million to be invested by the OPEL Networks joint venture.^[23][24]. The awarding of additional funding was met with some debate.^[25] The funding agreement was signed on September 9, 2007, which was dependent upon further planning by OPEL and confirmation that it would reach the agreed levels of coverage.^[26][27]. The then federal opposition Communications spokesman stated that they would honour the agreement, a stance maintained after winning government two months later, despite their own competing National Broadband Network proposal.^[28]

We have said all along, will honour existing contracts. There are a number of performance hurdles the OPEL contracts have to meet. That's all part of the contract.

—Stephen Conroy, Minister for Communications, Lateline Business, 2007-12-05

On April 2, 2008, it was announced that the funding agreement for Opel Networks had been cancelled.^[29]. The minister cited OPEL's failure to meet the terms of the contract^[30], a claim refuted by the OPEL joint venture partners, who nevertheless stated that the project would not proceed^[31][32].

Innovation in Broadband Delivery

In November 2007 the first Naked DSL product was announced by iiNet.^[33] This prompted other internet providers to provide DSL products without telephony service over copper, reducing line rental fees.^[34][35]

Internet statistics

In March 2007, there were approximately 4.33 million broadband subscribers in Australia and 2.09 million narrowband subscribers.^[36] Between December 2007 and June 2008 there was a 90% increase in the number of wireless internet subscribers increasing from 433,000 to 809,000.^[37] Customers on connection speeds on 1.5 Mbit/s have increased from 2.47 million (37% of total) in December 2007 to 3.10 million (43% of total) in June 2008.^[37] In December 2008 there were 7.996 million Internet subscribers representing a year on year increase of 13%. There was a decrease of 30% in the number of dial internet subscribers, and an increase of 28% in the number of non-dial subscribers.^[38]

^[38]

(a): ISDN, Cable, Satellite and other non-dial up technology

• Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 37
  • Very Large: 3
  • Large: 7 (June 2008)^[38]
• Country code: .au

(a)Data was not collected on Broadband prior to 2004-05 ^[39]

Social trends

^[40]

Internet Access and at use at home by age 06-07

^[41]

Pricing

In October 2008, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) compared countries where more than 50% of offers have bit/data caps. Australia was one of four countries of the 13 with caps where 100% of plan options had download caps and it ranked fourth in average download limit size (27MB). It ranked number one by a wide margin in the average price per additional MB after reaching the cap, at 0.103 USD. The second highest was Ireland at 0.018 USD per MB.^[42] In a sample comparison of 27 countries, all in Europe and North America along with Japan, Korea, Australia, and New Zealand, between 2005 and 2008 inclusive, the fastest DSL service was Japan and Korea at 102,400 kbit/s. Australia was ranked fourth from the bottom at 1,536 kbit/s, above Greece, Spain and Mexico who were each 1,024 kbit/s. Cable internet in Australia ranked third in greatest increase in speed, from 2,880 kbit/s in 2005 to 20,000 kbit/s in 2008, compared to the other 27 countries. While all but two countries lowered their prices by an estimated average of 10% per year, Australia raised its prices by an average of 14% per year.^[43]

Current state of Internet in Australia

Residential Internet Access

Residential broadband Internet access is available in Australia using ADSL, Cable, Fibre, Satellite and Wireless technologies. As of July 2008, almost two thirds of Australian households now have internet access, with broadband connections outnumbering dial-up two to one.^[44] According to the recent ABS statistics the Non dial up services outnumber dial up services 3.6 to 1.

The most common form of residential broadband is ADSL, which utilises existing copper telephone lines. In Australia, the major telephone company Telstra owns the majority of landline infrastructure, with Optus (a subsidiary of Singapore Telecommunications) owning the rest, making them well-placed to provide the DSLAM technology which facilitates ADSL. Smaller ISPs often resell these wholesaled services, but recently there has been substantial infrastructure investment in DSLAM technology by other providers using local loop unbundling.

Hybrid fibre-coaxial Cable networks running at up to 30 Mbit/s exist in all of the major metropolitan regions. Telstra, in November 2009, finished upgrading the HFC Cable network in Melbourne, which will provide speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s, providing the city with the nation's fastest internet. The system will be rolled out to consumers from December. ^[45]

Various providers offer wireless networks dedicated to broadband, both in metropolitan and rural areas.^[46][47] Wireless internet is better suited to the more rural areas of Australia due to the larger distances and lower population density which make traditional lines costly. New business models have been used in order to encourage the take up of wireless internet, prepaid a concept that has been seen in mobile phones is being transferred to wireless internet.^{[citation needed]}

The major mobile phone networks provide 3G data connectivity using HSDPA over 3GSM.^[48] These are also considered a solution for providing broadband in regional areas^[49]

Most Australian ISPs traffic shape residential customers after a monthly download quota has been exceeded.^{[citation needed]} Many other ISPs apply "per gigabyte" excess charges to downloads beyond the monthly download quota.^{[citation needed]}

Internet in rural areas

Internet in Australia has great differences between urban and rural areas. With the March 2007 announcement of the Broadband Guarantee program, which will replace the Broadband Connect program, many long term projects to bring Internet to Rural Areas are under review. A week after the announcement, Internode suspended its programs to bring Broadband to the Country ^[50] and many others providers are having to follow suit as the cancellation of the Connect program has removed the financial incentive for ISPs to "supply higher bandwidth services in regional, rural and remote areas of Australia at prices comparable".^[51]

In March 2007, the ALP announced a new policy, accepting the privatization of Telstra in order to fund a world class national broadband network.^[52][53]

It should be noted however that due to Telstra's extensive use of Pair Gain technology for connecting home landlines from 1994 to 2000, some homes have been excluded from ADSL and are limited to a dialup speed of 28.8 kbit/s.^[54]

International connectivity

Due to Australia's large size, sparse population and relative remoteness to other countries, a significant amount of infrastructure is required for Internet communications. The vast majority of Australia's International Internet transit capacity is sourced from undersea fibre-optic communications cables to Asia or the USA.^{[citation needed]}

Network Neutrality

In 2006 the top three ISP's stated that they did not discriminate between peer to peer internet activity and normal internet activity. Though peer to peer activity is counted towards the customers limit and if the customer exceeds that limit then they will have their account shaped. However Unwired and iBurst confirmed at the same time that they do shape peer to peer activity in order to "smooth the flow of data".^[55] In 2007 Optus changed their policy so that uploads as well as downloads would be counted towards the customers limit. This has been seen as a move to curb the amount of peer to peer activity as other services which upload such as multiplayer computer games are not counted towards the limit if played through certain servers.^[56]

Other developments

There are ongoing developments in Australia. This includes fibre networks offered by Telstra and competitors in major cities (eg: east-coast capitals by Powertel, and mid to west-coast capitals by Amcom). The federal government is financially aiding better rural broadband access, including encouraging competition where feasible as these are less profitable areas — with less customers, greater line lengths and a higher ULL wholesale line rental from Telstra, and higher rates from Telstra charges for data connections (backhaul) to the cities.^{[citation needed]}

The future of Internet in Australia

National Broadband Network

The National Broadband Network is an Fibre to the Home (FTTH) Open Access Network being constructed in Australia by Australian Government. The national broadband network which will provide up to 100 Mb/s speeds and will connect to 90% of Australian households and businesses. The government will hold a majority share (51%) in the network company, with the remainder being held by private firms.^[57] The Australian Government had previously called for proposals to build an Fibre to the Node (FTTN) broadband network providing download speeds of 12 Megabits per second or more to at least 98% of Australian homes and businesses, for which it was offering to contribute up to A$4.7 billion, in the form of a public private partnership. This proposal has been dismissed. The network will be the largest single infrastructure investment in Australia's history.^[58]

IPv6

With the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre's Geoff Huston stating that IPv4 addresses will be exhausted prior to October 2010^[59], IPv6 is becoming increasingly important in the future of Australian Internet connectivity. Despite several companies having applied for allocations of the new addresses^[60], presently only two organisations have provided IPv6 offerings to their end-customers, Internode^[61] and AARNet^[62].

Internet Filtering Plans

On 31 December 2007, Stephen Conroy announced the Federal Government's intention to censor "inappropriate material" from the Internet.^[63] Under the proposed system any Australian who subscribes to an ISP would receive a "clean" version of the Internet. The Federal Government's stated aim is to protect children from accessing violent and pornographic websites.

See also

• Internet access worldwide
• Communications in Australia
• Internet censorship in Australia

References

External links

• Whirlpool — "Whirlpool.net.au is a fully independent, non-commercial, community website, run by a team of unpaid volunteers, which is devoted to keeping the public informed about the state of broadband in Australia." Australian ADSL news, information, and forums.
• broadband choice - Comprehensive broadband plan comparison