Isaac Butt

Isaac Butt.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Butt, Isaac.

Isaac Butt Q.C. M.P. (6 September 1813 – 5 May 1879) was an Irish barrister, politician, MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the founder and first leader of a number of Irish nationalist parties and organizations, including the Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society in 1836, the Home Government Association in 1870 and in 1873 the Home Rule League.

Butt was born in 1813 in Glenfin, a district bordering the Finn Valley in County Donegal, part of the Province of Ulster in the north of Ireland. He was the son of a Protestant rector. Butt received his secondary school education at the Royal School in Raphoe, County Donegal, and at Midleton College, County Cork, before going to Trinity College Dublin at the age of fifteen. Whilst there he co-founded the Dublin University Magazine and edited it for four years. For much of his life was a member of the Irish Conservative Party.He became professor of political economy at Trinity in 1836 and held that position until 1841.^[1]

Legal career

After being called to the bar in 1838, Butt quickly established a name for himself as a brilliant barrister. He was known for his opposition to the Irish nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell's campaign for the repeal of the Act of Union^[2] . He also lectured at Trinity College, Dublin, in political economy. His experiences during the Irish Famine led him to move from being an Irish unionist and an Orangeman^[3] to supporting a federal political system for the British Isles that would give Ireland a greater degree of self-rule. This led to his involvement in Irish nationalist politics and the foundation of the Home Rule League. Butt was instrumental in fostering links between Constitutional and Revolutionary nationalism through his representation of members of the Fenians Society in court.

Political career

He began his career as a Tory politician on Dublin Corporation. He was Member of Parliament for Youghal from 1852 to 1865, and for Limerick from 1871 to 1879 (at the 1852 general election he had also been elected for the English constituency of Harwich, but chose to sit for Youghal).

The failed Fenian rising in 1867 strengthened Butt's belief that a federal system was the only way to break the dreary cycle of inefficient administration punctuated by incompetent uprisings.^[4] In 1870 he founded the Irish Home Government Association. This was in no sense a revolutionary organisation. It was designed to mobilize public opinion behind the demand for an Irish parliament, with, as he put it, "full control over our domestic affairs."^[5] He believed that Home Rule would promote friendship between Ireland and her neighbour to the east.

In November 1873 Butt replaced the Association with a new body, the Home Rule League, which he regarded as a pressure-group, rather than a political party. In the general election the following year 59 of its members were elected. However, most of those elected were men of property who were closer to the Liberal cause.^[6] In the meantime Charles Stewart Parnell had joined the League, with more radical ideas than most of the incumbent Home Rulers, and was elected to parliament in a by-election in Meath in 1875.^[7]

Butt had failed to win substantial concessions in Westminster on the things that mattered to most Irish people: an amnesty for the Fenians of '67, fixity of tenure for tenant-farmers and Home Rule. Although they worked to get Home Rulers elected, many Fenians along with tenant farmers were dissatisfied with Butt's gentlemanly approach to have bills enacted, although they did not openly attack him, as his defence of the Fenian prisoners in '67 still stood in his favour.^[8] However, soon a Belfast Home Ruler, Joseph Gillis Biggar (then a senior member of the IRB), began making extensive use of the ungentlemanly tactic of "obstructionism" to prevent bills being passed by the house.

When Parnell entered parliament he took his cue from Joseph Biggar and allied himself with those Irish members who would support him in his obstructionist campaign. MPs at that time could stand up and talk for as long as they wished on any subject. This caused havoc in parliament. In one case they talked for 45 hours non-stop, stopping any important bills from being passed. Butt, ageing, and in failing health, could not keep up with this tactic and considered it counter-productive. In July 1877 Butt threatened to resign from the party if obstruction continued, and a gulf developed between himself and Parnell, who was growing steadily in the estimation of both the Fenians and the Home Rulers.^[9]

The climax came in December 1878, when parliament was recalled to discuss the war in Afghanistan. Butt considered this discussion too important to the British Empire to be interrupted by obstructionism and publicly warned the Irish members to refrain from this tactic. He was fiercely denounced by the young Nationalist John Dillon, who continued his attacks with considerable support from other Home Rulers at a meeting of the Home Rule League in February 1879. Although he defended himself with dignity, Butt, and all and sundry, knew that his role in the party was at an end.^[10]

Butt, who had been suffering from bronchitis, had a stroke the following May and died within a week. He was replaced by William Shaw, who in turn was replaced by Charles Stewart Parnell in 1880.

Personal life

Butt amassed debts and pursued romances. It was said that at meetings he was occasionally heckled by women with whom he had fathered children.^[11] He was also involved in a financial scandal when it was revealed that he had taken money from several Indian princes to represent their interests in parliament.

He died on 5 May 1879 in Clonskeagh in Dublin. His remains were brought by train to Stranorlar, Co. Donegal, where he is buried in a corner of the Church of Ireland cemetery beneath a tree in which he used to sit and dream as a boy.

Despite his chaotic lifestyle and political limitations, Butt was capable of inspiring deep personal loyalty. Some of his friends, such as John Butler Yeats (father of the poet WB Yeats) and the future Catholic Bishop of Limerick Edward Thomas O'Dwyer, retained a lasting hostility towards Parnell for his role in Butt's downfall.

The novel HOGAN MP by May Laffan Hartley features a hostile portrait of Butt as "Mr. Rebutter".

See also

• Butt's speech on the union in 1874

Footnotes

References

• Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs

External links

• Isaac Butt's contributions in Parliament