Italian

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This is a list of notable Italians in alphabetical order.

Contents 1 Acting 1.1 Actors 1.2 Actresses 2 Architects 2.1 Ancient Rome 2.2 Middle Ages 2.3 Humanism and the Renaissance 2.4 Baroque 2.5 Neoclassicism 2.6 The 1900s 3 Composers 3.1 Middle Ages 3.2 Renaissance 3.3 Baroque 3.4 Classical period 3.5 Romantic 3.6 The 1900s 4 Conductors 5 Engineers 6 Explorers 7 Fictional characters 8 Filmmakers 9 Illustrators 10 Military and political figures 10.1 Etruscan civilization 10.2 Ancient Rome 10.3 Roman Catholic Church 10.4 Renaissance 10.5 Domination by other countries 10.6 1861 to the rise of Fascism 10.7 Italian republic 11 Painters 11.1 Ancient Rome 11.2 Middle Ages 11.3 Renaissance and Mannerism 11.4 Baroque and Rococo 11.5 The 1800s 11.6 The 1900s 12 Printers 13 Printmakers 14 Saints 15 Scientists 16 Sculptors 17 Singers 17.1 Castrati singers 17.2 Sopranos 17.3 Mezzo-sopranos 17.4 Contraltos 17.5 Tenors 17.6 Baritones 17.7 Basses 18 Sportspeople 19 Writers and philosophers 19.1 Ancient and Late Antique 19.2 The Middle Ages 19.3 Humanism and the Renaissance 19.4 The Baroque period and the Enlightenment 19.5 The 1800s 19.6 The 1900s 20 Other notables 21 See also 22 References

Acting

Actors

• Gino Cervi (1901–1974), actor and manager best known outside of Italy for his film portrayal of a small-town Communist mayor in the Don Camillo films
• Eduardo De Filippo (1900–1984), playwright and actor. In his scores of plays he combined pathos and farce
• Vittorio Gassman (1922–2000), film and theatre actor and director
• Elio Germano (born 1980), actor who won the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival in 2010
• Giancarlo Giannini (born 1942), actor and dubber, best known for his powerful leads in Lina Wertmüller films, controversial tragicomedies that deal with sex and politics
• Terence Hill (born 1939), actor, who became famous for playing in Italian western movies (also called spaghetti westerns) together with his friend and partner Bud Spencer
• Nino Manfredi (1921–2004), actor, one of the most prominent in the commedia all'italiana genre
• Marcello Mastroianni (1924–1996), actor who became the preeminent leading man in Italian cinema during the 1960s. He acted in more than 100 movies
• Amedeo Nazzari (1907–1979), actor. He had a long and distinguished movie career, spanning four decades and including over 100 films
• Alberto Sordi (1920–2003), actor. Depicted the vices, virtues, and foibles of post-World War II Italy in a long career of mostly comic films and was regarded as a national icon
• Ugo Tognazzi (1922–1990), film and theatre actor
• Totò (1898–1967), actor. Likened by international film critics to the American film comic Buster Keaton^[1]
• Massimo Troisi (1953–1994), actor and director. Internationally, Troisi is best known for co-starring in Il Postino (1994)
• Rudolph Valentino (1895–1926), actor, who was idolized as the "Great Lover" of the 1920s
• Carlo Verdone (born 1950), actor, screenwriter and film director, specialized in comedies
• Gian Maria Volontè (1933–1994), actor. He is perhaps best known outside of Italy for his roles in A Fistful of Dollars (1964) and For a Few Dollars More (1965)

Actresses

• Clara Calamai (1909–1998), actress. She is most remembered as the actress playing Carlo's mother, female lead in Luchino Visconti's Ossessione (1943)
• Claudia Cardinale (born 1938), actress. Some of the most notable films she has appeared in include 8½ (1963) and Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)
• Eleonora Duse (1858–1924), the most fluent and expressive actress of her day, she was especially noted for her roles in Henrik Ibsen's plays^[2]
• Virna Lisi (born 1936), one of the most famous Italian actresses. She has won Cannes and César awards
• Gina Lollobrigida (born 1927), actress. One of the first European sex symbols to emerge from the rubble of World War II
• Sophia Loren (born 1934), actress. One of Italy's great 20th-century sex symbols
• Anna Magnani (1908–1973), actress. In the United States, she was nominated twice for an Academy Award for best actress, winning the Oscar in 1955 for her role in The Rose Tattoo
• Silvana Mangano (1930–1989), actress, known for the critically acclaimed 1949 film, Bitter Rice
• Mariangela Melato (born 1941), actress best known for her work in Lina Wertmüller movies
• Sandra Milo (born 1935), actress. Some of her more prestigious credits include Rossellini's General della Rovere (1959) and Fellini's 8½ (1963) and Juliet of the Spirits (1965)
• Alida Valli (1921–2006), actress, had roles in more than 100 films. Internationally, however, she is perhaps best known for her turn as Anna Schmidt in The Third Man (1949)
• Monica Vitti (born 1931), actress. Awards: three Nastro d'Argento Awards, nine David di Donatello Awards, and four Italian Golden Grails

Architects

Ancient Rome

• Cocceius Auctus (1st cent. BC and 1st cent. AD), Roman architect during the age of Augustus (27 BC–14 AD)
• Hyginus Gromaticus (1st cent. and 2nd cent. AD), Roman surveyor under the reign of Trajan (98–117 AD)
• Lucius Vitruvius Cordo (... – ...), Roman architect; best known for his work Arco dei Gavi (built in the 1st century AD)
• Rabirius (1st cent. and 2nd cent. AD), Roman architect active during the reign of Domitian (81–96 AD)
• Vitruvius (late 1st cent. BC and early 1st cent. AD), Roman writer, architect and engineer noted for his book De architectura (25 BC); one of the most influential works on architecture in history

Middle Ages

• Guglielmo Agnelli (c. 1238–1313), sculptor and architect. He built the campanile of the Badia a Settimo, near Florence
• Pietro Baseggio (14th cent. – 14th cent.), architect and sculptor. In 1361, he was named superintendent of construction for the Doge's palace
• Bartolomeo Bon (died after 1464), sculptor and architect. Among his works may be cited the famous Gothic Ca' d'Oro (1424–1430) and the marble door of the church of Frari
• Jacopo Celega (d. before 30 March 1386), architect. Around 1330 he took over construction of the church of Frari
• Diotisalvi (12th cent. – 12th cent.), architect. He is well known to be the original architect of Baptistry of Pisa (1152)
• Maginardo (fl. 1006–1032), architect active in the Diocese of Arezzo
• Lorenzo Maitani (c. 1275–1330), architect and sculptor primarily responsible for the construction and decoration of the facade of Orvieto Cathedral^[3]

Humanism and the Renaissance

• Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), artist, architect and theoretician. In 1452, wrote De Re Aedificatoria; was the first architectural treatise of the Renaissance
• Galeazzo Alessi (1512–1572), architect. His main works are the church Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano (1552), the Marino Palace (started in 1557) and the Parodi Palace (1567)
• Antonio da Sangallo the Elder (c. 1453–1534), architect. He executed, under the influence of Bramante, the magnificent Church of the Madonna di San Biagio (1518 – consecrated 1529)
• Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1484–1546), architect. He designed the Palazzo Farnese in Rome (1534–46); a fortresslike Florentine-style palace
• Donato Bramante (1444–1514), architect. Under the patronage of Pope Julius II, he drew up the new St. Peter's Basilica (begun 1506), generally considered his greatest work
• Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446), architect. His major work is the dome of the Florence Cathedral (1420–36)
• Bernardo Buontalenti (c. 1531–1608), architect, engineer, designer, painter and inventor. He was one of the great Renaissance polymaths^[4]
• Giacomo della Porta (c. 1533–1602), architect whose work represents the development in style from late Mannerism to early Baroque
• Giovanni Maria Falconetto (1468–1535), architect and painter. Examples of his work include the Porta San Giovanni (1528) and the Porta Savonarola (1530), two gates to the city of Padua
• Filarete (c. 1400 – c. 1469), architect, sculptor and writer. He wrote an important treatise, Libro architettonico (1464), defending the principles of ancient architecture
• Domenico Fontana (1543–1607), architect who worked on St. Peter’s Basilica and other famous buildings of Rome and Naples
• Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507–1573), architect. His finest productions are the Villa Farnese, near Viterbo, for Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Villa Giulia for Pope Julius III in Rome
• Francesco di Giorgio (1439–1502), architect and theoretician. His Trattato di architettura, ingegneria e arte militare (1482) is one of the most important documents of Renaissance architectural
• Giuliano da Maiano (c. 1432–1490), architect; one of the best of his generation. He made an important contribution to spreading the Renaissance style to Southern Italy
• Giuliano da Sangallo (c. 1443–1516), sculptor, architect and military engineer; designed the Church of Santa Maria delle Carceri (1485) at Prato and palaces in Florence
• Luciano Laurana (c. 1420–1479), principal designer of the Palazzo Ducale at Urbino and one of the main figures in 15th-century Italian architecture^[5]
• Pirro Ligorio (c. 1510–1583), architect, painter, antiquarian and garden designer. He is best known for his designs for the Casina of Pio IV in the Vatican and his gardens for the Villa d'Este at Tivoli
• Michelozzo (1396–1472), architect and sculptor; designed the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, which set the standard for Renaissance palace architecture in Tuscany for the next century^[6]
• Andrea Palladio (1508–1580), architect and theoretician. His treatise I quattro libri dell’architettura (1570) made him the most influential person in the history of Western architecture
• Baldassare Peruzzi (1481–1536), architect and painter. His outstanding architectural works are the Villa Farnesina (1506–1510) and the Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne (1535) in Rome
• Michele Sanmicheli (1484–1559), architect, especially noted for his original treatment of military fortifications
• Jacopo Sansovino (1486–1570), sculptor and architect. His Library of St. Mark's (begun 1537) is one of the major architectural works of the 16th century
• Vincenzo Scamozzi (1552–1616), architect and theoretician, author of one of the most comprehensive Renaissance treatises, the six-volume L’Idea dell’Architettura Universale (1615)^[7]
• Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554), architect and theoretician. He is remembered primarily for his treatise Tutte l’opere d’architettura, et prospetiva (eight books, 1537–75)

Baroque

• Francesco Borromini (1599–1667), architect. His buildings include the churches of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1638–1641) and Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza (1642–1660)
• Cosimo Fanzago (1591–1678), architect and sculptor. He became the most important exponent of Baroque architecture in Naples
• Carlo Fontana (1634/1638–1714), architect. His accomplished academic style influenced important architects, such as James Gibbs, Fischer von Erlach and the German baroque architects
• Rosario Gagliardi (1698–1762), architect. He was one of the leading architects working in the Sicilian Baroque
• Guarino Guarini (1624–1683), architect. He was one of the first to analyze with perceptivity the structure of medieval architecture, in his treatise Architettura Civile (published posthumously in 1737)
• Filippo Juvarra (1678–1736), architect, draughtsman and designer. He was arguably the most gifted architect of his time in Italy
• Baldassarre Longhena (1598–1682), architect. His masterpiece was the Church of Santa Maria della Salute (1631–1687) at the entrance to the Grand Canal in Venice
• Carlo Maderno (1556–1629), architect. His works reflect the transition from early to high baroque. From 1603, directed the construction of St. Peter's Basilica
• Pietro da Cortona (1596–1669), architect, painter and decorator. His greatest architectural accomplishment is the Church of Santi Luca e Martina in Rome (1634)
• Carlo Rainaldi (1611–1691), architect. His masterpiece was the Church of Santa Maria in Campitelli (1663–67)
• Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1700–1771), architect who defined the high baroque style in Russia under the reigns of Anna (1730–1740) and Elizabeth Petrovna (1741–1762)
• Nicola Salvi (1697–1751), architect whose late Roman Baroque masterpiece is the Trevi Fountain in Rome
• Giovanni Battista Vaccarini (1702–1768), architect, notable for his work in the Sicilian Baroque style
• Luigi Vanvitelli (1700–1773), architect, one of the greatest of his time. His masterpiece was the Palace of Caserta (1752–74)

Neoclassicism

• Nicola Bettoli (1780–1854), architect. He is best known as the designer of the Neoclassicist Teatro Regio of that city, for Duches Marie Louise (1821)
• Luigi Cagnola (1762–1833), architect, whose work influenced later generations of Italian architects
• Luigi Canina (1795–1856), archaeologist and architect. He was important as a protagonist of archaeologically correct Neoclassicism in Rome
• Antonio Corazzi (1792–1877), architect. He designed a number of imposing public buildings in Warsaw, the capital of Poland
• Alessandro Galilei (1691–1737), architect. He designed the façades of Basilica of St. John Lateran (1733–35) and San Giovanni dei Fiorentini (1734)
• Giacomo Leoni (1686–1746), architect, he spent most of his life in England. It is arguable that he was more influenced by than influencing British architecture
• Giuseppe Venanzio Marvuglia (1729–1814), architect. His most extraordinary building is La Favorita (Casina Cinese 1799–1802)
• Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778), engraver and architect, best known for his grandiose architectural constructions
• Giacomo Quarenghi (1744–1817), architect and painter, best known as the builder of numerous works in Russia during and immediately after the reign of Catherine II the Great^[8]
• Carlo Rossi (1775–1849), architect, who worked the major portion of his life in Russia
• Francesco Sabatini (1722–1797), architect, who worked in Spain
• Giuseppe Valadier (1762–1839), architect, urban planner, designer and writer. He was one of the most important exponents of international Neoclassicism in central Italy

The 1900s

• Franco Albini (1905–1977), architect, urban planner and designer. His work was various and eclectic, and reflected the independence of Italian designs from the tyrannies of Modernist orthodoxy
• Ernesto Basile (1857–1932), architect, teacher and designer. An exponent of modernism and Art Nouveau
• Achille Castiglioni (1918–2002), architect and designer. He won the Compasso d'Oro, Italy’s top prize for industrial design, nine times
• Giancarlo De Carlo (1919–2005), architect, member of CIAM and Team 10. He is best known for his works at the Free University of Urbino (1973–9 and later)
• Adalberto Libera (1903–1963), architect. One of the most representative architects of the Italian Modern movement
• Alessandro Mendini (born 1931), designer and architect. His work is represented in museums and private collections all over the world. He won the Compasso d'Oro (1979 and 1982)
• Giovanni Michelucci (1891–1990), architect, urban planner and engraver. A key figure in the progress and advancement of contemporary Italian architecture during the 20th century
• Luigi Moretti (1907–1973), architect. One of the most important Italian architects of the 20th century
• Giovanni Muzio (1893–1982), architect. He was the most influential member of the group of Italian architects associated with the Novecento Italiano
• Pier Luigi Nervi (1891–1979), architect, engineer and builder. One of the most inventive exploiters of reinforced concrete construction of the 20th century
• Marcello Piacentini (1881–1960), architect and urban theorist most closely associated with Italy's fascist government
• Renzo Piano (born 1937), architect best known for his design (with Richard Rogers) for the Centre Georges Pompidou (1971–1977) in Paris awarded by Pritzker Prize especially foe the tecnology
• Giò Ponti (1891–1979), architect and designer associated with the development of modern architecture and modern industrial design in Italy
• Paolo Portoghesi (born 1931), architect and architectural historian. He became known as the creator of the original and significant Casa Baldi (1959) on the Via Flaminia, north of Rome
• Aldo Rossi (1931–1997), architect and theoretician. His book The Architecture of the City (1966) is a classic of modern architectural theory. He was awarded the 1990 Pritzker Prize
• Giuseppe Samonà (1898–1983), architect and urban planner. One of the most important Italian architects of the 20th century
• Antonio Sant'Elia (1888–1916), architect. Associated with the movement known as Futurism; notable for his visionary drawings of the city of the future
• Carlo Scarpa (1906–1978), architect. Among his works may be cited the Palazzo Foscari (1935–1956) and Castelvecchio Museum (1956–1964)
• Ettore Sottsass (1917–2007), architect and designer. He is internationally known as one of the initiators of the renewal of design and architecture^[9]
• Manfredo Tafuri (1935–1994), architect, art historian and theorist. Known for his critical essays for Oppositions magazine (1970), published under the guidance of Peter Eisenman
• Giuseppe Terragni (1904–1943), architect. He was primarily associated with Rationalism and Gruppo 7. His Casa del Fascio (1932–6) is regarded as his finest work

Composers

Middle Ages

• Johannes Ciconia (c.  1370–1412), composer and theorist. His open melodic style, clarity of texture, and "modern" sense of harmonic direction make him an attractive and accessible composer
• Gherardello da Firenze (c. 1320/1325–1362/1363), composer. He was known for his liturgical compositions but only two mass movements have survived
• Guido of Arezzo (c. 990–1050), music theorist whose principles served as a foundation for modern Western musical notation^[10]
• Jacopo da Bologna (fl. 1340–1360), court composer during the Trecento and one of the earliest composers of polyphonic secular songs
• Francesco Landini (c. 1325/1335–1397), composer, organist and poet. Celebrated in his own day as a master of the Italian ars nova style, among his works are madrigals, cacce, and ballate
• Marchetto da Padova (fl. 1305–1319), music theorist and composer. He lived at Cesena and Verona at some time and was in the service of Rainier, Prince of Monaco

Renaissance

• Giovanni Animuccia (c. 1500–1571), composer who contributed to the development of the oratorio
• Adriano Banchieri (1568–1634), one of the principal composers of madrigal comedies and choral pieces^[11]
• Giulio Caccini (1551–1618), composer and singer; Le nuove musiche (1602), a collection of songs with basso continuo, was of landmark importance in establishing the new monodic style
• Francesco Canova da Milano (1497–1543), lutenist and composer. Known as Il divino ("the divine"), he was the finest composer of lute music before John Dowland
• Emilio de' Cavalieri (1550–1602), composer. One of the earliest to compose dramatic music^[12]
• Andrea Gabrieli (1532/33–1585), composer and organist, known for his madrigals and his large-scale choral and instrumental music for public ceremonies^[13]
• Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554/1557–1612), composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time
• Carlo Gesualdo (1566–1613), composer and lutist. He is famous for his intensely expressive madrigals, which use a chromatic language not heard of until the 19th century
• Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525/1526–1594), one of the greatest masters of Renaissance music and the foremost composer of the Roman School
• Luzzasco Luzzaschi (c. 1545–1607), composer, organist, and teacher of the late Renaissance
• Luca Marenzio (1553–1599), composer whose madrigals are considered to be among the finest examples of Italian madrigals of the late 16th century^[14]
• Claudio Merulo (1533–1604), composer. He was organist of Brescia Cathedral (1556–7) and of St Mark's Basilica, Venice (1557–84), where he was also an organ consultant, publisher and teacher
• Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), composer, violinist and singer considered a crucial figure in the history of music
• Jacopo Peri (1561–1633), composer and singer; often called the inventor of opera
• Gioseffo Zarlino (1517–1590), composer and writer on music, the most celebrated music theorist of the mid-16th century^[15]

Baroque

• Tomaso Albinoni (1671–1751), composer remembered chiefly for his instrumental music
• Gregorio Allegri (1582–1652), composer of church music. The famous Miserere, performed yearly on Wednesday and Friday of Passion Week, in the papal chapel, is his composition
• Francesca Caccini (1587–1641), composer and singer, daughter of Giulio Caccini. She was the first woman to compose opera and probably the most prolific woman composer of her time
• Antonio Caldara (1670/71–1736), composer. He composed many operas and oratorios, other sacred and secular vocal music, and chamber works. His canons were especially popular
• Giacomo Carissimi (1605–1674), composer and one of the most celebrated masters of the early Baroque, or, more accurately, the Roman School of music
• Francesco Cavalli (1602–1676), the most important Italian composer of opera in the mid-17th century^[16]
• Antonio Cesti (1623–1669), composer who, with Francesco Cavalli, was one of the leading Italian composers of the 17th century^[17]
• Arcangelo Corelli (1653–1713), violinist, composer, conductor and teacher. Founder of the Italian school of violin
• Girolamo Frescobaldi (1583–1643), musician and one of the most important composers of keyboard instrumental music in the late Renaissance and early Baroque music periods
• Francesco Geminiani (1687–1762), composer, violinist, teacher, writer on musical performance, and a leading figure in early 18th-century music^[18]
• Leonardo Leo (1694–1744), composer who was noted for his comic operas and who was instrumental in forming the Neapolitan style of opera composition
• Pietro Locatelli (1695–1764), composer and violinist. His influential L′arte del violino (1733) contains 12 solo violin concertos and 24 caprices for solo violin
• Jean Baptiste Lully (1632–1687), Italian-French composer. He was court composer to Louis XIV, founding the national French opera and producing court ballets for Molière's plays
• Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710–1736), composer whose intermezzo La serva padrona (1733) was one of the most celebrated stage works of the 18th century^[19]
• Nicola Porpora (1686–1768), composer. Leading Italian teacher of singing of the 18th century^[20]
• Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725), composer of operas and religious works. He is considered the founder of the Neapolitan school of opera
• Domenico Scarlatti (1685–1757), composer noted particularly for his 555 keyboard sonatas, which substantially expanded the technical and musical possibilities of the harpsichord^[21]
• Barbara Strozzi (1619–1677), virtuoso singer and composer of vocal music, one of only a few women in the 17th century to publish their own compositions
• Giuseppe Tartini (1692–1770), violinist, composer, and theorist who helped establish the modern style of violin bowing and formulated principles of musical ornamentation and harmony^[22]
• Giuseppe Torelli (1658–1709), composer and violinist, noted for his essential role in the development of the solo concerto, concerto grosso, and sonata da camera forms
• Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741), composer. He was the greatest master of Italian baroque, particularly of violin music and the concerto grosso
• Domenico Zipoli (1688–1726), organist and composer. In 1716 he published his collection Sonate d'intavolatura per organo e cimbalo, which continues to be his best-known work

Classical period

• Luigi Boccherini (1743–1805), composer and cellist. His vast chamber music output includes some 125 string quintets, some 90 string quartets, and many string trios
• Ferdinando Carulli (1770–1841), guitarist, composer and teacher. Known for his concertos, sonatas, studies, variations and transcriptions (over 300 opus numbers)
• Domenico Cimarosa (1749–1801), composer; a leading representative of the opera buffa. Among his numerous works, Il matrimonio segreto (1792) is universally renowned
• Baldassare Galuppi (1706–1784), composer whose comic operas won him the title father of the opera buffa."^[23]
• Mauro Giuliani (1781–1829), the most important guitarist and composer of guitar music of his time
• Niccolò Jommelli (1714–1774), composer of religious music and operas, notable as an innovator in his use of the orchestra
• Giovanni Battista Martini (1706–1784), composer, music theorist, and music historian who was internationally renowned as a teacher^[24]
• Giovanni Paisiello (1740–1816), one of the most successful and influential opera composers of his time. He composed more than 80 operas, including a very popular Barber of Seville (1782)^[25]
• Niccolò Piccinni (1728–1800), composer of more than 100 operas. His most famous opera was La buona figliuola (1760), which established him as one of the leading composers of his day
• Antonio Salieri (1750–1825), composer whose operas were acclaimed throughout Europe in the late 18th century
• Giovanni Battista Sammartini (1700/1701–1775), composer who was an important formative influence on the pre-Classical symphony
• Giovanni Battista Viotti (1755–1824), violinist and composer, principal founder of the 19th-century school of violin playing

Romantic

• Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835), opera composer. His most celebrated works are the operas La sonnambula and Norma (both 1831)
• Arrigo Boito (1842–1918), composer and poet. He is remembered for his opera Mefistofele (1868)
• Alfredo Catalani (1854–1893), composer of the popular opera La Wally (1892). His operas were among the most important in the period preceding the verismo school
• Luigi Cherubini (1760–1842), composer, who lived in Paris after 1788. Of his nearly 40 operas, the most popular were Lodoïska (1791), Médée (1797), and Les deux journées (1800)
• Muzio Clementi (1752–1832), composer, pianist, organist and teacher who is acknowledged as the first to write specifically for the piano
• Gaetano Donizetti (1797–1848), opera composer. Among his major works are Lucia di Lammermoor (1835), La fille du régiment (1840), and La favorite (1840)
• Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857–1919), opera composer whose fame rests on the opera Pagliacci (1892)
• Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), operatic composer, one of the principal exponents of verismo. Mascagni came up with his masterpiece Cavalleria Rusticana in 1890 to tremendous success
• Saverio Mercadante (1795–1870), composer, teacher and orchestrator. He is considered to have been an important reformer of Italian opera
• Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840), composer and principal violin virtuoso of the 19th century
• Amilcare Ponchielli (1834–1886), composer, best known for his opera La Gioconda (1876)
• Gioachino Rossini (1792–1868), composer nicknamed "The Italian Mozart". His best-known operas include: The Barber of Seville (1816), La Cenerentola (1817), and Semiramide (1823)
• Gaspare Spontini (1774–1851), composer and conductor. His most acclaimed work was La Vestale (1807)
• Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), leading Italian composer of opera in the 19th century, noted for operas such as Rigoletto (1851), La traviata (1853), Aida (1871) and Otello (1887) among others

The 1900s

• Luciano Berio (1925–2003), musician, whose success as theorist, conductor, composer, and teacher placed him among the leading representatives of the musical avant-garde^[26]
• Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), pianist and composer who attained fame as a pianist of brilliance and intellectual power
• Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (1895–1968), composer in the Neoromantic style. Literature and Judaism were influential in his compositions
• Francesco Cilea (1866–1950), composer whose operas are distinguished by their melodic charm.^[27] His best-known work, Adriana Lecouvreur, was followed in 1902
• Luigi Dallapiccola (1904–1975), composer known for his lyrical twelve-tone compositions
• Umberto Giordano (1867–1948), opera composer in the verismo, or "realist", style, known for his opera Andrea Chénier (1896)
• Ennio Morricone (born 1928), composer and conductor. He is considered one of the most prolific and influential film composers of his era
• Luigi Nono (1924–1990), leading Italian composer of electronic, aleatory, and serial music
• Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924), composer of operas. His finest operas, La bohème (1896), Tosca (1900), Madama Butterfly (1904), and Turandot (produced posthumously in 1926)
• Ottorino Respighi (1879–1936), composer. His best-known works are the colourful tone poems The Fountains of Rome (1916) and The Pines of Rome (1924)
• Nino Rota (1911–1979), composer of film scores, notably for the films of Federico Fellini and Luchino Visconti

Conductors

• Claudio Abbado (born 1933), conductor. Principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra (1979–88); director of the Vienna State Opera (1986–91), and the Berlin Philharmonic (1989–2001)
• Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), pianist and composer who attained fame as a pianist of brilliance and intellectual power
• Riccardo Chailly (born 1953), conductor known for his devotion to contemporary music, and for his attempts to modernize approaches to the traditional symphonic repertory
• Victor de Sabata (1892–1967), conductor and composer. He is widely recognized as one of the most distinguished operatic conductors of the 20th century
• Daniele Gatti (born 1961), conductor. He is considered the foremost conductor of his generation"^[28]
• Carlo Maria Giulini (1914–2005), conductor esteemed for his skills in directing both grand opera and symphony orchestras
• Fabio Luisi (born 1959), conductor of the Vienna Symphony and the Staatskapelle Dresden
• Riccardo Muti (born 1941), conductor of both opera and the symphonic repertory. He became one of the most respected and charismatic conductors of his generation^[29]
• Claudio Scimone (born 1934), conductor. He founded I Solisti Veneti in 1959, specializing in 18th-century and 20th-century Italian music
• Tullio Serafin (1878–1968), conductor. An outstanding conductor of Italian opera, he did much to foster the revival of interest in Bellini and Donizetti
• Giuseppe Sinopoli (1946–2001), performed with an intensity and daring that made him one of Europe's most controversial orchestra leaders
• Arturo Toscanini (1867–1957), conductor, considered one of the great virtuoso conductors of the first half of the 20th century^[30]

Engineers

• Ettore Bellini (1876–1943), engineer, co-inventor with Alessandro Tosi, of Radio direction finder (RDF)
• Enrico Bernardi (1841–1919), engineer and one of Italian automobile pioneers. Inventor of the "Pia Engine", the first petrol engine
• Luigi Bezzera (... – ...), engineer, created the first espresso machine (1901) which used steam to make coffee
• Giovanni Branca (1571–1645), engineer and architect who provided the first known description of a steam turbine (1629)
• Mario Calderara (1879–1944), engineer and aviation pioneer, designer and constructor the first seaplane (1911)
• Matteo Campani-Alimenis (1620–1678), engineer, mechanician and natural philosopher. Inventor of the Magic lantern (1678)
• Secondo Campini (1904–1980), engineer, one of the pioneers of the jet engine
• Alessandro Capra (... – ...), engineer and mathematician. Inventor of the first speedometer for coaches (1678)
• Giovanni Battista Caproni (1886–1957), aeronautical engineer, civil engineer, electrical engineer, and aircraft designer who founded an aircraft-manufacturing company bearing his name (1908)
• Mario Castoldi (1888–1968), aeronautical engineer who designed the renown Macchi MC.200, Macchi MC.202 and Macchi MC.205 WWII Italian fighter airplanes
• Bernard Castro (1904–1991), industrial engineer. Inventor of the modern convertible couch
• Leonardo Chiariglione (born 1952/1953), engineer. Inventor of the MPEG format (1988) and precursor of MP3
• Corradino D'Ascanio (1891–1981), aeronautical engineer. Inventor of motor scooter (Vespa in 1946)
• Luigi de Cristoforis (... – ...), engineer. Inventor of the carburetor (1876)
• Luigi Emanueli (1883–1959), engineer. Inventor of oil-filled cable (1924)
• Federico Faggin (born 1941), physicist and electrical engineer, designed first microprocessor (1970–1971)
• Enrico Forlanini (1848–1930), engineer and aeronautical pioneer. Inventor of the helicopter (1877) and hydrofoil (1900)
• Giovanni da Fontana (c. 1395–1455), engineer, designed a surface-running rocket-powered torpedo for setting enemy ships on fire (1420)^[31]
• Francesco Lana de Terzi (1631–1687), Jesuit, mathematician, and naturalist. Called the father of aeronautics for his pioneering efforts
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), artist, engineer, and scientist. Perhaps no one in history achieved so much in so many different fields^[32][33]
• Giovanni Luppis (1813–1875), engineer and officer, co-inventor with Robert Whitehead, of the torpedo (1860)
• Arturo Malignani (1865–1939), engineer, developed the technique of coating components of incandescent lamps with red phosphorus (1895)^[34]
• Giovanni Battista Marzi (1860–1927), engineer who invented the first automatic telephone central in the world (1886) and electric loudspeaker (1906)^[35]
• Felice Matteucci (1808–1887), hydraulic engineer, co-inventor with Eugenio Barsanti, of the internal combustion engine (1854)
• Antonio Meucci (1808–1889), chemical and mechanical engineer. Inventor of the telephone (1871)
• Carlo Montemagno (... – ...), biomedical engineer. Inventor of the first molecular motor
• Peter Mule (1891–1960), engineer, founder of Mole-Richardson lighting kits
• Camillo Olivetti (1868–1943), electrical engineer, founder of Olivetti
• Pier Giorgio Perotto (1930–2002), engineer, pioneer in computer science; designer of the Olivetti Programma 101 programmable electronic calculator (1965)
• Giovanni Battista Piatti (1812–1867), civil engineer. Inventor of the pneumatic rock-drilling machine
• Giuseppe Pirelli (... – ...), engineer. Inventor of the electric cable (1884)
• Ignazio Porro (1801–1875), engineer and optician, invented Porro prism binocular (1875)
• Piero Puricelli (1883–1951), civil engineer and entrepreneur, called the father of the motorway
• Agostino Ramelli (1531–1600), engineer, invented the hydraulic motor (1588)
• Raffaele Rossetti (1881–1951), engineer and military naval officer, creator of the first human torpedo
• Carmelo Scuderi (1925–2002), engineer. Inventor of the Scuderi Engine
• Germain Sommeiller (1815–1871), civil engineer. He directed the construction of the Fréjus Rail Tunnel between France and Italy; introduced the first industrial pneumatic drill for tunnel digging
• Lorenzo Thione (born 1978), engineer, co-founder with Barney Pell, of Powerset, Inc., an innovative search startup founded in 2005 and sold to Microsoft in 2008
• Juanelo Turriano (c. 1500–1585), clockmaker, engineer and mathematician. He built the Artificio de Juanelo

Explorers

• António de Noli (1415/1419 – c. 1497), explorer for Portugal. Discovered some of the Cape Verde islands in 1460
• Giovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823), explorer, engineer, and amateur archaeologist, often regarded as one of the first Egyptologists
• John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) (c. 1450 – c. 1499), explorer for England. In the summer of 1497, he crossed the Atlantic and discovered the mainland of North America
• Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo) (1451–1506), explorer for Spain. Sailed in 1492 and discovered the "New World" of the Americas
• Henri de Tonti (1649/1650–1704), explorer for France. Founded the first European settlement in the lower Mississippi River Valley in 1686^[36]
• Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (c. 1180–1252), Franciscan friar, first noteworthy European traveller in the Mongol Empire^[37]
• Giovanni da Verrazzano (1485–1528), explorer for France. First European to sight New York and Narragansett bays
• Alessandro Malaspina (1754–1810), nobleman who spent most of his life as a Spanish naval officer and explorer
• Umberto Nobile (1885–1978), engineer and Arctic explorer. The first man to fly over the North Pole
• Antonio Pigafetta (c. 1491 – c. 1534), navigator and writer who accompanied Magellan in the first expedition of circumnavigation of the world
• Marco Polo (c. 1254–1324), explorer and merchant, famous for his travels in central Asia and China
• Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (1852–1905), explorer for France. Famous for having added an area three times the size of France to the French empire in Africa
• Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512), explorer. Discovered the Amazon river in South America. The name for the Americas is derived from his given name

Fictional characters

Brighella Juliet Capulet Columbina Don Camillo

Il Dottore Gianduja Harlequin Romeo Montague

Salvo Montalbano Pantalone Pedrolino Pierrot

Pinocchio Pulcinella Scaramouche Trivelino

Filmmakers

• Filoteo Alberini (1865–1937), film director, one of the pioneers of cinema; devised the wide screen movies (1914)
• Gianni Amelio (born 1945), film director. He achieved international fame with The Stolen Children (winner of the Grand Jury Prize at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival)
• Michelangelo Antonioni (1912–2007), film director. His most successful motion pictures internationally were L'avventura (1960) and Blow-up (1966)
• Dario Argento (born 1940), film director, producer and screenwriter. Among his best known films we find The Bird with the Crystal Plumage (1970), Deep Red (1975) and Suspiria (1977)
• Pupi Avati (born 1938), film director, producer and screenwriter. Some of his most successful films were Impiegati (1985), Christmas Present (1986) and The Last Minute (1987)
• Marco Bellocchio (born 1939), film director, screenwriter and actor. Known for his debut film Fists in the Pocket (1965)
• Roberto Benigni (born 1952), film director and actor. One of the most popular comics of Italian cinema; in 1997 he wrote, directed and starred in the international hit Life is Beautiful
• Bernardo Bertolucci (born 1940), film director and screenwriter. Last Tango in Paris (1972) brought him international fame
• Luigi Comencini (1916–2007), film director. Leading figure in Italian cinema; best known for his film Bread, Love and Dreams (1953)
• Giuseppe De Santis (1917–1997), film director; best known for his direction of Bitter Rice (1949), considered the first successful Neorealist film
• Vittorio De Seta (born 1923), film director. He made nine such short documentaries over the decade and in 1960 made his feature film directorial debut with the acclaimed Banditi a Orgosolo
• Vittorio De Sica (1901/1902–1974), film director and actor. His Shoeshine (1946), The Bicycle Thief (1948), and Umberto D. (1952) are classics of postwar Italian neorealism^[38]
• Ruggero Deodato (born 1939), film director, actor and screen writer. Creator of one of the most infamous splatter films of all time, 1979's neo-realist Amazonian nightmare Cannibal Holocaust
• Federico Fellini (1920–1993), film director. Won Oscars for La Strada (1954), Le Notti di Cabiria (1957), 8 1/2 (1963) and Amarcord (1973); one of the 20th century's most influential movie directors
• Marco Ferreri (1928–1997), film director. The his best-known film is La Grande Bouffe (1973)
• Lucio Fulci (1927–1996), film director, screenwriter and actor. He is perhaps best known for his directorial work on gore films, including Zombi 2 (1979) and The Beyond (1981)
• Matteo Garrone (born 1968), film director; best known for his film Gomorrah (2008)
• Pietro Germi (1914–1974), film director and actor. The film Divorce Italian Style (1961) was a huge worldwide box-office hit which earned him an Oscar for best screenplay
• Alberto Lattuada (1914–2005), film director. Was a major figure in Italian cinema of the period after World War II. Best known for co-directing with Fellini on his first film, Variety Lights (1950)
• Sergio Leone (1929–1989), film director. He is mostly associated with the "Spaghetti Western" genre, especially the dollar trilogy; one of the most influential directors of his generation
• Mario Monicelli (1915–2010), film director. One of the masters of the Commedia all'Italiana
• Nanni Moretti (born 1953), film director. He is known for his films Caro diario (1993) and The Son's Room (2001)
• Ermanno Olmi (born 1931), film director; best known for his internationally successful The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1978)
• Ferzan Ozpetek (born 1959), film director and screenwriter. Among his best known films we find The Ignorant Fairies (2001) and Facing Windows (2003)
• Pier Paolo Pasolini (1922–1975), film director and writer. His films include Mamma Roma (1962), The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964), Oedipus Rex (1967) and Teorema (1968)
• Giovanni Pastrone (1883–1959), film director and producer. He conceived a colossal film designed to revolutionize moviemaking, a goal he realized with Cabiria (1914)^[39]
• Elio Petri (1929–1982), film director and screenwriter. Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970), is generally considered his masterpiece
• Gillo Pontecorvo (1919–2006), film director; best known for authoring The Battle of Algiers (1966)
• Francesco Rosi (born 1922), film director; best known for his masterpiece Salvatore Giuliano (1962)
• Roberto Rossellini (1906–1977), film director. His films Rome, Open City (1945) and Paisà (1946) focussed international attention on the Italian Neorealist movement in films^[40]
• Gabriele Salvatores (born 1950), film director and screenwriter; best known for his film Mediterraneo (1991)
• Michele Soavi (born 1957), film director; best known for his film Cemetery Man (1994)
• Silvio Soldini (born 1958), film director. Among his best known films we find Bread and Tulips (1999) and Agata e la tempesta (2004)
• Paolo Sorrentino (born 1970), film director and screenwriter. He is known for his film The Consequences of Love (2004)
• Paolo and Vittorio Taviani (born 1931 and 1929), have directed together several successful movies. Among those are: Padre Padrone (1977), The Night of the Shooting Stars (1982) and Kaos (1984)
• Giuseppe Tornatore (born 1956), film director. He is best known for his masterpiece Cinema Paradiso (1988)
• Luchino Visconti (1906–1976), film and theatre director; called the father of neorealism for his early films Ossessione (1943) and La terra trema (1948)
• Lina Wertmüller (born 1928), film director. She achieved international fame with The Seduction of Mimi (1972), a satire on sexual hypocrisy, and Love and Anarchy (1973)
• Franco Zeffirelli (born 1923), film director. Among his major films are three Shakespeare adaptations: The Taming of the Shrew (1967), Romeo and Juliet (1968) and Hamlet (1990)
• Valerio Zurlini (1926–1982), film director, stage director and screenwriter. He is well known for his internationally successful Estate Violenta (1959)

Illustrators

• Leonetto Cappiello (1875–1942), poster art designer. He has been called the father of modern advertising^[41]
• Adolfo de Carolis (1874–1928), painter, illustrator and wood-engraver
• Onofrio Catacchio (b. 1964), cartoonist
• Max Crivello (b. 1958), illustrator and cartoonist
• Gabriele Dell'Otto (b. 1973), illustrator and author whose works have been published around the world
• Franco Donatelli (1924-1995), comic artist and illustrator
• Enrico Mazzanti (1850–1910), engineer and cartoonist, who illustrated the first edition of Pinocchio
• Bartolomeo Pinelli (1781–1835), illustrator and engraver. He illustrated in his figures the costumes of the Italian peoples, the great epic poems and numerous other subjects

Military and political figures

Etruscan civilization

• Mezentius (... – ...), legendary Etruscan king who reigned at Caere and fought against Aeneas
• Lars Porsena (6th cent. BC), legendary Etruscan king, alleged to have besieged Rome in a vain attempt to reinstate Tarquinius Superbus on the throne
• Velthur Spurinna (5th cent. BC), noble from Tarquinia, who led an Etruscan contingent to Sicily to aid Athens in the siege of Syracuse (414–413 BC)
• Lars Tolumnius (... – 428 BC), the most famous king of the wealthy Etruscan city-state of Veii
• Caile Vipinas (6th cent. BC), Etruscan leader. He conquered Rome with his brother Aule Vipinas

Ancient Rome

• Scipio Aemilianus (185 BC–129 BC), Roman general famed both for his exploits during the Third Punic War (149–146 BC) and for his subjugation of Spain (134–133 BC)^[42]
• Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (c. 89 or 88 BC – late 13 or early 12 BC), Roman statesman, one of the triumvirs who ruled Rome after 43 BC
• Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus (c. 229 BC–160 BC), Roman general whose victory over the Macedonians at Pydna ended the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC)
• Scipio Africanus (235 BC–183 BC), Roman general, known for defeating Hannibal in the final battle of Zama. One of the great military minds of all times^[43]
• Mark Antony (83 BC–30 BC), Roman politician and general
• Marcus Atilius Regulus (fl. 3rd century BC), Roman general and statesman
• Augustus (63 BC–AD 14), first and among the most important of the Roman Emperors. One of the great administrative geniuses of history^[44]
• Marcus Aurelius (121–180), Roman emperor, has symbolized for many generations in the West the Golden Age of the Roman Empire^[45]
• Lucius Junius Brutus (545 BC–509 BC), Roman consul, traditional founder of the Roman Republic
• Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger (85 BC–42 BC), Roman politician, leader of the conspirators who assassinated Julius Caesar (44 BC)
• Julius Caesar (100 BC–44 BC), Roman statesman and general, famous for the conquest of Gaul. A figure of genius and audacity equaled by few in history^[46]
• Marcus Furius Camillus (c. 446 BC–365 BC), Roman soldier and statesman
• Catiline (108 BC–62 BC), Roman politician
• Cato the Elder (234 BC–149 BC), Roman statesman, orator and the first Latin prose writer of importance^[47]
• Cato the Younger (95 BC–46 BC), Roman politician and statesman in the late Roman Republic
• Cicero (106 BC–43 BC), Roman statesman, scholar and writer. The greatest orator of his time, and one of the greatest in history^[48]
• Cincinnatus (519 BC–438 BC), Roman politician
• Appius Claudius Caecus (fl. 3rd century BC), outstanding statesman, legal expert, and author of early Rome who was one of the first notable personalities in Roman history^[49]
• Marcus Claudius Marcellus (c. 268 BC–208 BC), Roman general who captured Syracuse during the Second Punic War (218–201)^[50]
• Publius Clodius Pulcher (c. 93 BC–52 BC), a disruptive politician, head of a band of political thugs, and bitter enemy of Cicero in late republican Rome
• Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (... – c. 280 BC), consul in 298 BC. He defeated the Etruscans at Volaterrae and afterwards fought against the Samnites
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla (c. 138 BC–78 BC), Roman general and statesman
• Manius Curius Dentatus (... – 270 BC), Roman general. As consul led the Romans to victory over the Samnites and defeated Pyrrhus of Epirus near Beneventum (275 BC)
• Gaius Duilius (fl. 3rd century BC), Roman commander who won a major naval victory over the Carthaginians during the First Punic War (264–241 BC)
• Germanicus (15 BC–AD 19), Roman general who avenged the defeat sustained by Varus (AD 9), defeating Arminius at Idistaviso on the Weser (AD 16)
• Gaius Gracchus (154 BC–121 BC), Roman politician
• Marcus Licinius Crassus (c. 115 BC–53 BC), Roman general and politician
• Lucullus (c. 117 BC–57/56 BC), Roman general who fought Mithradates VI Eupator of Pontus from 74 to 66 BC^[51]
• Gaius Maecenas (70 BC–8 BC), Roman diplomat, counsellor to the Roman emperor Augustus
• Gaius Marius (157 BC–86 BC), Roman general and politician
• Fabius Maximus (c. 280 BC–203 BC), Roman politician and general, famous for having invented the guerrilla warfare (method of combat in 217 BC)
• Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus (c. 229 BC–160 BC), Roman general whose victory over the Macedonians at Pydna ended the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC)^[52]
• Pontius Pilate (16 BC–AD 36), Roman politician, famous primarily as a crucial character in the New Testament account of Jesus
• Antoninus Pius (86–161), Roman emperor, mild-mannered and capable, he was the fourth of the five good emperors"^[53]
• Pompey (106 BC–48 BC), Roman military and political leader of the late Roman Republic
• Titus Quinctius Flamininus (c. 229 BC–174 BC), Roman general and statesman who established the Roman hegemony over Greece^[54]
• Quintus Sertorius (c. 126 BC–73 BC), one of the most able Roman generals, who displayed a particular genius for leading armies of irregulars^[55]
• Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63 BC–12 BC), Roman statesman and general; he was long honored by the Roman military as the inventor of the Harpax

Roman Catholic Church

• Pope Adrian I (c. 700–795), pope from 772 to 795; his pontificate was unequalled in length by that of any successor of Saint Peter until a thousand years later
• Pope Agapetus I (... – 536), of noble birth, he was an archdeacon at the time of his election (May 13, 535)^[56]
• Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105–1181), Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is remembered for the long-standing dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I
• Ambrose (337 or 340–397), bishop of Milan; one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century; he was also the teacher of Saint Augustine
• Augustine of Canterbury (... – 604), Benedictine monk and the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He is considered the "Apostle to the English" and a founder of the English Church
• Benedict of Nursia (c. 480 – c. 547), father of Western monasticism; the rule that he established became the norm for monastic living throughout Europe^[57]
• Pope Benedict V (... – 966), pope, or antipope, from May 22, 964, to June 23, 964, when he was deposed
• Pope Boniface VIII (c. 1235–1303), issued in 1302, the famous bull Unam sanctam (pushing papal supremacy to its historical extreme)
• Pope Celestine I (... – 432), pope from 422 to 432
• Pope Celestine V (1215–1296), pope from July 5 to Dec. 13, 1294, the first pontiff to abdicate. He founded the Celestine order^[58]
• Peter Damian (c. 1007–1072), cardinal and Doctor of the Church. He was an original leader and a forceful figure in the Gregorian Reform movement
• Pope Gregory I (c. 540–604), founder" of the medieval papacy, which exercised both secular and spiritual power;^[59] he is considered one of the great Latin Fathers of the Church
• Pope Gregory II (669–731), greatly encouraged the Christianizing of Germany by SS; the Donation of Sutri (728) is considered the constitutive act of the Papal States
• Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015/1028–1085), one of the great reforming popes; best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy
• John Gualbert (985 or 995 – 1073), Roman Catholic saint. The founder of the Vallumbrosan Order
• Pope Honorius I (... – 638), pope from 625 to 638 whose posthumous condemnation as a heretic subsequently caused extensive controversy on the question of papal infallibility^[60]
• Pope Honorius III (... – 1227), often considered one of the great administrators in papal history^[61]
• Pope Innocent III (1160–1216), during his reign, the papacy was at the height of its powers
• Pope John II (... – 535), pope from 533 to 535. He was the first pontiff to change his original name, which he considered pagan, assuming the name of the martyred Saint John I (523–526)^[62]
• Pope John VIII (... – ...), often considered one of the ablest pontiffs of the ninth century
• Pope John XIX (... – 1032), pope from 1024 to 1032
• Pope Leo I (c. 400–461), pope from 440 to 461, master exponent of papal supremacy^[63]
• Pope Leo III (750–816), known for crowning Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor
• Pope Liberius (... – 366), pope from 352 to 366
• Matilda of Tuscany (1046–1115), noblewoman. She was a strong supporter of the papacy during the Investiture Controversy
• Pope Nicholas I (c. 800–867), pope from 858 to 867, master theorist of papal power, considered to have been the most forceful of the early medieval pontiffs^[64]
• Paulinus of Nola (353–431), bishop of Nola and one of the most important Christian Latin poets of his time. He is also the inventor of church bells
• Romuald (c. 950–1025/1027), Christian ascetic who founded the Camaldolese Benedictines (Hermits)
• Pope Sergius I (... – 701), pope from 687 to 701, one of the most important 7th-century pontiffs^[65]
• Pope Stephen II (715–757), pope from 752 to 757. He severed ties with the Byzantine Empire and thus became the first temporal sovereign of the newly founded Papal States^[66]
• Pope Sylvester I (... – 335), one of the most illustrious popes of his age; after his death, became a major figure of legend
• Pope Symmachus (... – 514), pope from 498 to 514

Renaissance

• Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (1510–1537), the first duke of Florence (1532–37)^[67]
• Catherine de' Medici (1519–1589), Queen of France
• Cosimo de' Medici (1389–1464), founder of the Medici political dynasty
• Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1519–1574), second duke of Florence (1537–74) and first grand duke of Tuscany (1569–74)^[68]
• Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1549–1609), grand duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609
• Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1541–1587), second grand duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1574 to 1587
• Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360–1429), restored the family fortune and made the Medici family the wealthiest in Europe
• Lorenzo de' Medici (1449–1492), leader of Florence during the Golden Age of the Renaissance; patron of arts and letters, the most brilliant of the Medici
• Marie de' Medici (1575–1642), Queen and Regent of France who was a harsh opponent of Protestantism in France
• Salvestro de' Medici (1331–1388), former Gonfaloniere and Provost of the city of Florence
• Pope Clement VII (Giulio de’ Medici) (1478–1534), pope from 1523 to 1534; it was Pope Clement who excommunicated Henry VIII of England
• Pope Leo X (Giovanni de' Medici) (1475–1521), a Cardinal-Deacon from the age of 13
• Pope Leo XI (Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici) (1535–1605), pope from April 1–27, 1605^[69]

• Cesare Borgia (1475/1476–1507), Spanish-Italian condottiero, nobleman, politician, and cardinal. Powerful lord, and a leading figure in the politics of his era
• Bartolomeo Colleoni (1400–1475), condottiere, at various times in Venetian and Milanese service and from 1454 general in chief of the Republic of Venice for life
• Andrea Doria (1466–1560), condottiere, and admiral who was the foremost naval leader of his time^[70]
• Erasmo of Narni (1370–1443, known as Gattamelata), who served Florence, Venice and the pope before becoming dictator of Padua
• Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194–1250), King of Sicily and promoter of Sicilian culture and political power; expanded domain into much of Italy^[71]
• Federico da Montefeltro (1422–1482), lord of Urbino from 1444 (as Duke from 1474) until his death. He is widely regarded as one of the most successful condottieri of his time
• Giovanni dalle Bande Nere (1498–1526), the most noted soldier of all the Medici
• Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (1417–1468), condottiero and nobleman. He was widely considered by his contemporaries as one of the most daring military leaders in Italy
• Niccolò Piccinino (1386–1444), soldier of fortune who played an important role in the 15th-century wars of the Visconti of Milan against Venice, Florence, and the pope
• Francesco I Sforza (1401–1466), condottiere who played a crucial role in 15th-century Italian politics
• Muzio Sforza (1369–1424), soldier of fortune who played an important role in the wars of his period and whose son Francesco became duke of Milan
• Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1440/1441–1518), aristocrat and condottiero who served as a military captain under Galeazzo, later became the grand Marshal of France

Domination by other countries

• Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (1562–1630), skilled soldier and shrewd politician. He was nicknamed Testa d'feu ("Head of Fire") for his rashness and military attitudes
• Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi (1738–1808), general in the service of the Austrian army
• Torquato Conti (1591–1636), military commander who served as a General-Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War
• Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736), general in the service of the Austrian Holy Roman emperor, made his name as one of the greatest soldiers of his generation^[72]
• Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma (1545–1592), revitalized Spanish rule in the southern provinces of the Netherlands (modern Belgium and Luxembourg)
• Pietro Micca (1677–1706), the miner who at the sacrifice of his own life saved the citadel of Turin (1706) from French troops
• Raimondo Montecuccoli (1609–1680), field marshal and military reformer. In the service of the Habsburgs, he took part in the Thirty Years' War
• Ottavio Piccolomini (1599–1656), general and diplomat in the service of the House of Habsburg during the Thirty Years' War
• Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases (1569–1630), general and master of siege warfare in the service of Spain
• Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia (1666–1732), King of Sicily (1713–1720) and of Sardinia (1720–1730). He established the foundation for the future Italian national state

1861 to the rise of Fascism

• Pietro Badoglio (1871–1956), general and statesman during the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini
• Italo Balbo (1896–1940), airman and fascist leader who played a decisive role in developing Benito Mussolini’s air force^[73]
• Cesare Battisti (1875–1916), politician
• Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (1810–1861), politician, leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification
• Francesco Crispi (1819–1901), statesman who, after being exiled from Naples and Sardinia-Piedmont for revolutionary activities, eventually became premier of a united Italy^[74]
• Salvo D'Acquisto (1920–1943), member of the Italian Carabinieri, awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor in memory of his heroism
• Armando Diaz (1861–1928), general and a Marshal of Italy
• Giulio Douhet (1869–1930), military, the first to envision the true potential of airpower and strategic bombardment
• Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882), patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento; contributed to the achievement of Italian unification under the royal House of Savoy
• Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928), statesman and five times prime minister under whose leadership Italy prospered
• Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937), intellectual and politician, a founder of the Italian Communist Party whose ideas greatly influenced Italian communism^[75]
• Giacomo Matteotti (1885–1924), socialist politician. He strongly denounced the National Fascist Party. Two weeks after his speech, he was kidnapped and murdered by fascists
• Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872), propagandist and revolutionary; a champion of the movement for Italian unity known as the Risorgimento
• Benito Mussolini (1883–1945), prime minister (1922–43) and the first of 20th-century Europe’s fascist dictators^[76]
• Carlo Rosselli (1899–1937), political leader, journalist, and historian. He was committed to the anti-fascist struggle in Italy and in the Spanish Civil War
• Enrico Toti (1882–1916), deportist, patriot and hero of World War I
• Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820–1878), king of Sardinia–Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy^[77]
• Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1869–1947), king of Italy whose reign brought the end of the Italian monarchy^[78]

Italian republic

• Giulio Andreotti (born 1919), Christian Democratic politician who was several times prime minister of Italy in the period from 1972 to 1992^[79]
• Enrico Berlinguer (1922–1984), secretary-general of the Italian Communist Party from March 1972 until his death
• Silvio Berlusconi (born 1936), media tycoon who served three times as prime minister of Italy (1994; 2001–06; 2008–11)^[80]
• Umberto Bossi (born 1941), politician who was leader (1991– ) of the Lega Nord party^[81]
• Bettino Craxi (1934–2000), politician who became his nation’s first Socialist prime minister (1983–87)^[82]
• Alcide De Gasperi (1881–1954), statesman and politician, considered to be one of the Founding fathers of the European Union
• Enrico De Nicola (1877–1959), politician, the first provisional Head of State of the newborn republic of Italy from 1946 to 1948
• Antonio Di Pietro (born 1950), jurist and politician who uncovered a wide-ranging government corruption scandal
• Luigi Einaudi (1874–1961), economist and statesman, the first president (1948–55) of the Republic of Italy^[83]
• Nilde Iotti (1920–1999), politician
• Aldo Moro (1916–1978), leader of the Christian Democratic Party, who served five times as premier of Italy. In 1978 he was kidnapped and subsequently murdered by left-wing terrorists^[84]
• Romano Prodi (born 1939), politician who was twice prime minister of Italy (1996–98; 2006–08) and who served as president of the European Commission (1999–2004)^[85]
• Antonio Segni (1891–1972), statesman, twice premier (1955–57, 1959–60), and fourth president (1962–64) of Italy
• Luigi Sturzo (1871–1959), priest, public official, and political organizer who founded a party that was a forerunner of the Italian Christian Democrat movement^[86]
• Palmiro Togliatti (1893–1964), politician who led the Italian Communist Party for nearly 40 years and made it the largest in western Europe^[87]

Painters

Ancient Rome

• Amulius (1st cent. AD), Roman painter. One of the principal painters of the Domus Aurea
• Furius Dionysius Philocalus (4th cent. AD), Roman chronograph and painter
• Pacuvius (220 BC–130 BC), Roman writer and painter
• Studius (1st cent. BC and 1st cent. AD), Roman painter of the Augustan period

Middle Ages

• Altichiero (c. 1330 – c. 1390), painter who was the effective founder of the Veronese school and perhaps the most significant northern Italian artist of the 14th century^[88]
• Bonaventura Berlinghieri (fl. 1235–1244), painter of the Gothic period. His most celebrated work is St. Francis of Assisi (1235); one of the earliest icons of the Saint
• Pietro Cavallini (c. 1250 – c. 1330), painter and mosaicist. His surviving works are frescoes in Santa Cecilia in Trastevere and in Santa Maria Donna Regina Vecchia
• Cimabue (before 1251–1302), painter and mosaicist. Among his works may be cited the Sta. Trinità Madonna (c. 1290) and the Madonna Enthroned with St. Francis (c. 1290–95)
• Coppo di Marcovaldo (fl. 1260–1276), painter, one of the earliest about whom there is a body of documented knowledge. His one signed work is the Madonna del Bordone (1261)
• Bernardo Daddi (c. 1280–1348), painter, the outstanding painter in Florence in the period after the death of Giotto (who was possibly his teacher)^[89]
• Duccio (fl. 1278–1319), painter. Founder of the Sienese school. His most celebrated work is a large altar called the Maestà (1308–1311) in the Siena cathedral
• Taddeo Gaddi (c. 1300–1366), painter and architect. His best-known work is the fresco series Life of the Virgin (completed in 1338)
• Giottino (fl. 1324–1369), painter of the school of Giotto. He has been credited with frescoes in Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence, and in the Lower Church of St. Francis in Assisi
• Giotto di Bondone (1266/7–1337), painter, the first of the great Italian masters.^[90] His work includes cycles of frescoes in Assisi, the Arena Chapel in Padua and the Church of Santa Croce
• Guido of Siena (13th cent.), painter. One of the innovators in Italian art after the dominance of the Byzantine style
• Ambrogio Lorenzetti (c. 1290–1348), painter of the Sienese school. His greatest achievement is the cycle of frescoes (1337–39) in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena
• Pietro Lorenzetti (c. 1280–1348), painter of the Sienese school. His Nativity of the Virgin (c. 1335-1342), is notable for his handling of perspective
• Simone Martini (c.  1284–1344), painter, important exponent of Gothic art. Among his works may be cited the Maestà fresco (1315) and Annunciation and two Saints (1333)
• Lippo Memmi (c. 1291–1356), painter from Siena. One of the artists who worked at the Orvieto Cathedral, for which he finished the Madonna dei Raccomandati (c. 1320)
• Orcagna (c. 1308–1368), painter, sculptor and architect. He was one of the leading artists of his day^[91]
• Paolo Veneziano (fl. 1333–1358), painter and possibly illuminator. He was by far the most prolific and influential Venetian painter of the early 14th century^[92]
• Giunta Pisano (fl. 1236–1255),^[93] painter. Three large Crucifixions are ascribed to the same master, whose signature can be traced on them
• Jacopo Torriti (fl. 1270–1300), painter and mosaicist. His work is now known only from two highly prominent signed apse mosaics in the basilicas of St. John Lateran and Santa Maria Maggiore

Renaissance and Mannerism

• Mariotto Albertinelli (1474–1515), painter. His best-known works are The Visitation (1503) and The Annunciation (1510)
• Alessandro Allori (1535–1607), painter. His varied output included altarpieces, portraits, and tapestry designs. The Pearl Fishing (1570–1572) is generally considered his masterpiece
• Andrea del Castagno (c. 1421–1457), painter, leading artist in the early Florentine Renaissance. In 1447 he began his greatest work, a series of monumental frescoes depicting the Last Supper
• Andrea del Sarto (1486–1530), painter. His most striking among other well-known works is the series of frescoes on the life of St. John the Baptist in the Chiostro dello Scalzo (c. 1515–1526)
• Andrea del Verrocchio (c. 1435–1488), sculptor and painter. Among his principal paintings are Baptism of Christ (1472–1475) and several versions of the Madonna and Child
• Sofonisba Anguissola (c. 1535–1625), painter, mainly of portraits, the first woman artist to win international renown^[94]
• Antonello da Messina (c. 1430–1479), painter. He was the greatest Sicilian artist of the 15th century and the only one to achieve international renown. His major works were altarpieces and portraits
• Antonio da Correggio (1489–1534), painter. His best-known works are the frescoes in the domes of San Giovanni Evangelista and the Cathedral of Parma, where he worked from 1520 to 1530
• Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1527–1593), painter, famous for his allegorical or symbolical compositions in which he arranged objects such as fruits and vegetables into the form of the human face
• Alesso Baldovinetti (1425–1499), painter. He contributed importantly to the fledgling art of landscape painting^[95]
• Jacopo de' Barbari (c. 1440 – before 1516), painter and printmaker. His few surviving paintings (about twelve) include the first known example of trompe-l'œil since antiquity
• Federico Barocci (c. 1526–1612), leading painter of the central Italian school in the last decades of the 16th century and an important precursor of the Baroque style
• Jacopo Bassano (c. 1510–1592), painter of the Venetian school, known for his religious paintings, lush landscapes, and scenes of everyday life
• Domenico di Pace Beccafumi (1486–1551), painter, sculptor, draughtsman, printmaker and illuminator. He was one of the protagonists of Tuscan Mannerism^[96]
• Gentile Bellini (c. 1429–1507), painter, member of the founding family of the Venetian school of Renaissance painting, best known for his portraiture and his scenes of Venice
• Giovanni Bellini (c. 1430–1516), painter. Among his works may be cited St. Francis in Ecstasy (c. 1480) and Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan (1501)
• Jacopo Bellini (c. 1400 – c. 1470), painter who introduced the principles of Florentine early Renaissance art into Venice^[97]
• Ambrogio Bergognone (c. 1470–1523/1524), painter. His most important works are the frescoes in the Certosa di Pavia
• Boccaccio Boccaccino (c. 1467 – c. 1525), painter. His most impressive work is the fresco cycle of the Life of the Virgin along the nave in the cathedral at Cremona
• Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio (1466/1467–1516), painter. He was a pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, whose style he adhered to faithfully
• Paris Bordone (1500–1571), painter of religious, mythological, and anecdotal subjects. He is perhaps best known for his striking sexualized paintings of women
• Sandro Botticelli (c. 1445–1510), painter of the Florentine school. The Primavera (c. 1482) and The Birth of Venus (c. 1486) rank now among the most familiar masterpieces of Florentine art
• Francesco Botticini (1446–1498), painter profoundly influenced by Castagno; worked under and was formed by Cosimo Rosselli and Verrocchio
• Bramantino (c. 1456 – c. 1530), painter and architect, a follower of Bramante, from whom he takes his nickname
• Bronzino (1503–1572), painter. He is noted chiefly for his stylized portraits. Of his religious works, Deposition of Christ (1540–1545) is the most famous
• Luca Cambiasi (1527–1585), painter and draughtsman. He was the outstanding Genoese painter of the 16th century
• Vittore Carpaccio (c. 1460–1525/1526), painter active in Venice. Among his best paintings are the cycle depicting the life of Saint Ursula and the Saint George series
• Cennino Cennini (c. 1370 – c. 1440), painter. He is best known for writing Il libro dell'arte (1437), the most informative source on the methods, techniques, and attitudes of medieval artists^[98]
• Cigoli (1559–1613), painter, draughtsman, architect and scenographer. He was one of the most influential artists in 17th-century Florence^[99]
• Cima da Conegliano (c. 1459 – c. 1517), painter of the Venetian school whose style was marked by its use of landscape and by airy, luminous colour
• Niccolò Antonio Colantonio (fl. 1440–1470), painter, based in Naples, where he painted religious paintings in a style marked by Flemish influence
• Francesco del Cossa (c. 1430 – c. 1477), painter of the Ferrarese school. The his best-known work are the frescoes in the Palazzo Schifanoia at Ferrara (probably commissioned in 1469)
• Lorenzo Costa (1460–1535), painter of the Ferrarese and Bolognese schools. He is most well known for his painting the Madonna and Child with the Bentivoglio family (1483)
• Carlo Crivelli (c. 1435 – c. 1495), painter. All his works were of religious subjects, done in an elaborate, old-fashioned style reminiscent of the linearism of Andrea Mantegna
• Daniele da Volterra (c. 1509–1566), painter and sculptor, noted for his finely drawn, highly idealized figures done in the style of Michelangelo
• Ercole de' Roberti (c. 1451–1496), painter. His dynamic figurative compositions are marked by an exceptional intensity of feeling
• Francesco de' Rossi (1510–1563), painter and designer, one of the leading Mannerist fresco painters of the Florentine-Roman school^[100]
• Niccolò dell'Abbate (1509 or 1512–1571), painter and decorator. He is credited with introducing landscape painting in France
• Dosso Dossi (c. 1490–1542), painter and leader of the Ferrarese school in the 16th century^[101]
• Gaudenzio Ferrari (c. 1471–1546), painter and sculptor, one of the leading representatives of the Lombard school
• Rosso Fiorentino (1494–1540), painter. His masterpiece is generally considered to be the Deposition or Descent from the Cross altarpiece in the Pinacoteca Comunale di Volterra
• Lavinia Fontana (1552–1614), painter. She was one of the first women painters in European history to have enjoyed professional success^[102]
• Prospero Fontana (1512–1597), painter, father of Lavinia Fontana. One of the leading painters in Bologna
• Vincenzo Foppa (c. 1430 – c. 1515), painter, leading figure in 15th-century Lombard art^[103]
• Fra Angelico (c. 1395–1455), painter. His most notable works are frescoes at the monastery of San Marco, Florence, and in the chapel of Pope Nicholas V in the Vatican
• Fra Bartolomeo (1472–1517), painter, a leading figure of the High Renaissance. Noted for his austere religious works
• Franciabigio (1482–1525), painter, best known for his portraits and religious paintings
• Agnolo Gaddi (c. 1350–1396), painter. He was an influential and prolific artist who was the last major Florentine painter stylistically descended from Giotto^[104]
• Fede Galizia (1578–1630), painter, one of the earliest still life painters in Italy, who was also known for miniature portraits, landscapes, and religious subjects
• Gentile da Fabriano (c. 1370–1427), painter, one of the outstanding exponents of the elegant international Gothic style^[105]
• Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449–1494), painter. His most famous achievement is his fresco cycle of the life of Mary and St. John the Baptist for the choir of Santa Maria Novella (1485–1490)
• Ridolfo Ghirlandaio (1483–1561), painter. He was the son of Domenico Ghirlandaio, and was trained in his father's workshop
• Giorgione (c. 1477/8–1510), painter of the Venetian school. The his The Tempest (c. 1508), a milestone in Renaissance landscape painting
• Giovanni da Udine (1487–1564), painter and architect. A pupil of Raphael and one of his assistants in painting the frescoes of the Vatican
• Giovanni di Paolo (c. 1403–1482), painter. One of the most attractive and idiosyncratic painters of the Sienese School
• Stefano di Giovanni (c. 1400–1450), painter of the Sienese school, is noted for the gentle piety of his art
• Benozzo Gozzoli (c. 1421–1497), painter. He is famous for his numerous frescos, such as The Journey of the Magi to Bethlehem (1459–1461) in the Medici Palace, Florence
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer and scientist. The supreme example of Renaissance genius. Author of Mona Lisa (c. 1503–1506)
• Filippino Lippi (c. 1457–1504), painter. His most popular painting is the Apparition of the Virgin to St. Bernard altarpiece (1480)
• Filippo Lippi (c. 1406–1469), painter. His finest fresco cycle is in Prato cathedral and depicts the lives of St. Stephen and St. John the Baptist
• Gian Paolo Lomazzo (1538–1592), painter. His first work, Trattato dell'arte della pittura, scoltura et architettura (1584) is in part a guide to contemporary concepts of decorum
• Lorenzo di Credi (1459–1537), painter and sculptor. Examples of his art are the Madonna with Child and Two Saints and Adoration
• Lorenzo Monaco (c. 1370 – c. 1425), painter, one of the leading artists in Florence at the beginning of the 15th century^[106]
• Lorenzo Lotto (c. 1480–1556), painter known for his perceptive portraits and mystical paintings of religious subjects
• Bernardino Luini (c. 1480/1482–1532), painter, best known for his mythological and religious frescoes
• Andrea Mantegna (c. 1431–1506), painter. His most important works were nine tempera pictures of Triumph of Caesar (c. 1486) and his decoration of the ceiling of the Camera degli Sposi
• Masaccio (1401–1428), painter. The his most famous works are the frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel and in the church of Santa Maria del Carmine, in Florence
• Masolino da Panicale (c. 1383 – c. 1447), painter of the Florentine school. He collaborated with Masaccio, in a cycle of frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel in Santa Maria del Carmine, in Florence
• Melozzo da Forlì (c. 1438–1494), painter of the Umbrian school. One of the great fresco artists of the 15th century
• Michelangelo (1475–1564), sculptor, painter, architect and poet who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.^[107] Author of The Creation of Adam (c. 1511)
• Moretto da Brescia (c. 1498–1554), painter. Together with Romanino and Girolamo Savoldo, he was one of the most distinguished painters of Brescia of the 16th century^[108]
• Giovanni Battista Moroni (c. 1520/1524–1578), painter. He became notable for his sober and dignified portraits
• Palma Giovane (1548/1550–1628), painter. The leading Venetian painter and draftsman of the late 16th and early 17th centuries
• Palma Vecchio (c. 1480–1528), painter of the High Renaissance, noted for the craftsmanship of his religious and mythological works
• Parmigianino (1503–1540), painter, one of the first artists to develop the elegant and sophisticated version of Mannerist style
• Perino del Vaga (1501–1547), painter. A pupil and assistant of Raphael Sanzio in Rome, he carried out decorations in the Logge of the Vatican from Raphael's designs
• Francesco Pesellino (1422–1457), painter of the Florentine school who excelled in the execution of small-scale paintings
• Piero della Francesca (c. 1415–1492), painter and mathematician. His most famous cycle, The History of the True Cross (1452–1466), depicts scenes from the Golden Legend
• Piero di Cosimo (1462–1521), painter noted for his eccentric character and his fanciful mythological paintings^[109]
• Pietro Perugino (1446–1524), painter. One of his most famous masterpieces is The Delivery of the Keys (1481–1482), in the Sistine Chapel
• Pinturicchio (1454–1513), painter, known for his highly decorative frescoes. His most elaborate project was the decoration of the Cathedral of Siena
• Pisanello (c. 1395–1455), medalist and painter. He is regarded as the foremost exponent of the International Gothic style in Italian painting^[110]
• Polidoro da Caravaggio (c. 1499–1543), painter. One of the most original and innovative artists of the mid-16th century^[111]
• Antonio del Pollaiolo (1429/1433–1498), painter, sculptor, goldsmith, and engraver, was a master of anatomical rendering and excelled in action subjects, notably mythologies
• Pontormo (1494–1557), painter. He is thought to have painted Vertumnus and Pomona (1520–1521), which shows qualities characteristic of mannerism
• Il Pordenone (c. 1484–1539), painter chiefly known for his frescoes of religious subjects
• Francesco Primaticcio (1504–1570), painter, architect, sculptor, and leader of the first school of Fontainebleau^[112]
• Francesco Raibolini (c. 1450–1517), painter, goldsmith and medallist. His major surviving paintings are altarpieces, mostly images of the Virgin and saints
• Raphael (1483–1520), painter and architect. The artist who most completely expresses the ideals of the High Renaissance. He is best known for his Madonnas
• Giulio Romano (c. 1499–1546), painter and architect. Well-known oils include The Stoning of St. Stephen (Church of Santo Stefano, Genoa) and Adoration of the Magi (Louvre)
• Cosimo Rosselli (1439–1507), painter. Of his many works in Florence the most famous is The Miracle-working Chalice in Sant' Ambrogio, a work that includes many contemporary portraits^[113]
• Andrea Schiavone (c. 1510/15–1563), painter and etcher. His most characteristic works were fairly small religious or mythological pictures for private patrons
• Sebastiano del Piombo (c. 1485–1547), painter of the Venetian School. Some of his best works are his portraits, including his portrayal of Pope Clement VII (1526)
• Luca Signorelli (c. 1445–1523), painter, best known for his nudes and for his novel compositional devices. His masterpiece is the fresco cycle in Orvieto Cathedral
• Il Sodoma (1477–1549), painter. He was one of the best pupils of Leonardo da Vinci, a master of the human figure
• Francesco Squarcione (c. 1395 – after 1468), painter who founded the Paduan school and is known for being the teacher of Andrea Mantegna and other noteworthy painters^[114]
• Taddeo di Bartolo (c. 1362–1422), painter. He was the leading painter in Siena in the first two decades of the 15th century and also worked in and for other cities^[115]
• Antonio Tempesta (1555–1630), painter and engraver from Florence who specialised in pastoral scenes
• Pellegrino Tibaldi (1527–1596), painter, sculptor, and architect who spread the style of Italian Mannerist painting in Spain during the late 16th century^[116]
• Tintoretto (1518–1594), painter of the Venetian school. One of the most important artists of the late Renaissance. His works include St. George and the Dragon (1555)
• Titian (c. 1488/1490–1576), painter of the Venetian school, noted for his religious and mythological works, such as Bacchus and Ariadne (1520–1523), and his portraits
• Cosimo Tura (c. 1430–1495), painter who was the founder and the first significant figure of the 15th-century school of Ferrara^[117]
• Paolo Uccello (1397–1475), painter. His three panels depicting The Battle of San Romano (1438), combine the decorative late Gothic style with the new heroic style of the early Renaissance
• Bartolomeo Veneto (fl. 1502–1546), painter who worked in Northern Italy in an area bounded by Venice and Milan
• Domenico Veneziano (c. 1410–1461), painter. In Florence he created his most celebrated work, the St. Lucy Altarpiece (c. 1445–1447)
• Paolo Veronese (1528–1588), painter of the Venetian school, famous for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana (1563) and The Feast in the House of Levi (1573)
• Alvise Vivarini (1442/1453–1503/1505), painter in the late Gothic style whose father, Antonio, was the founder of the influential Vivarini family of Venetian artists
• Bartolomeo Vivarini (c. 1432 – c. 1499), painter and member of the influential Vivarini family of Venetian artists
• Federico Zuccari (c. 1540/1541–1609), painter and architect. He was the author of L'idea de' Pittori, Scultori, ed Architetti (1607)
• Taddeo Zuccari (1529–1566), painter. One of the most popular members of the Roman mannerist school

Baroque and Rococo

• Francesco Albani (1578–1660), painter. His best-known paintings are of mythological and poetic subjects
• Cristofano Allori (1577–1621), painter. He became one of the foremost Florentine artists of the early Baroque period, also winning renown as a courtier, poet, musician and lover^[118]
• Jacopo Amigoni (1682–1752), painter and etcher. His oeuvre includes decorative frescoes for churches and palaces, history and mythological paintings and a few etchings
• Marcello Bacciarelli (1731–1818), painter working at the royal court in Warsaw, who captured seminal moments in Polish history on canvas
• Sisto Badalocchio (1585 – c. 1647), painter and engraver. His most important work are the frescoes in the cupola and pendentives of St. John the Baptist (Reggio Emilia)^[119]
• Pompeo Batoni (1708–1787), painter. In his day he was the most celebrated painter in Rome and one of the most famous in Europe
• Bernardo Bellotto (1720–1780), painter of topographical views, known as vedute ("view paintings")
• Guido Cagnacci (1601–1663), painter. Particularly noteworthy are his altarpieces of the Virgin and Child with Three Carmelite Saints (c. 1631) and Christ with Saints Joseph and Eligius (1635)
• Canaletto (1697–1768), painter and etcher, noted particularly for his highly detailed paintings of cities, esp Venice, which are marked by strong contrasts of light and shade
• Battistello Caracciolo (1578–1635), painter. He was one of the greatest Caravaggesque painters and the founder of Neapolitan Caravaggism^[120]
• Caravaggio (1571–1610), painter of the baroque whose influential works, such as The Entombment of Christ (1602–1603), are marked by intense realism and revolutionary use of light
• Annibale Carracci (1560–1609), painter. Well known among his numerous works are The Beaneater (1580–1590), The Choice of Hercules (1596) and Domine quo vadis? (c. 1603)
• Ludovico Carracci (1555–1619), painter, draughtsman and etcher born in Bologna
• Rosalba Carriera (1675–1757), portrait painter and miniaturist, an originator of the Rococo style in France and Italy. She is best known for her work in pastels^[121]
• Giuseppe Crespi (1665–1747), painter of the Bolognese school. His best-known works are the imposing paintings of the Seven Sacraments (1712)
• Carlo Dolci (1616–1686), painter. The major Florentine painter of the 17th century. Among his best-known paintings are the heads and half-figures of Jesus and the Mater Dolorosa
• Domenichino (1581–1641), painter of the baroque eclectic school who is noted for his religious and mythological works, including several frescoes of Saint Cecilia
• Domenico Fetti (c. 1589–1623), painter whose best-known works are small representations of biblical parables
• Giovanni Battista Gaulli (1639–1709), painter. He was a celebrated artist of the Roman High Baroque. Worship of the Holy Name of Jesus (1674–1679) is his most noted work
• Artemisia Gentileschi (1593–1653), painter. Among her works may be cited Susanna and the Elders (1610) and Judith Slaying Holofernes (1614–1620)
• Orazio Gentileschi (1563–1639), painter. The Annunciation (1623), painted in Genoa and now in the Galleria Sabauda of Turin, is considered by several authorities his masterpiece
• Luca Giordano (1634–1705), painter, the most important Italian decorative artist of the second half of the 17th century
• Francesco Guardi (1712–1793), painter, a follower of Canaletto. His many charming landscapes are in the galleries of London, Paris, Venice and Boston
• Guercino (1591–1666), painter. Extremely skillful, prolific, and quick to finish his work, he was known for his frescoes, altarpieces, oils, and drawings
• Giovanni Lanfranco (1582–1647), painter, one of the foremost artists of the High Baroque. His masterpiece is the Assumption of the Virgin in the dome of Sant'Andrea della Valle (1625–1627)
• Pietro Longhi (1702–1785), painter. He is best known for his small pictures depicting the life of upper-middle-class Venetians of his day
• Alessandro Magnasco (1667–1749), painter. He is best known for his scenes of disembodied, flamelike figures in stormy landscapes or cavernousinteriors
• Bartolomeo Manfredi (1582–1622), painter, active mainly in Rome, where he was one of the most important of Caravaggio's followers
• Carlo Maratta (1625–1713), painter and engraver of the Roman school; one of the last great masters of Baroque classicism
• Pietro Novelli (1603–1647), painter. Probably the most distinguished Sicilian painter of the 17th century^[122]
• Giovanni Paolo Panini (1691–1765), the foremost painter of Roman topography in the 18th century^[123]
• Giovanni Battista Piazzetta (1682–1754), painter, illustrator and designer. His most popular work is the celebrated Fortune Teller (1740)
• Andrea Pozzo (1642–1709), painter, a leading exponent of the baroque style. His masterpiece is the nave ceiling of the Church of Sant'Ignazio in Rome
• Mattia Preti (1613–1699), painter, called Il Calabrese for his birthplace. His most substantial undertaking was the decoration of St. John's, Valletta
• Guido Reni (1575–1642), painter noted for the classical idealism of his renderings of mythological and religious subjects
• Sebastiano Ricci (1659–1734), painter. He is remembered for his decorative paintings, which mark the transition between the late Baroque and the development of the Rococo style
• Salvator Rosa (1615–1673), painter, etcher and poet. He is best known for his spirited battle pieces painted in the style of Falcone, for his marines, and especially for his landscapes
• Francesco Solimena (1657–1747), painter. The leading artist of the Neapolitan Baroque during the first half of the 18th century^[124]
• Massimo Stanzione (c. 1586 – c. 1656), painter. His style has a distinctive refinement and grace that has earned him the nickname "the Neapolitan Guido Reni."^[125]
• Bernardo Strozzi (c. 1581–1644), painter. He is considered one of the greatest of the generation of early 17th-century Italian painters
• Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696–1770), painter. His frescoes in the Palazzo Labia and the doge's palace won him international fame
• Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo (1727–1804), painter and printmaker. His most notable early works are the chinoiserie decorations of the Villa Valmarana in Vicenza (1757)

The 1800s

• Giuseppe Abbati (1836–1868), painter of the macchiaioli group
• Andrea Appiani (1754–1817), painter active in Milan and a court painter of Napoleon; the best fresco painter of his age^[126]
• Giovanni Boldini (1842–1931), painter, one of the most renowned society portraitists of his day. He worked mainly in Paris, where he settled in 1872
• Constantino Brumidi (1805–1880), Italian-American painter, whose best-known works are his frescoes in the Capitol building, Washington, D.C.
• Vincenzo Camuccini (1771–1844), painter. His many drawings reveal a fluid technique and lively artistic imagination
• Antonio Ciseri (1821–1891), painter of religious subjects
• Giuseppe De Nittis (1846–1884), painter, mainly of landscapes and scenes of city life
• Giacomo Di Chirico (1844–1883), painter. One of the most elite Neapolitan artists of the 19th century
• Giovanni Fattori (1825–1908), painter; leading figure of the macchiaioli school
• Francesco Hayez (1791–1882), painter, the leading artist of Romanticism in mid-19th-century Milan. His masterpiece is The Kiss (1859)
• Cesare Maccari (1840–1919), painter and sculptor, most famous for his fresco at Palazzo Madama portraying Cicero revealing Catilina's plot (1888)
• Giovanni Segantini (1858–1899), painter known for his Alpine landscapes and allegorical pictures, which blended Symbolist content with the technique of Neo-Impressionism

The 1900s

• Pietro Annigoni (1910–1988), painter (and occasional sculptor), the only artist of his time to become internationally famous as a society and state portraitist^[127]
• Giacomo Balla (1871–1958), painter, sculptor, stage designer, decorative artist and actor. He was one of the originators of Futurism
• Umberto Boccioni (1882–1916), painter, sculptor and theorist. His painting The City Rises (1910) is a dynamic composition of swirling human figures in a fragmented crowd scene
• Alberto Burri (1915–1995), painter and sculptor. He was one of the first artists to exploit the evocative force of waste materials, looking forward to Trash art in America and Arte Povera in Italy
• Carlo Carrà (1881–1966), painter. He is best known for his still lifes in the style of Metaphysical painting
• Francesco Clemente (born 1952), painter and draftsman whose dramatic figural imagery was a major component in the revitalization of Italian art beginning in the 1980s
• Enzo Cucchi (born 1949), painter, draughtsman and sculptor. He was a key member of the Italian Transavantgarde movement
• Giorgio de Chirico (1888–1978), painter. He founded the scuola metafisica art movement. Guillaume Apollinaire called him the most astonishing painter of his time."^[128]
• Lucio Fontana (1899–1968), painter, sculptor and theorist, founder of Spatialism, noted for gashed monochrome paintings
• Renato Guttuso (1911–1987), painter. He was a forceful personality and Italy's leading exponent of Social realism in the 20th century
• Piero Manzoni (1933–1963), artist. He is regarded as one of the forerunners of Arte Povera and Conceptual art
• Amedeo Modigliani (1884–1920), painter and sculptor whose portraits and nudes, characterized by asymmetrical compositions, are among the most important portraits of the 20th century^[129]
• Giorgio Morandi (1890–1964), painter and etcher. He is widely acknowledged as a major Italian painter of the 20th century
• Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo (1868–1907), painter. His most famous work is The Fourth Estate (1901); a symbol of the 20th century
• Luigi Russolo (1885–1947), painter. One of the five signers of the basic 1910 "Manifesto of Futurist Painting" before switching his attention to music
• Emilio Scanavino (1922–1986), painter and sculptor. One of the most important protagonists of the Spatialist movement in Italy^[130]
• Gino Severini (1883–1966), painter who synthesized the styles of Futurism and Cubism
• Mario Sironi (1885–1961), painter, sculptor, illustrator and designer. He was the leading artist of the Novecento Italiano group in the 1920s, developing a muscular, monumental figurative style

Printers

• Panfilo Castaldi (c. 1398 – c. 1490), physician and "master of the art of printing", to whom local tradition attributes the invention of moveable type
• Fortunato Felice (1723–1789), printer, publisher and scientist. Settled in Yverdon where he published a version of the Encyclopédie (1770–1780)
• Francesco Franceschi (c. 1530 – c. 1599), printer. Known for the high quality of his engravings, which were done using metal plates rather than wooden
• Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari (c. 1508–1578), bookseller, printer and editor at Venice. He was one of the first major publishers of literature in the vernacular Italian language
• Johannes Philippus de Lignamine (c. 1420 – ...), printer and publisher. He is best known for his publication of Herbarium Apuleii Platonici (1481)
• Aldus Manutius (1449–1515), printer, noted for his fine editions of the classics. Inventor of the italic type (1501) and also the first to use the semicolon
• Aldus Manutius the Younger (1547–1597), printer, last member of the Italian family of Manutius to be active in the famous Aldine Press
• Giovanni Battista Pasquali (1702–1784), printer, a leading printer in 18th century Venice
• Pietro Perna (1519–1582), printer, the leading printer of late Renaissance Basel
• Ottaviano Petrucci (1466–1539), printer. Inventor of movable metal type for printing mensural and polyphonic music
• Lawrence Torrentinus (1499–1563), typographer and printer for Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Printmakers

• Domenico Campagnola (c. 1500–1564), painter and printmaker and one of the first professional draftsmen
• Giulio Campagnola (c. 1482 – c. 1515), painter and engraver who anticipated by over two centuries the development of stipple engraving^[131]
• Agostino Carracci (1557–1602), painter and printmaker. He was the brother of the more famous Annibale and cousin of Lodovico Carracci
• Stefano della Bella (1610–1664), printmaker noted for his engravings of military events, in the manner of Jacques Callot
• Marcantonio Raimondi (c. 1480 – c. 1534), engraver, known for being the first important printmaker. He is therefore a key figure in the rise of the reproductive print
• Francesco Rosselli (1445 – before 1513), miniature painter, and an important engraver of maps and old master prints
• Ugo da Carpi (c. 1480 – between 1520 and 1532), painter and printmaker, the first Italian practitioner of the art of the chiaroscuro woodcut^[132]

Saints

• Agatha of Sicily (fl. 3rd cent. AD), legendary Christian saint, martyred under Roman Emperor Decius. She is invoked against outbreaks of fire and is the patron saint of bell makers
• Agnes of Rome (c. 291 – c. 304), legendary Christian martyr, the patron saint of girls
• Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621), theologian, cardinal, Doctor of the Church, and a principal influence in the Counter-Reformation
• Bernardine of Siena (1380–1444), preacher. He was a Franciscan of the Observant congregation and one of the most effective and most widely known preachers of his day^[133]
• Charles Borromeo (1538–1584), cardinal and archbishop. He was one of the leaders of the Counter-Reformation
• John Bosco (1815–1888), Catholic priest, pioneer in educating the poor and founder of the Salesian Order
• Catherine of Siena (1347–1380), Dominican tertiary, mystic, and patron saint of Italy who played a major role in returning the papacy from Avignon to Rome (1377)
• Saint Cecilia (2nd cent. AD), patron saint of musicians and Church music. Venerated in both East and West, she is one of the eight women commemorated by name in the Canon of the Mass
• Francis of Paola (1416–1507), mendicant friar. The founder of the Minims, a religious order in the Catholic Church
• Hippolytus of Rome (170–235), Christian martyr who was also the first antipope (217/218–235)
• Januarius (... – c. 305), Bishop and martyr, sometimes called Gennaro, long popular because of the liquefaction of his blood on his feast day
• Lawrence of Brindisi (1559–1619), Capuchin friar. He was one of the leading polemicists of the Counter-Reformation in Germany
• Saint Longinus (1st cent. AD), Roman soldier who pierced Jesus's side with a spear as he hung on the cross
• Saint Lucy (283–304), Christian martyr. She is the patron saint of the city of Syracuse (Sicily)
• Philip Neri (1515–1595), priest. The founder of the Congregation of the Oratory, a congregation of secular priests and clerics
• Pio of Pietrelcina (1887–1968), Capuchin priest. He is renowned among Roman Catholics as one of the Church's modern stigmatists
• Rita of Cascia (1381–1457), Augustinian nun
• Saint Rosalia (1130–1166), hermitess, greatly venerated at Palermo and in the whole of Sicily of which she in patroness
• Roger of Cannae (1060-1129), Bishop
• Saint Valentine (3rd cent. AD), according to tradition, he is the patron saint of courtship, travelers, and young people
• Vitus (c. 290 – c. 303), Christian saint. He is counted as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers of the Catholic Church

Scientists

• Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), linguist, mathematician and philosopher, considered to be the first woman in the Western world to have achieved a reputation in mathematics^[134]
• Adriano Aguzzi (born 1960), director of the Institute of Neuropathology at Zurich University, discovered pathogenetic mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases
• Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605), naturalist, noted for his systematic and accurate observations of animals, plants and minerals
• Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863), astronomer and microscopist. The inventor of the catadioptric microscope^[135] (presented at the Arts and Industry Exhibition in Milan in 1812)
• Antonio Amodeo (... – ...), heart surgeon, together to his team implanted the world's first completely artificial heart into a 15-year-old boy (2010)^[136]
• Giovanni Arduino (1714–1795), father of Italian geology, who established bases for stratigraphic chronology by classifying the four main layers of the Earth’s crust^[137]
• Silvano Arieti (1914–1981), psychiatrist and psychoanalyst long recognized as a leading authority on schizophrenia
• Alessandro Artom (1867–1927), physicist, specializing in radiolelegraphy. He invented the Artom system of telegraphy, and also made discoveries in dielectrics and meteorology
• Gaspare Aselli (c. 1581–1625), physician who contributed to the knowledge of the circulation of body fluids by discovering the lacteal vessels^[138]
• Roberto Assagioli (1888–1974), psychiatrist and psychologist. The founder of the healing system known as psychosynthesis
• Gjuro Baglivi (1668–1707), physician and scientist. He published the first clinical description of pulmonary edema and made classic observations on the histology and physiology of muscle
• Franco Basaglia (1924–1980), psychiatrist. He was the promoter of an important reform in the Italian mental health system, the "legge 180/78" (law number 180, year 1978)
• Agostino Bassi (1773–1856), entomologist. The first person to succeed in the experimental transmission of a contagious disease
• Laura Bassi (1711–1778), scientist who was the first woman to become a physics professor at a European university^[139]
• Catia Bastioli (born 1957), chemist, allowed the production of the first bioplastics from renewable
• Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (c. 1460 – c. 1530), physician and anatomist who was the first to describe the heart valves^[140]
• Giulio Bizzozero (1846–1901), anatomist. He is known as the original discoverer of Helicobacter pylori (1893)
• Enrico Bombieri (born 1940), mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1974 for his work in number theory
• Claudio Bordignon (born 1950), biologist, performed the first procedure of gene therapy using stem cells as gene vectors (1992)
• Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679), physiologist and physicist who was the first to explain muscular movement and other body functions according to the laws of statics and dynamics
• Enrico Bottini (1835–1903), surgeon. A precursor of antiseptic treatment of wounds (used phenol as an antiseptic 2 years before Joseph Lister)
• Giacomo Bresadola (1847–1929), clergyman and a prolific and influential mycologist
• Francesco Brioschi (1824–1897), mathematician. He is best remembered for his contributions to the theory of algebraic equations and to the applications of mathematics to hydraulics
• Giuseppe Brotzu (1895–1976), physician, famous for having discovered the cephalosporin (1948)
• Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli (1761–1818), chemist, inventor of electroplating (1805)
• Tito Livio Burattini (1617–1681), mathematician, in his book Misura Universale, published in 1675, first suggested the name meter as the name for a unit of length
• Nicola Cabibbo (1935–2010), physicist who reconciled these strange-particle decays with the universality of weak interactions
• Leopoldo Marco Antonio Caldani (1725–1813), anatomist and physiologist. He is noted for his experimental studies on the function of the spinal cord
• Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti (1853–1922), physicist, invented a tube filled with iron filings, called a "coherer" (1884)
• Tommaso Campailla (1668–1740), physician, philosopher and poet, inventor of "vapour stovens" that he used to fight syphilis rheumatism
• Giuseppe Campani (1635–1715), optician and astronomer who invented a lens-grinding lathe^[141]
• Giuseppe Candido (1837–1906), Bishop of the Catholic Church, physicist, created a device able to emit a constant current for long periods of time
• Stanislao Cannizzaro (1826–1910), chemist, in 1858 put an end to confusion over values to be attributed to atomic weights, using Avogadro’s hypothesis
• Federico Capasso (born 1949), physicist, one of the inventors of the quantum cascade laser (QCL) in 1994
• Mario Capecchi (born 1937), molecular geneticist, famous for having contribution to development of "knockout mice" (1989)
• Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576), mathematician and physician; initiated the general theory of cubic and quartic equations. He emphasized the need for both negative and complex numbers
• Antonio Cardarelli (1831–1926), physician remembered for describing Cardarelli's sign
• Antonio Carini (1872–1950), physician and bacteriologist who discovered Pneumocystis carinii, which is responsible for recurrent pneumonia in patients with AIDS
• Francesco Carlini (1783–1862), astronomer. Worked in the field of celestial mechanics, improved the theory of the motion of the Moon
• Giovanni Caselli (1815–1891), physicist, inventor of the pantelegraph (1861)
• Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625–1712), mathematician, astronomer, engineer and astrologer who was the first to observe four of Saturn's moons
• Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598–1647), mathematician. He invented the method of indivisibles (1635) that foreshadowed integral calculus
• Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (born 1922), population geneticist, currently teaching since 1970 as emeritus professor at Stanford University. One of the most important geneticists of the 20th century
• Tiberius Cavallo (1749–1809), physicist and natural philosopher who wrote on the early experiments with electricity. He was known contemporaneously as the inventor of Cavallo's multiplier
• Filippo Cecchi (1822–1887), physicist, inventor of the first modern seismograph (1875)
• Ugo Cerletti (1877–1963), neurologist, co-inventor with Lucio Bini, of the method of electroconvulsive therapy in psychiatry
• Vincenzo Cerulli (1859–1927), astronomer. The author of the idea that the canali are just a special kind of optical illusion
• Andrea Cesalpino (1519–1603), physician, philosopher and botanist, produced the first scientific classification of plants and animals by genera and species
• Ernesto Cesàro (1859–1906), mathematician. In 1880 he developed methods of finding the sum of divergent series. Cesaro made important contributions to intrinsic geometry
• Giacinto Cestoni (1637–1718), naturalist, studied fleas and algae, and showed that scabies is provoked by Sarcoptes scabiei (1689)
• Vincenzo Chiarugi (1759–1820), physician who introduced humanitarian reforms to the psychiatric hospital care of people with mental disorders
• Realdo Colombo (c. 1516–1559), one of the first anatomists in the Western world to describe pulmonary circulation
• Orso Mario Corbino (1876–1937), physicist and politician, discovered modulation calorimetry and Corbino effect, a variant of the Hall effect
• Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti (1822–1876), anatomist, known for his discoveries on the anatomical structure of the ear
• Domenico Cotugno (1736–1822), physician. He discovered albuminuria (about a half century before Richard Bright) and was also one of the first scientists to identify urea in human urine
• Alessandro Cruto (1847–1908), inventor who improved on Thomas Alva Edison incandescent light bulb with carbon filament (1881)
• Alessandro Dandini (... – ...), scientist, famous for having invented the three-way light bulb in the 20th century
• Bruno de Finetti (1906–1985), probabilist, statistician and actuary, noted for the "operational subjective" conception of probability
• Annibale de Gasparis (1819–1892), astronomer, his first asteroid discovery was 10 Hygiea in 1849. Between 1850 and 1865, he discovered eight more asteroids
• Ennio de Giorgi (1928–1996), mathematician. He brilliantly resolved the 19th Hilbert problem. Today, this contribution is known as the De Giorgi-Nash Theorem
• Achille de Giovanni (1838–1916), physician. Called the father of Italian constitutionalism, availed his research of anthropometry to determine the differences between individuals
• Mondino de Liuzzi (c. 1270–1326), physician and anatomist whose Anathomia corporis humani (MS. 1316; first printed in 1478) was the first modern work on anatomy
• Ruggero de Maria (born 1964), physician, discovered stem cells responsible for causing colon cancer (2007)
• Francesco de Vico (1805–1848), astronomer. He discovered a number of comets, including periodic comets 54P/de Vico-Swift-NEAT and 122P/de Vico
• Giambattista della Porta (c. 1535–1615), scholar and polymath. He is best known for his work Magia Naturalis (1558), which dealt with alchemy, magic, and natural philosophy
• Luigi Devoto (1864–1936), physician. The founder of the world's first occupational health clinic (1910)
• Ulisse Dini (1845–1918), mathematician and politician whose most important work was on the theory of functions of real variables
• Eustachio Divini (1610–1685), physician and astronomer; maker of clocks and lenses (1646), innovative compound microscope (1648)
• Giovanni Battista Donati (1826–1873), astronomer. He becomes one of the first to systematically adapt the new science of spectroscopy to astronomy
• Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio (1330–1388), doctor and clock-maker at Padua, son of Jacopo Dondi, builder of the Astrarium
• Jacopo Dondi dell'Orologio (1293–1359), doctor and clock-maker at Padua, father of Giovanni
• Angelo Dubini (1813–1902), physician who identified Ancylostoma duodenale (1838)
• Renato Dulbecco (born 1914), virologist. He is probably best known for his brilliant work with two viruses that can transform animal cells into a cancer-like state in the test tube
• Pio Emanuelli (1888–1946), astronomer at the Vatican Observatory; invented celestial maps
• Federigo Enriques (1871–1946), mathematician, known principally as the first to give a classification of algebraic surfaces in birational geometry
• Vittorio Erspamer (1909–1999), pharmacologist and chemist, famous for having discovered the serotonin (1935) and octopamine (1948)
• Bartolomeo Eustachi (1500 or 1514–1574), anatomist. He described many structures in the human body, including the Eustachian tube of the ear
• Francesco Faà di Bruno (1825–1888), mathematician, best known for the Faà di Bruno formula (1855, 1857)
• Hieronymus Fabricius (1537–1619), anatomist and surgeon, called the founder of modern embryology
• Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562), anatomist and physician. His important discoveries include the fallopian tubes, leading from uterus to ovaries
• Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), physicist, constructed the world's first nuclear reactor (1942), initiated the atomic age; father of atom bomb^[142]
• Lodovico Ferrari (1522–1565), mathematician, famous for having discovered the solution of the general quartic equation
• Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), physicist and electrical engineer, noted for the discovery of the rotating magnetic field, basic working principle of the induction motor
• Amarro Fiamberti (... – ...), psychiatrist who first performed a transorbital lobotomy (by accessing the frontal lobe of the brain through the orbits) in 1937
• Leonardo Fibonacci (c. 1170 – c. 1250), mathematician, eponym of the Fibonacci number sequence (1202)
• Fortunato Fidelis (1550–1680), physician. The first person to practice modern forensic medicine (1598)^[143]
• Quirico Filopanti (1812–1894), mathematician and politician, remembered for inventing time zones (1858)
• Giorgio Fischer (... – ...), surgeon. The inventor of the liposuction (1974)
• Francesco Folli (1623–1685), physician and writer; invented the hygrometer, an instrument used to measure the atmospheric humidity (1664)^[144]
• Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (1499–1557), mathematician who originated the science of ballistics^[145]
• Carlo Forlanini (1847–1918), physician, inventor of artificial pneumothorax (1882) for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis
• Girolamo Fracastoro (1478–1553), physician and scholar, the first to state the germ theory of infection and is regarded as the founder of scientific epidemiology
• Guido Fubini (1879–1943), mathematician, eponym of Fubini's theorem in measure theory
• Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), physicist and astronomer. The founder of modern science who accurately described heliocentric solar system^[146]
• Cesare Galli (... – ...), cloning expert, together to his team of Italian scientists created the world's first cloned horse (2003)
• Luigi Galvani (1737–1798), physician and physicist, noted for his discovery of animal electricity
• Angelo Giuseppe Maria Gatti (1730–1798), professor of medicine at the University of Pisa. A pioneer in the fight against smallpox^[147]
• Agostino Gemelli (1878–1959), physician, psychologist, and priest, founder of a university and eponym of the Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic
• Luca Ghini (1490–1556), physician and botanist, notable as the creator of the first recorded herbarium, as well as the first botanical garden in Europe
• Riccardo Giacconi (born 1931), astrophysicist, called the father of X-ray astronomy
• Clelia Giacobini (1931–2010), microbiologist, a pioneer of microbiology applied to conservation-restoration
• Cesare Gianturco (1905–1995), pioneering radiologist, co-inventor with Gary Roubin, of the coronary stent^[148] (1976 ?)
• Corrado Gini (1884–1965), statistician, demographer and sociologist, developer of Gini coefficient
• Camillo Golgi (1843–1926), histologist noted for work on the structure of the nervous system and for his discovery of Golgi apparatus (1897)
• Luigi Guido Grandi (1671–1742), philosopher, mathematician and engineer. He is best known for studying the rose curve, a curve which has the shape of a petalled flower, and for Grandi's series
• Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854–1925), zoologist who discovered that mosquitoes were responsible for transmitting malaria between humans
• Francesco Maria Grimaldi (1618–1663), physicist and mathematician, noted for his discoveries in the field of optics, he was the first to describe the diffraction of light
• Nicola Guarino (born 1954), scientist, co-inventor with Chris Welty, of the OntoClean, the first methodology for formal ontological analysis
• Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280 – c. 1349), physician and inventor who became one of the first writers to include illustrations in a work on anatomy^[149]
• Giovanni Battista Hodierna (1597–1660), astronomer. He was one of the first to create a catalog of celestial objects with a telescope
• Giulio Iasolino (1538–1622), physician. The author of the Natural remedies of the Island of Pithaecusa (1588), thought to be the first treatise on medical hydrology
• Nicola Ielpo (born 1936), former director of State Mint and Polygraphic Institute, inventor of bimetallic coin
• Arturo Issel (1842–1922), geologist, palaeontologist, malacologist and archaeologist. He is noted for first defining the Tyrrhenian Stage (1914)
• Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736–1813), Italian-French who made major contributions to mathematics and physics, and was one of the world's greatest mathematicians
• Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654–1720), clinician and anatomist who is considered the first modern hygienist^[150]
• Marco Lanzetta (born 1963), surgeon who performed the world's first hand transplant (1998)
• Rita Levi-Montalcini (born 1909), neurologist, famous for having discovered the nerve growth factor (NGF)
• Aloysius Lilius (c. 1510–1576), astronomer and physician. The principal author of the Gregorian Calendar (1582)
• Salvador Luria (1912–1991), microbiologist. He shared a 1969 Nobel Prize for investigating the mechanism of viral infection in living cells
• Cesare Magati (1579–1647), surgeon. He is remembered for De rara medicatione vulnerum (1616), which discusses the theory and method of healing wounds
• Giovanni Antonio Magini (1555–1617), astronomer, astrologer, cartographer and mathematician, known for his reduced size edition of Ptolemy’s Geographiae (1596)
• Ettore Majorana (1906–1938), theoretical physicist. He is noted for the eponymous Majorana equation
• Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), physician and biologist. He is regarded as the founder of microscopic anatomy and may be regarded as the first histologist^[151]
• Massimo Marchiori (... – ...), computer scientist who made major contributions to the development of the World Wide Web. He was also the creator of HyperSearch
• Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937), physicist and inventor of a successful wireless telegraph (1896)^[152]
• Alberto Marmont (... – ...), professor of hematology, introduced the Stem Cell transplant for SLE (1996); treatment for the severe autoimmune diseases
• Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854), physicist, notable for demonstrating that radiant heat has similar physical properties to those of light
• Giuseppe Mercalli (1850–1914), volcanologist and seismologist, inventor of the Mercalli intensity scale (1902)
• Franco Modigliani (1918–2003), economist and educator who received the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1985 for his work on household savings and the dynamics of financial markets
• Geminiano Montanari (1633–1687), astronomer. Today, it is better known for his discovery of the variability of the star Algol (c. 1667)
• Maria Montessori (1870–1952), physician, educator and originator of the educational system that bears her name (1907)
• Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771), anatomist, called the founder of pathologic anatomy
• Angelo Mosso (1846–1910), physiologist who created the first crude neuroimaging technique
• Giulio Natta (1903–1979), chemist, famous for having discovered isotactic polypropylene (1954) and polymers (1957)
• Adelchi Negri (1876–1912), pathologist and microbiologist who identified what later became known as Negri bodies (1903) in the brains of animals and humans infected with the rabies virus
• Leopoldo Nobili (1784–1835), physicist, designed the first precision instrument for measuring electric current (1825)
• Giuseppe Occhialini (1907–1993), physicist, contributed to the discovery of the pion or pi-meson decay in 1947, with César Lattes and Cecil Frank Powell
• Barnaba Oriani (1752–1832), astronomer. Great scholar of orbital theories
• Filippo Pacini (1812–1883), anatomist who isolated the Vibrio cholerae (1854) ; the bacteria that causes cholera
• Antonio Pacinotti (1841–1912), physicist, inventor of the dynamo (1858) and electric motor (1858)
• Luca Pacioli (1446/7–1517), mathematician. He popularized the system of double accounting for keeping financial records and is often known as the father of modern accounting
• Ferdinando Palasciano (1815–1891), physician and politician, considered one of the forerunners of the foundation of the Red Cross
• Luigi Palmieri (1807–1896), physicist and meteorologist, inventor of the mercury seismometer
• Pier Paolo Pandolfi (born 1963), geneticist, discovered the genes underlying acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL)^[153]
• Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), engineer, sociologist, economist, and philosopher, eponym of Pareto distribution, Pareto efficiency, Pareto index and Pareto principle
• Giorgio Parisi (born 1948), theoretical physicist, called the father of the modern field of chaos theory
• Giuseppe Paseo (... – ...), mathematician. Inventor of fractal lines (1896)
• Emanuele Paternò (1847–1935), chemist, discoverer of the Paternò–Büchi reaction (1909)
• Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932), mathematician and a founder of symbolic logic whose interests centred on the foundations of mathematics and on the development of a formal logical language
• Pier Giuseppe Pelicci (born 1956), oncologist, discovered how cancer stem cells become immortal
• Gaetano Perusini (1879–1915), physician, remembered for his contribution to the description of Alzheimer's
• Giuseppe Piazzi (1746–1826), mathematician and astronomer who discovered (Jan. 1, 1801) and named the first asteroid, or "minor planet", Ceres
• Raffaele Piria (1814–1865), chemist. The first to successfully synthesize salicylic acid (1839);^[154] the active ingredient in aspirin
• Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana (1781–1864), astronomer and mathematician. The founder of the Observatory of Turin
• Annibale Puca (born 1967), physician, famous for having discovered longevity genes
• Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714), physician, considered a founder of occupational medicine^[155]
• Francesco Redi (1626–1697), physician who demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat does not result from spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies
• Jacopo Riccati (1676–1754), mathematician. He is best known in connection with his problem, called Riccati's equation, published in the Acla eruditorum (1724)^[156]
• Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), missionary to China, mathematician, linguist and published the first Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements
• Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro (1853–1925), mathematician, inventor of tensor analysis collaborator with Tullio Levi-Civita
• Giovanni Battista Riccioli (1598–1671), astronomer, devised the system for the nomenclature of lunar features that is now the international standard
• Augusto Righi (1850–1920), physicist who played an important role in the development of electromagnetism
• Giovanni Guglielmo Riva (1627–1677), physician. He described the lymphatic circulation (with the Danish Thomas Bartholin)
• Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863–1937), internist and pediatrician. The inventor of the first mercury sphygmomanometer
• Rogerius (before 1140 – c. 1195), surgeon who wrote a work on medicine entitled Practica Chirurgiae ("The Practice of Surgery") around 1180
• Gian Domenico Romagnosi (1761–1835), philosopher, economist and jurist, famous for having discovered the same link between electricity and magnetism
• Bruno Rossi (1905–1993), experimental physicist. An authority on cosmic rays^[157]
• Carlo Rubbia (born 1934), physicist who in 1984 shared with Simon van der Meer the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of the massive, short-lived subatomic W particle and Z particle
• Paolo Ruffini (1765–1822), mathematician and physician who made studies of equations that anticipated the algebraic theory of groups
• Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri (1667–1733), philosopher and mathematician who did early work on non-Euclidean geometry, although he didn't see it as such
• Giuseppe Sanarelli (1864–1940), bacteriologist, discovered the causal agent of yellow fever, which he called Bacillus icteroides (1892)
• Sanctorius (1561–1636), physiologist and physician. He laid the foundation for the study of metabolism
• Antonio Scarpa (1752–1832), anatomist, famous for the anatomical eponyms Scarpa triangle and Scarpa ganglion of the ear
• Giovanni Schiaparelli (1835–1910), astronomer and science historian who first observed lines on the surface of Mars, which he described as canals
• Angelo Secchi (1818–1878), astronomer. He is known especially for his work in spectroscopy and was a pioneer in classifying stars by their spectra
• Emilio Segrè (1905–1989), physicist. Best known for his discovery of the antiproton
• Francesco Selmi (1817–1881), chemist. One of the founders of colloid chemistry
• Enrico Sertoli (1842–1910), physiologist and histologist. The discoverer of the cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis that bear his name (1865)
• Ascanio Sobrero (1812–1888), chemist, famous for having discovered the synthesis of nitroglycerine (1846)
• Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799), biologist and physiologist, called the father of artificial insemination (done at Pavia in 1784)
• Francesco Stelluti (1577–1652), polymath who worked in the fields of mathematics, microscopy, literature and astronomy; in 1625 he published the first accounts of microscopic observation
• Gasparo Tagliacozzi (1546–1599), plastic surgeon. He is considered a pioneer in the field; called the father of plastic surgery
• Vincenzo Tiberio (1869–1915), microbiologist, attributes itself generally the discovery of penicillin (1895)^[158]
• Giuseppe Toaldo (1719–1797), physicist, gave special attention to the study of atmospheric electricity and to the means of protecting buildings against lightning
• Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), physicist and mathematician, inventor of the barometer (1643)
• Trotula (11th–12th centuries), physician who wrote several influential works on women's medicine; whose texts on gynecology and obstetrics were widely used for several hundred years in Europe
• Pellegrino Turri (... – ...), has built the first typewriter proven to have worked in 1808. He also invented carbon paper (1806)
• Ugo da Lucca (1180–1258), prominent member of the medical society in Italy. Famous for having discovered (and introduced) the local anesthesia in the 13th century
• Carlo Urbani (1956–2003), physician. The first person to discover severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 1998
• Antonio Vallisneri (1661–1730), physician and naturalist who made numerous experiments in entomology and human organology, and combated the doctrine of spontaneous generation
• Sansone Valobra (1799–1883), chemist. Generally regarded as the inventor of matches^[159]
• Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666–1723), professor of anatomy at Bologna. He described several anatomical features of the ear in his book, De aure humana tractatus (1704)
• Costanzo Varolio (1543–1575), is remembered for his studies on the anatomy of the brain, and his description of the pons that bears his name
• Gabriele Veneziano (born 1942), theoretical physicist and a founder of string theory
• Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746–1822), physicist. He was the discoverer and eponym of Venturi effect
• Emilio Veratti (1872–1967), anatomist who described the sarcoplasmic reticulum
• Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), electricity pioneer, eponym of the volt, inventor of the electric battery (1800)^[160]
• Vito Volterra (1860–1940), mathematician and physicist who strongly influenced the modern development of calculus
• Giuseppe Zamboni (1776–1846), physicist who invented the Zamboni pile (1812); a model of dry battery
• Francesco Zantedeschi (1797–1873), physicist who published papers (1829, 1830) on the production of electric currents in closed circuits by the approach and withdrawal of a magnet
• Niccolò Zucchi (1586–1670), astronomer and physicist. May have been the first to observe belts on the planet Jupiter with a telescope (on May 17, 1630), also claimed to have explored the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616, predating Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's discussions of the same idea a few years later.^[161]
• Giovanni Battista Zupi (c. 1590–1650), astronomer and mathematician. The first person to discover that the planet Mercury had orbital phases

Sculptors

• Agostino di Duccio (1418 – c. 1481), sculptor whose work is characterized by its linear decorativeness
• Giovanni Antonio Amadeo (c. 1447–1522), sculptor, architect and engineer; he took part in the sculpture of the great octagonal dome of Milan Cathedral
• Bartolomeo Ammanati (1511–1592), sculptor and architect; his works, the two members of the del Monte family and the Fountains of Juno and Neptune, are generally considered his masterpieces
• Benedetto Antelami (c. 1150 – c. 1230), sculptor and architect. He is credited with the sculptural decorations of Fidenza Cathedral and Ferrara Cathedral
• Arnolfo di Cambio (c. 1240–1300/1310), sculptor and architect; his sculptures have a strong sense of volume that shows the influence on him of antique Roman models
• Bartolommeo Bandinelli (1493–1560), sculptor and painter; his most famous and conspicuous sculpture is Hercules and Cacus (1527–34), a pendant to Michelangelo's David
• Lorenzo Bartolini (1777–1850), sculptor; his most imposing creation is the Nicola Demidoff monument in Florence
• Benedetto da Maiano (1442–1497), sculptor and architect; whose work is characterized by its decorative elegance and realistic detail^[162]
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680), sculptor and architect. The greatest artist of the Baroque period; his best works are Apollo and Daphne (1622–25) and Ecstasy of Saint Theresa (1647–1652)
• Umberto Boccioni (1882–1916), painter and sculptor. The leading theorist of futurist art; his sculpture, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913) is generally considered his masterpiece
• Antonio Canova (1757–1822), sculptor. Leading exponent of the neoclassical school; Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss (1787–93, 1800–03) is one of his best works
• Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571), goldsmith, medallist, sculptor and writer. He was one of the foremost Italian Mannerist artists of the 16th century^[163]
• Vincenzo Danti (1530–1576), sculptor, architect, and writer, born in Perugia and active mainly in Florence
• Andrea della Robbia (1435–1525), sculptor; his best works are: Crucifixion and the Assumption of the Virgin at La Verna
• Desiderio da Settignano (c. 1430–1464), sculptor; his delicate, sensitive, original technique was best expressed in portrait busts of women and children
• Donatello (c. 1386–1466), sculptor. On of greatest artists of all time, renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David (c. 1440)
• Giovanni Battista Foggini (1652–1725), sculptor and architect; the foremost Florentine sculptor of the late Baroque period
• Domenico Gagini (1420–1492), sculptor. Although he worked at times in Florence and Rome, he was best known for his activity in northern Italy
• Silvio Gazzaniga (born 1921), sculptor. He is the artist who designed and created the FIFA World Cup Trophy
• Vincenzo Gemito (1852–1929), the most important Italian sculptor of the late 19th century and is increasingly regarded as one of its greatest draughtsmen^[164]
• Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378–1455), sculptor, goldsmith and designer active in Florence
• Giambologna (1529–1608), sculptor. The greatest artist of the age of Mannerism; his best works are Fountain of Neptune (1563–67) and The Rape of the Sabine Women (1574–80)
• Jacopo della Quercia (c. 1374–1438), sculptor; he is especially noted for his imposing allegorical figures for the Gaia Fountain in Siena
• Francesco Laurana (c. 1430–1502), sculptor; he is best known for his portrait busts of women, characterized by serene, detached dignity and aristocratic elegance^[165]
• Leone Leoni (1509–1590), sculptor and medalist; his most important works were kneeling bronze figures of Charles V and Philip II, with their families, for the sanctuary in the Escorial^[166]
• Tullio Lombardo (1460–1532), sculptor; he is noted for the mausoleum of Doge Pietro Mocenigo in Santi Giovanni e Paolo and for other tombs, including that of Dante at Ravenna
• Stefano Maderno (c. 1576–1636), sculptor. He was one of the leading sculptors in Rome during the papacy of Paul V (1605–1621)^[167]
• Giacomo Manzù (1908–1991), sculptor; he is best known for his relief sculptures, which give contemporary dimensions to Christian themes
• Marino Marini (1901–1980), sculptor; best known for his many vigorous sculptures of horses and horsemen (e.g., Horse and Rider, 1952–53)
• Arturo Martini (1889–1947), sculptor who was active between the World Wars. He is known for figurative sculptures executed in a wide variety of styles and materials
• Michelangelo (1475–1564), sculptor and painter; one of the most famous artists in history; his best creations are: Pietà (1499) and David (1504)
• Mino da Fiesole (c. 1429–1484), sculptor; he is noted for his portrait busts
• Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli (c. 1506–1563), sculptor of the Michelangelesque school, and seems to have acted as assistant to Michelangelo
• Nanni di Banco (c. 1384–1421), sculptor; the classically influenced Four Crowned Martyrs (c. 1415) is considered his masterpiece
• Niccolò dell'Arca (c. 1435/1440–1494), sculptor. The Ragusa, Bari, and Apulia variants of his name suggest that he might have come from southern Italy
• Andrea Pisano (1290–1348), sculptor; his most important work, the first bronze doors of the Baptistery in Florence, was begun in 1330
• Giovanni Pisano (c. 1250 – c. 1315), sculptor, painter and architect; his most famous work is the Pulpit of St. Andrew (1301)
• Nicola Pisano (1220/1225–1284), sometimes considered to be the founder of modern sculpture
• Arnaldo Pomodoro (born 1926), sculptor; one of the most famous contemporary artists
• Luca della Robbia (1399/1400–1482), sculptor, the most famous member of a family of artists. Two of his famous works are The Nativity (c. 1460) and Madonna and Child (c. 1475)
• Bernardo Rossellino (1409–1464), sculptor and architect. He was among the most distinguished Florentine marble sculptors in the second half of the 15th century
• Giuseppe Sanmartino (1720–1793), sculptor; his masterpiece in this genre is the four Virtues of Charles of Bourbon (1763–4)
• Andrea Sansovino (c. 1467–1529), sculptor; his statues and reliefs for church decoration, such as the Virgin and Child with St. Anne (1512) at San Agostino, were greatly admired
• Pietro Torrigiano (1472–1528), sculptor; his gilt bronze masterpiece, the tomb of King Henry VII and his queen, is preserved in Westminster Abbey
• Vecchietta (1410–1480), painter, sculptor, goldsmith, architect and military engineer. One of the most influential artists of the early Renaissance
• Alessandro Vittoria (1525–1608), sculptor. He was celebrated for his portrait busts and decorative work, much of which was created for the restoration of the Doge's Palace

Singers

Claudio Baglioni Franco Battiato Lucio Battisti Renato Carosone Adriano Celentano

Gigliola Cinquetti Gigi D'Alessio Nino D'Angelo Fabrizio De André Elisa

Tiziano Ferro Irene Grandi Francesco Guccini Luciano Ligabue Mina

Domenico Modugno Gianna Nannini Nek Laura Pausini Giuseppe Povia

Eros Ramazzotti Vasco Rossi Cristina Scabbia Spagna Anna Tatangelo

Giorgia Todrani Ornella Vanoni Antonello Venditti Renato Zero Zucchero

Castrati singers

• Antonio Bernacchi (1685–1756), contralto castrato. Renowned for his technical virtuosity, he sang in operas throughout Italy and also abroad, notably at Munich and for Handel in London
• Caffarelli (1710–1783), contralto castrato. A pupil of Nicola Porpora; he sang for Handel in London, England, in 1738, creating the title roles in Faramondo and Serse
• Giovanni Carestini (c. 1704 – c. 1760), contralto castrato, one of the foremost of his time. Début Rome 1721
• Girolamo Crescentini (1762–1846), mezzo-soprano castrato. His repertory being chiefly operas by Zingarelli, Cimarosa and Gazzaniga
• Farinelli (1705–1782), soprano, greatest of the castrati. Renowned for his vocal power and remarkable agility, one of the greatest singers in the history of opera
• Nicolò Grimaldi (1673–1732), mezzo-soprano castrato who is best remembered today for his association with the composer George Frideric Handel, in two of whose early operas he sang
• Giovanni Francesco Grossi (1653–1697), soprano castrato. He sang Siface in Cavalli's Scipione affricano (1671) and was thereafter always known by that name
• Alessandro Moreschi (1858–1922), soprano castrato. The most famous of the late 19th century; known as angel of Rome " because of vocal purity^[168]
• Gaspare Pacchierotti (1740–1821), mezzo-soprano castrato, and one of the most famous singers of his time
• Senesino (1686–1758), contralto castrato; renowned for his power and his skill in both coloratura and expressive singing
• Giovanni Velluti (1780–1861), soprano. The last of the great castrate singers

Sopranos

• Gemma Bellincioni (1864–1950), soprano; one of the best-known opera singers of the late 19th century
• Maria Caniglia (1905–1979), soprano; one of the leading Italian dramatic sopranos of the 1930s and 1940s
• Mirella Freni (born 1935), soprano; one of the dominant figures on the opera scene; she has since performed at many venues, including Milan, Vienna and Salzburg
• Amelita Galli-Curci (1882–1963), coloratura soprano; one of the best regarded singers of the early 20th century
• Giulia Grisi (1811–1869), operatic soprano whose brilliant dramatic voice established her as an operatic prima donna for more than 30 years^[169]
• Claudia Muzio (1889–1936), operatic soprano, whose international career was among the most successful of the early 20th century. She brought drama and pathos to all her roles
• Giuditta Pasta (1797–1865), soprano. She was famed for her roles in the operas of Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti; acclaimed for her vocal range and expressiveness
• Adelina Patti (1843–1919), soprano; one of the great coloratura singers of the 19th century
• Renata Scotto (born 1934), soprano and opera director; considered one of the preeminent singers of her generation, specializing in the bel canto repertoire
• Renata Tebaldi (1922–2004), lyric soprano; one of the most acclaimed members of the Metropolitan Opera company from 1955 to 1973, and retired from singing in 1976
• Luisa Tetrazzini (1871–1940), coloratura soprano; one of the finest of her time

Mezzo-sopranos

• Cecilia Bartoli (born 1966), operatic mezzo-soprano who achieved global stardom with her outstanding vocal skills
• Faustina Bordoni (1697–1781), mezzo-soprano; known for her beauty and acting as well as her vocal range and breath control
• Fiorenza Cossotto (born 1935), mezzo-soprano; she is considered by many to be one of the great mezzo-sopranos of the 20th century
• Giulietta Simionato (1910–2010), mezzo-soprano who excelled at bel canto and lighter operas by Rossini and Mozart
• Ebe Stignani (1903 or 1904–1974), mezzo-soprano; member of the Scala ensemble and was regarded as its leading exponent of dramatic contralto and mezzo roles

Contraltos

• Marietta Alboni (1823–1894), operatic contralto known for her classic Italian bel canto; considered the greatest contralto of the 19th century
• Clorinda Corradi (1804–1877), opera singer; one of the most famous contraltos in history
• Giuseppina Grassini (1773–1850), noted Italian contralto and a singing teacher

Tenors

• Carlo Bergonzi (born 1924), operatic tenor; from 1956 to 1983, his beautiful voice was a fixture in the 19th-century Italian and French repertoire at the Metropolitan Opera^[170]
• Andrea Bocelli (born 1958), opera tenor noted for his unique blend of opera and pop music^[171]
• Enrico Caruso (1873–1921), operatic tenor; the natural beauty, range, and power of his voice made him one of the greatest singers in the history of opera
• Franco Corelli (1921–2003), tenor; powerful voice and passionate singing style; had a major international opera career between 1951 and 1976
• Fernando De Lucia (1860 or 1861–1925), opera tenor and singing teacher who enjoyed an international career
• Mario del Monaco (1915–1982), tenor; one of the greatest dramatic tenors of the 20th century
• Giuseppe Di Stefano (1921–2008), lyric tenor who was hailed as one of the finest operatic tenors of his generation^[172]
• Beniamino Gigli (1890–1957), operatic tenor. The most famous tenor of his generation; was a leading in French and Italian operas from 1920 to 1932
• Giacomo Lauri-Volpi (1892–1979), lyric-dramatic tenor; he performed throughout Europe and the Americas in a top-class career that spanned 40 years
• Giovanni Martinelli (1885–1969), operatic tenor; his repertoire of about 50 roles included the leading tenor roles in nearly all the principal Italian operas^[173]
• Luciano Pavarotti (1935–2007), lyric tenor; was considered by many critics as the greatest lyric tenor of his time
• Aureliano Pertile (1885–1952), lyric-dramatic tenor; one of the most important of the entire 20th century
• Gianni Raimondi (1923–2008), lyric tenor, particularly associated with the Italian repertory
• Giovanni Battista Rubini (1794–1854), tenor; he was one of the best interpreters of opera roles, particularly heroic ones
• Tito Schipa (1888–1965), operatic tenor; he is considered one of the finest tenore di grazia in operatic history
• Francesco Tamagno (1850–1905), tenor; he became famous for his performances in the title roles of Verdi’s Otello and Don Carlos

Baritones

• Pasquale Amato (1878–1942), operatic baritone; from 1908 to 1921 he sang leading baritone roles at the Metropolitan Opera
• Ettore Bastianini (1922–1967), operatic baritone; was particularly associated with the operas of Verdi
• Mattia Battistini (1856–1928), operatic baritone; a great master of bel canto
• Renato Bruson (born 1934), operatic baritone; one of the most important Verdi baritones of the late 20th and early 21st century
• Piero Cappuccilli (1926–2005), operatic baritone; enjoyed a 35-year career during which he was widely regarded as the leading Italian baritone of his generation^[174]
• Antonio Cotogni (1831–1918), baritone of the first magnitude; regarded internationally as being one of the greatest male opera singers of the 19th century
• Giuseppe De Luca (1876–1950), famous baritone who achieved his greatest triumphs at the New York Metropolitan Opera
• Tito Gobbi (1913–1984), operatic baritone; he sang in most of the great opera houses and was acclaimed for his acting ability
• Rolando Panerai (born 1924), baritone; début Florence (1946) with Lucia di Lammermoor
• Giorgio Ronconi (1810–1890), operatic baritone; one of the most popular artists on the lyric stage until his retirement in 1866
• Titta Ruffo (1877–1953), baritone; was considered by many critics as the greatest in the history of opera
• Giuseppe Taddei (1916–2010), baritone; he has performed more than 100 operatic roles over six decades

Basses

• Salvatore Baccaloni (1900–1969), operatic bass; known for his large repertory, he sang nearly 170 roles in five languages
• Sesto Bruscantini (1919–2003), bass-baritone; one of the greatest buffo singers of the post-war era
• Enzo Dara (born 1938), bass buffo; one of the foremost performers of his generation
• Nazzareno De Angelis (1881–1962), operatic bass, particularly associated with Verdi, Rossini and Wagner roles
• Ferruccio Furlanetto (born 1949), buss; known as a brilliant interpreter in the Italian repertoire and as a Mozart-singer
• Luigi Lablache (1794–1858), peratic bass admired for his musicianship and acting
• Tancredi Pasero (1893–1983), bass. Particularly associated with the Italian repertory
• Ezio Pinza (1892–1957), operatic performer who was the leading basso at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City (1926–1948)
• Cesare Siepi (1923–2010), bass singer who won over audiences worldwide in signature roles such as Don Giovanni and Figaro in The Marriage of Figaro

Sportspeople

• Giacomo Agostini (born 1942), motorcycle racer. He is considered the greatest Grand Prix rider of all time
• Alberto Ascari (1918–1955), automobile racing driver who was world champion driver in 1952 and 1953
• Roberto Baggio (born 1967), footballer. The best Italian soccer player ever^[175]
• Franco Baresi (born 1960), footballer. One of the greatest defenders ever to play the game
• Andrea Bargnani (born 1985), basketball player with the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association
• Gino Bartali (1914–2000), cyclist, won the Giro d'Italia twice (in 1936 and 1937) and the Tour de France in 1938
• Stefania Belmondo (born 1969), 10-time Olympic medalist in cross-country skiing
• Lorenzo Bernardi (born 1968), volleyball player. He was elected "Volleyball Player of the Century" in 2001
• Paolo Bettini (born 1974), road racing cyclist. Considered the best classics specialist of his generation, and probably one of the strongest of all times
• Gianluigi Buffon (born 1978), footballer who plays as a goalkeeper. One of most dominant and successful goalkeepers in history
• Fabio Cannavaro (born 1973), footballer who plays as a centre back. He won the FIFA World Player of the Year award in 2006
• Primo Carnera (1906–1967), heavyweight boxing champion of the world
• Jury Chechi (born 1969), one of Italy's most famous gymnasts
• Pierluigi Collina (born 1960), football referee. He is regarded as the best referee of all time
• Deborah Compagnoni (born 1970), alpine skier who won three gold medals at the 1992, 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics
• Fausto Coppi (1919–1960), cyclist. His successes earned him the title Il Campionissimo, or champion of champions
• Umberto De Morpurgo (1896–1961), tennis player, highest world ranking # 8, Olympic bronze (singles)
• Alessandro Del Piero (born 1974), footballer. He is regarded as one of the best footballers of his generation
• Frankie Dettori (born 1970), probably the best-known jockey in the world^[176]
• Giuseppe Farina (1906–1966), racing driver. The first ever Formula One World Champion
• Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988), race car driver and entrepreneur, the founder of the Scuderia Ferrari Grand Prix motor racing team
• Christof Innerhofer (born 1984), alpine skier, won the men's Super-G at the world Alpine championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
• Paolo Maldini (born 1968), footballer who played as a centre back. One of the great defenders of all time
• Giuseppe Meazza (1910–1979), footballer. He is widely considered the best player of his generation, and one of the greatest of all time
• Dino Meneghin (born 1950), basketball player. He was considered the best player of his country
• Pietro Mennea (born 1952), sprinter and politician who was the 1980 Moscow Olympic 200 meter Champion, and also held the 200 m world record for 17 years
• Reinhold Messner (born 1944), mountaineer and explorer. The greatest climber in history
• Carlton Myers (born 1971), basketball player
• Alessandro Nesta (born 1976), footballer who plays as a defender. Considered by many as one of the best centre backs to have ever played the game
• Tazio Nuvolari (1892–1953), motorcycle and racecar driver. Regarded as one of the greatest drivers of all times
• Marco Pantani (1970–2004), cyclist, won both the Tour de France, cycling’s premier road race, and the Giro d’Italia in 1998
• Umberto Pelizzari (born 1965), freediver, widely considered among the best of all times
• Gianmarco Pozzecco (born 1972), basketball player, an all-around offensive talent. He won, for seven years, the ranking for the top assistmen in Italian League
• Costantino Rocca (born 1956), the most successful male golfer that Italy has produced
• Antonio Rossi (born 1968), sprint canoer who has competed since the early 1990s
• Paolo Rossi (born 1956), footballer. He is listed among Pelé's 125 all-time greatest footballers
• Valentino Rossi (born 1979), motorcycle racer. He is one of the most successful motorcycle racers of all time
• Sara Simeoni (born 1953), high jumper, who won a gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics and twice set a world record in the women's high jump
• Alberto Tomba (born 1966), alpine ski racer. He was the dominant technical skier (slalom and giant slalom) in the late 1980s and 1990s
• Francesco Totti (born 1976), footballer. He is widely regarded as one of the finest players in his generation and also Roma's greatest player ever
• Trebisonda Valla (1916–2006), athlete. The first Italian woman to win an Olympic gold medal
• Christian Vieri (born 1973), footballer. Regarded as one of the finest strikers in Europe
• Alex Zanardi (born 1966), racing driver. He won two CART championship titles in North America during the late 1990s
• Dino Zoff (born 1942), football goalkeeper, among the very best in this role
• Gianfranco Zola (born 1966), footballer. He was voted Chelsea’s greatest ever player in the centenary celebrations of 2005

Writers and philosophers

Ancient and Late Antique

• Lucius Accius (170 BC – c. 86 BC), Roman poet. Author of more than 40 tragedies with subjects taken from Greek mythology
• Livius Andronicus (c. 284 BC – c. 204 BC), founder of Roman epic poetry and drama^[177]
• Arator (480/490 – ...), Christian poet, his best known work, De Actibus Apostolorum, is a verse history of the Apostles
• Boethius (470/475–524), Roman scholar, Christian philosopher, and statesman, author of the celebrated De consolatione philosophiae
• Cassiodorus (490 – c. 585), historian, statesman, and monk who helped to save the culture of Rome at a time of impending barbarism^[178]
• Catullus (c. 84 BC – c. 54 BC), Roman poet whose expressions of love and hatred are generally considered the finest lyric poetry of ancient Rome^[179]
• Ennius (239 BC–169 BC), epic poet, dramatist, and satirist, the most influential of the early Latin poets, rightly called the founder of Roman literature^[180]
• Julius Firmicus Maternus (... – ...), Christian Latin writer and astrologer
• Gaius Valerius Flaccus (... – c. 90), Roman poet. He wrote an eight-book epic, the Argonautica, on Jason's fabled quest for the Golden Fleece
• Venantius Fortunatus (c. 540 – c. 600), poet and bishop of Poitiers, whose Latin poems and hymns combine echoes of classical Latin poets with medieval tone^[181]
• Sextus Julius Frontinus (c. 40–103), Roman administrator and writer. His most famous work De aquaeductu, in two books written after he was appointed curator of the Roman water-supply (97)
• Aulus Gellius (c. 125 – after 180), Latin author and grammarian remembered for his miscellany Attic Nights, in which many fragments of lost works are preserved
• Horace (65 BC–8 BC), Roman poet, outstanding Latin lyric poet and satirist under the emperor Augustus
• Juvenal (55/60–127), most powerful of all Roman satiric poets^[182]
• Livy (59/64 BC–AD 17), one of the great Roman historians^[183]
• Lucretius (c. 99 BC – c. 55 BC), Roman poet and philosopher known for his single, long poem, De rerum natura^[184]
• Gnaeus Naevius (c. 270 BC– c. 200 BC), second of a triad of early Latin epic poets and dramatists, between Livius Andronicus and Ennius^[185]
• Cornelius Nepos (c. 100 BC – c. 25 BC), Roman biographer. His only extant work is a collection of biographies, mostly from a lost larger work, De Viris Illustribus (on illustrious men)
• Ovid (43 BC–17 AD), Roman poet noted especially for his Ars amatoria and Metamorphoses^[186]
• Persius (34–62), Roman satirist, author of six satires, which show the influence of Horace and of Stoicism and which were imitated by John Donne and translated by John Dryden (1692)^[187]
• Petronius (d. 66 AD), reputed author of the Satyricon, a literary portrait of Roman society of the 1st century AD^[188]
• Plautus (c. 254 BC–184 BC), Roman comic dramatist, whose works, loosely adapted from Greek plays, established a truly Roman drama in the Latin language
• Pliny the Elder (23–79), Roman savant and author of the celebrated Natural History^[189]
• Pliny the Younger (61/62 – c. 113),^[190] Roman author and administrator
• Sextus Propertius (55/43 BC–16 BC), greatest elegiac poet of ancient Rome^[191]
• Gaius Musonius Rufus (1st cent. AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, probably best known as the teacher of Epictetus
• Sallust (86 BC–35/34 BC), Roman historian and one of the great Latin literary stylists^[192]
• Silius Italicus (c. 26–102), Roman poet and politician. He was the author of the longest surviving Latin poem, Punica, an epic in 17 books on the Second Punic War (218–202 BC)^[193]
• Statius (c. 45 – c. 96), one of the principal Roman epic and lyric poets of the Silver Age of Latin literature (18–133)
• Suetonius (69 – after 122), Roman biographer and antiquarian whose writings include De viris illustribus and De vita Caesarum^[194]
• Quintus Aurelius Symmachus (c. 345–402), Roman statesman, orator and writer who was a leading opponent of Christianity
• Tibullus (c. 55 BC – c. 19 BC), Roman poet
• Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC–27 BC), Rome’s greatest scholar and a satirist of stature, best known for his Saturae Menippeae^[195]
• Marcus Velleius Paterculus (c. 19 BC – c. AD 31), Roman historian. Author of a short history of Rome which he wrote to commemorate the consulship of his friend Marcus Vinicius (AD 30)
• Virgil (70 BC–19 BC), Roman poet, best known for his national epic, the Aeneid. One of Rome's greatest poets^[196]

The Middle Ages

• Albertanus of Brescia (c. 1195 – c. 1251), Latin prose writer; his the best known work is Liber consolationis et consilii ("The book of consolation and council")
• Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), poet; his greatest work, the epic poem The Divine Comedy, is considered the greatest literary statement produced in medieval Europe
• Cecco Angiolieri (c. 1260 – c. 1312), poet who is considered by some the first master of Italian comic verse^[197]
• Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109), founder of Scholasticism; he was one of the most important Christian thinkers of the 11th century
• Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274), philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition; his most influential work is the Summa Theologica (1265–1274) which consists of three parts^[198]
• Bonaventure (1221–1274), leading medieval theologian, philosopher, minister general of the Franciscan order and cardinal bishop of Albano. He wrote several works on the spiritual life
• Boncompagno da Signa (c. 1165/1175–1240), philosopher, grammarian and historian
• Guido Cavalcanti (c. 1255–1300), poet, a major figure among the Florentine poets
• Dino Compagni (c. 1255–1324), historical writer and political figure
• Pietro d'Abano (1257–1315), physician, philosopher, and astrologer
• Bonvesin da la Riva (c. 1240 – c. 1313), poet and writer
• Francis of Assisi (1181/1182–1226), founder of the Franciscan orders of the Friars Minor; his beloved hymn, Canticle of the Sun, is one of the greatest songs of Christendom^[199]
• Giacomo da Lentini (fl. 13th century), poet. He is traditionally credited with the invention of the sonnet^[200]
• Guido delle Colonne (c. 1215 – c. 1290), jurist, poet, and Latin prose writer; author of a prose narrative of the Trojan War entitled Historia destructionis Troiae (completed about 1287)
• Guido Guinizelli (c. 1230–1276), considered a precursor of Dante and the originator of the so-called dolce stil novo, or sweet new style^[201]
• Guittone d'Arezzo (c. 1235–1294), poet and the founder of the Tuscan School
• Jacobus de Voragine (1228/30–1298), archbishop of Genoa, chronicler, and author of the Golden Legend; one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages^[202]
• Jacopone da Todi (c. 1230–1306), Franciscan poet; he wrote many ardent, mystical poems and is probably the author of the Latin poem Stabat Mater Dolorosa^[203]
• Lanfranc (c. 1005–1089), philosopher and theologian
• Brunetto Latini (c. 1220–1294), philosopher, scholar and statesman; wrote, in French, Li livres dou tresor, the first vernacular encyclopedia
• Peter Lombard (c. 1100–1160), theologian; his philosophical work, the Four Books of Sentences, was the standard theological text of the Middle Ages^[204]
• Marsilius of Padua (1270–1342), political philosopher, whose work Defensor pacis ("Defender of the Peace"), one of the most revolutionary of medieval documents
• Matthew of Aquasparta (1240–1302), Franciscan and scholastic philosopher
• Michael of Cesena (c. 1270–1342), Franciscan, general of that Order, and theologian
• Thomas of Celano (c. 1200 – c. 1255), Friar Minor and poet; author of three hagiographies about Saint Francis of Assisi
• Giovanni Villani (c. 1275–1348), chronicler whose European attitude to history foreshadowed Humanism^[205]

Humanism and the Renaissance

• Pietro Aretino (1492–1556), writer and satirist; best known for his literary attacks on his wealthy and powerful contemporaries and for six volumes of letters
• Ludovico Ariosto (1474–1533), poet remembered for his epic poem Orlando furioso (1516);^[206] perhaps the greatest chivalry poem ever written
• Pietro Bembo (1470–1547), cardinal who wrote one of the earliest Italian grammars and assisted in establishing the Italian literary language^[207]
• Francesco Berni (1497/98–1535), poet; important for the distinctive style of his Italian burlesque, which was called bernesco and imitated by many poets^[208]
• Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), poet and scholar, author of a number of notable works, including De mulieribus claris, the Decameron and his poems in the vernacular
• Matteo Maria Boiardo (1440/41–1494), poet whose Orlando innamorato, the first poem to combine elements of both Arthurian and Carolingian traditions of romance^[209]
• Giovanni Botero (c. 1544–1617), philosopher and diplomat, best known for his work The Reason of State (1589)
• Leonardo Bruni (c. 1370–1444), a leading historian of his time. He wrote History of the Florentine People (1414–15); is generally considered the first modern work of history
• Giordano Bruno (1548–1600), philosopher; his major metaphysical works, De la causa, principio, et Uno (1584) and De l'infinito universo et Mondi (1584), were published in France
• Giulio Camillo (c. 1480–1544), philosopher; he is best known for his theatre, described in his posthumously published work L’Idea del Theatro
• Baldassare Castiglione (1478–1529), courtier, diplomat and writer, best known for his dialogue The Book of the Courtier ; one of the great books of its time^[210]
• Cesare Cremonini (1550–1631), Aristotelian philosopher at Padua University
• Mario Equicola (c. 1470–1525), writer; author of Libro de natura de amore (1525) and Istituzioni del comporre in ogni sorta di rima della lingua volgare (1541)
• Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499), philosopher; his chief work was Theologia Platonica de immortalitate animae (1482), in which he combined Christian theology and Neoplatonic elements
• Francesco Filelfo (1398–1481), writer; author of pieces in prose, published under the title Convivia Mediolanensia, and a great many Latin translations from the Greek
• Veronica Franco (1546–1591), poet and high-ranking courtesan; famous in her day for her intellectual and artistic accomplishments
• Giovanni Battista Guarini (1538–1612), poet who, with Torquato Tasso, is credited with establishing the form of a new literary genre, the pastoral drama^[211]
• Francesco Guicciardini (1483–1540), historian; author of the most important contemporary History of Italy (1537/1540); the masterwork of Italian historical literature of the Renaissance
• Cristoforo Landino (1424–1498), writer; he wrote three works framed as philosophical dialogues: De anima (1453), De vera nobilitate (1469), and the Disputationes Camaldulenses (c. 1474)
• Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527), political philosopher and writer; best known for his The Prince (written in 1513 and published in 1532); one of the world's most famous essays on political science
• Giannozzo Manetti (1396–1459), politician and diplomat; significant scholar of the early Italian Renaissance
• Girolamo Mei (1519–1594), writer; his treatise De modis musicis antiquorum (a study of ancient Greek music) greatly influenced the ideas of the Florentine Camerata
• Guidobaldo del Monte (1545–1607), mathematician, philosopher and astronomer; known for his work Mechanicorum Liber (1577)
• Agostino Nifo (c. 1473–1538 or 1545), philosopher and commentator; his principal works are: De intellectu et daemonibus (1492) and De immortalitate animi (1518/1524)
• Marius Nizolius (1498–1576), philosopher and scholar; his major work was the Thesaurus Ciceronianus, published in 1535
• Franciscus Patricius (1529–1597), philosopher and scientist. His two great works: Discussionum peripateticorum libri XV (1571) and Nova de universis philosophia (1591)
• Petrarch (1304–1374), scholar and poet; his Il Canzoniere had enormous influence on the poets of the 15th and 16th centuries
• Alessandro Piccolomini (1508–1579), philosopher; his works include Il Dialogo della bella creanza delle donne, o Raffaella (1539) and the comedies Amor costante (1536) and Alessandro (1544)
• Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494), scholar and Platonist philosopher; his Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) is better known than any other philosophical text of the 15th century
• Bartolomeo Platina (1421–1481), writer. He is noted for his Lives of the Popes (1479); the first systematic handbook of papal history
• Poliziano (1454–1494), poet and philologist; among his works: Stanze per la giostra (incomplete) and Orfeo (1475)
• Pietro Pomponazzi (1462–1525), philosopher; his principal work is On the Immortality of the Soul (1516)
• Simone Porzio (1496–1554), philosopher. His principal works are: An homo bonus, vel malus volens fiat (1551) and De mente humana (1551)
• Francesco Pucci (1543–1597), philosopher; author of Forma d'una repubblica cattolica (1581)
• Luigi Pulci (1432–1484), poet; he ridiculed the heroic poems of his time in his mock epic Morgante (1478, 1483)
• Ottavio Rinuccini (1562–1621), poet, courtier and opera librettist
• Coluccio Salutati (1331–1406), philosopher, man of letters and a skilled writer; Coluccio drew heavily upon the classical tradition
• Jacopo Sannazaro (1456–1530), poet; author of Arcadia (1501–1504), first pastoral romance^[212]
• Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558), scholar; author of De causis linguae Latinae (1540) and Poetics (1561)^[213]
• Sperone Speroni (1500–1588), philosopher and scholar; he was one of the central members of Padua's literary academy, Accademia degli Infiammati, and wrote on both moral and literary matters
• Torquato Tasso (1544–1595), poet, one of the foremost writers of the Renaissance, celebrated for his heroic epic poem Jerusalem Delivered (1581)^[214]
• Bernardino Telesio (1509–1588), philosopher; his chief work was De rerum natura iuxta propria principia (1565), marked the period of transition from Aristotelianism to modern thought
• Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550), literary theorist, philologist, dramatist, and poet, an important innovator in Italian drama^[215]
• Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457), rhetorician, and educator who attacked medieval traditions and anticipated views of the Protestant reformers
• Lucilio Vanini (1585–1619), philosopher; author of Amphitheatrum Aeternae Providentiae Divino-Magicum (1615) and De Admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque Mortalium Arcanis (1616)
• Benedetto Varchi (1502/1503–1565), poet and historian; best known for his work Storia fiorentina (16 vol.), published only in 1721
• Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574), writer, architect and painter. He is best known for his entertaining biographies of artists, Le Vite de’ più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori italiani (1550)^[216]
• Nicoletto Vernia (1442–1499), Averroist philosopher, at the University of Padua

The Baroque period and the Enlightenment

• Claudio Achillini (1574–1640), poet and jurist; one of the better known Marinisti
• Vittorio Alfieri (1749–1803), tragic poet; from 1775 to 1787, wrote 19 verse tragedies; his best works include Filippo (1775), Oreste (1786) and Mirra (1786)
• Francesco Algarotti (1712–1764), philosopher and art critic; author of a number of stimulating essays on the subjects of architecture (1753), the opera (1755), and painting (1762)^[217]
• Cosimo Amidei (1725–1783), philosopher and jurist; his most important works: Discorso filosofico-politico sopra la carcere de debitori (1770) and De' mezzi per diminuire i mendichi (1771)
• Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti (1719–1789), literary critic; author of Italian Library (1757)
• Giambattista Basile (c. 1575–1632), poet. His best work is in Neapolitan dialect: Le muse napolitane and a collection of 50 short stories, Pentamerone, Lo cunto de' li cunti (1634––6)
• Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794), philosopher, criminologist and jurist; his best known work was his treatise Dei delitti e delle pene (1763–4)^[218]
• Saverio Bettinelli (1718–1808), writer; author of Lettere dieci di Virgilio agli Arcadi (1758)
• Tommaso Campanella (1568–1639), Dominican philosopher and writer; he is best remembered for his socialistic work The City of the Sun (1602)^[219]
• Melchiorre Cesarotti (1730–1808), poet and translator; author of Essay on the Philosophy of Taste (1785) and Essay on the Philosophy of Languages (1785)
• Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), philosopher. She was the first female to graduate from a university
• Lorenzo Da Ponte (1749–1838), poet and librettist; his most notable librettos were for Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and Così fan tutte (1790)
• Carlo Denina (1731–1813), historian; author of Delle rivoluzioni d'Italia (1769–70) and Delle revoluzioni della Germania (1804)
• Gaetano Filangieri (1752–1788), economist and state adviser; he is known for his work, The Science of Legislation (vols. 1–7; 1780–85)
• Ferdinando Galiani (1728–1787), economist; he published two treatises, Della moneta (1750) and Dialogues sur le commerce des blés (1770)
• Antonio Genovesi (1712–1769), writer and political; author of Disciplinarum Metaphysicarum Elementa (1743–52) and Logica (1745)
• Pietro Giannone (1676–1748), historian and jurist; his most important work was his Il Triregno, ossia del regno del cielo, della terra, e del papa ; published only in 1895
• Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793), playwright; wrote more than 260 dramatic works of all sorts, including opera
• Gasparo Gozzi (1713–1786), poet, critic and journalist. His principal writings are: Lettere famigliari (1755), Il Mondo morale (1760) and Osservatore Veneto periodico (1761)
• Giovanni Battista Guarini (1538–1612), poet and theoretician of literature; his most notable work is Il pastor fido (1590), a pastoral tragicomedy
• Scipione Maffei (1675–1755), writer and art critic; his most important works: Conclusioni di amore (1702), La scienza cavalleresca (1710) and De fabula equestris ordinis Constantiniani (1712)
• Giambattista Marino (1569–1625), poet. Founder of the school of Marinism (later Secentismo); among his principal works is L'Adone (1623), a long narrative poem
• Metastasio (1698–1782), poet and librettist; considered the most important writer of opera seria libretti. His melodrama Attilio Regolo (1750) is generally considered his masterpiece
• Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672–1750), historian; author of Antiquitates Italicae Medii Aevi (6 vols; 1738–42) and Annali d’Italia (12 vols; 1744–49)
• Ferrante Pallavicino (1615–1644) satirist and novelist; his most important works: Baccinata ouero battarella per le api barberine (1642) and La Retorica delle puttane (1643)
• Giuseppe Parini (1729–1799), prose writer and poet; author of Dialogo sopra la nobiltà (1757) and Il giorno (4 books, 1763–1801)
• Cesare Ripa (c. 1560 – c. 1622), aesthetician and writer; author of the Iconologia overo Descrittione Dell’imagini Universali cavate dall’Antichità et da altri luoghi (1593), an influential emblem book
• Alessandro Verri (1741–1816), novelist and reformer; author of Le avventure di Saffo poetessa di Mitilene (1782), Notti romane al sepolcro degli Scipioni (1792–1804) and La vita di Erostrato (1815)
• Pietro Verri (1728–1797), political economist and writer; his chief works are: Riflessioni sulle leggi vincolanti (1769) and Meditazioni sull' economia politica (1771)
• Giambattista Vico (1668–1744), philosopher and historian; his major theories were developed in his Scienza nuova (1725)

The 1800s

• Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli (1791–1863), poet; he described the vast panorama of Roman society in colorful dialect
• Giovanni Berchet (1783–1851), patriot and poet; he wrote stirring patriotic ballads of a romantic type and rhymed romances, such as Giulia and Matilde
• Luigi Capuana (1839–1915), critic and novelist; among his best works are the short stories in Paesane (1894) and the novel Il marchese di Roccaverdina (1901)
• Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907), poet, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, and one of the most influential literary figures of his age^[220]
• Carlo Collodi (1826–1890), author and journalist, best known as the creator of Pinocchio^[221]
• Gabriele D'Annunzio (1863–1938), poet, military hero and political leader; author of Il piacere (1889), L'innocente (1892), Giovanni Episcopo (1892) and Il trionfo della morte (1894)^[222]
• Edmondo De Amicis (1846–1908), novelist and short-story writer; his most important work is the sentimental children’s story Heart (1886)^[223]
• Federico De Roberto (1861–1927), writer; best known for his novel I Vicerè (1894)
• Francesco de Sanctis (1817–1883), historian and literary critic; important works are his Saggi critici (1866) and his Storia della letteratura italiana (1870–71)^[224]
• Antonio Fogazzaro (1842–1911), novelist and poet; his famous Piccolo mondo antico (1896), it is considered one of the great Italian novels of the 19th century
• Ugo Foscolo (1778–1827), poet and patriot; his popular novel The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis (1802) bitterly denounced Napoleon's cession of Venetia to Austria^[225]
• Vincenzo Gioberti (1801–1852), philosopher and political writer; his most celebrated work is Del primato morale e civile degli italiani (1843)^[226]
• Giuseppe Giusti (1809–1850), satirical poet; he is best known for his poem, Sant’Ambrogio (c. 1846)
• Raimondo Guarini (1765–1852), archaeologist, epigrapher, poet; authored the first Oscan/Latin dictionary
• Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837), poet and philosopher; author of Canti (1816–37), expressing a deeply pessimistic view of humanity and human nature
• Alessandro Manzoni (1785–1873), poet and novelist; he is famous for the novel The Betrothed, generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature
• Ippolito Nievo (1831–1861), writer and patriot; best known for his novel Confessioni di un Italiano, also known as Confessioni d'un ottuagenario which was published posthumously in 1867
• Giovanni Pascoli (1855–1912), poet; his works include Carmina (in Latin, 1914), the more mystical Myricae (1891) and the patriotic Odi e inni (1906)
• Silvio Pellico (1789–1854), dramatic poet; his principal works are Francesca da Rimini (1818) and Le mie prigioni (1832)
• Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797–1855), religious philosopher; he is known for his work, Nuovo saggio sull’origine delle idee, published in 1830
• Emilio Salgari (1862–1911), adventure novelist for the young; creator of popular heroic figure Sandokan
• Niccolò Tommaseo (1802–1874), poet and critic; editor of a Dizionario della Lingua Italiana in eight volumes (1861–74), of a dictionary of synonyms (1830) and other works
• Giovanni Verga (1840–1922), novelist; his works include Cavalleria rusticana (1880), I Malavoglia (1881), Novelle rusticane (1883), and Mastro-Don Gesualdo (1889)^[227]

The 1900s

• Nicola Abbagnano (1901–1990), author of such books as La struttura dell'esistenza (1939). He was the first and most important Italian existentialist
• Corrado Alvaro (1895–1956), novelist and journalist; author of Gente in Aspromonte, considered by most critics to be his masterpiece
• Giorgio Bassani (1916–2000), novelist; his most notable work, The Garden of the Finzi-Continis, published in 1962
• Vitaliano Brancati (1907–1954), writer; in 1950 won the Bagutta Prize
• Gesualdo Bufalino (1920–1996), writer; his novel, Le menzogne della notte (1988) won the Strega Prize
• Dino Buzzati (1906–1972), writer, novelist and painter; his most famous work is a novel, The Tartar Steppe, published in 1940
• Italo Calvino (1923–1985), novelist; his trilogy of historical fantasies The Cloven Viscount (1952), The Baron in the Trees (1957), and The Nonexistent Knight (1959) brought him international acclaim
• Andrea Camilleri (born 1925), writer; the creator of the popular Inspector Salvo Montalbano
• Carlo Cassola (1917–1987), neorealist novelist; he is best known for his novel, Bébo's Girl, published in 1960
• Benedetto Croce (1866–1952), historian, humanist, and foremost Italian philosopher of the first half of the 20th century^[228]
• Erri De Luca (born 1950), poet and writer; author of Aceto, arcobaleno (1992), Tre cavalli (2000) and Montedidio (2002)
• Grazia Deledda (1871–1936), novelist. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1926; among her most notable works are Elias Portolu (1903), Cenere (1904) and La madre (1920)^[229]
• Umberto Eco (born 1932), novelist; internationally known for his novel The Name of the Rose (1980)^[230]
• Julius Evola (1898–1974), philosopher and social thinker; one of the leading exponents of the Hermetic tradition
• Oriana Fallaci (1929–2006), author, and political interviewer; important works are his The Rage and the Pride (2001) and The Force of Reason (2004)
• Beppe Fenoglio (1922–1963), novelist; he is known for his novel Il partigiano Johnny, which was published posthumously (and incomplete) in 1968
• Dario Fo (born 1926), satirist, playwright, theater director, actor, and composer. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1997^[231]
• Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893–1973), novelist; his best-known novel is That Awful Mess on Via Merulana (1957)
• Natalia Ginzburg (1916–1991), novelist; her best-known novels are La strada che va in città (1942), È stato così (1947) and Le voci della sera (1961)
• Giovannino Guareschi (1908–1968), journalist and novelist. He is best known as author of The Little World of Don Camillo (tr. 1950) and its sequels
• Tommaso Landolfi (1908–1979), author and translator; most known and translated work is Racconto d'autunno (1947)
• Carlo Levi (1902–1975), writer, painter, and political journalist; he is best known for his book, Christ Stopped at Eboli, published in 1945^[232]
• Primo Levi (1919–1987), writer and chemist; his first memoir, If This Is a Man has been described as one of the most important works of the 20th century^[233]
• Claudio Magris (born 1939), writer; author of Illazioni su una sciabola (1984), Danubio (1986), Stadelmann (1988), Un altro mare (1991) and Microcosmi (1997)
• Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876–1944), writer and novelist. The ideological founder of Futurism; among his works are Le Roi Bombance (1905) and Futurist Manifesto (1909)
• Fulvio Melia (born 1956), writer and astrophysicist; author of Electrodynamics (2001), The Edge of Infinity. Supermassive Black Holes in the Universe (2003), and High-Energy Astrophysics (2009)
• Eugenio Montale (1896–1981), poet whose works, which greatly influenced 20th-century Italian literature, include Le Occasioni (1939) and Satura (1962). He won the 1975 Nobel Prize for literature
• Indro Montanelli (1909–2001), journalist and historian, known for his new approach to writing history in books such as History of Rome (1957) and History of the Greeks (1959)
• Elsa Morante (1912–1985), novelist and poet; her most notable work, History, published in 1974
• Alberto Moravia (1907–1990), novelist; author of Gli indifferenti (1929) and of the anti-fascist novel, The Conformist (1951)
• Aldo Palazzeschi (1885–1974), novelist and poet; best known for his novel Il codice di Perelà published in 1911
• Cesare Pavese (1908–1950), poet, novelist and translator; his major works include Il Compagno (1947), Tra Donne Sole (1948) and The Moon and the Bonfires (1949)
• Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936), writer and dramatist, winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize for Literature; known for a series of novels and the modernist play, Six Characters in Search of an Author
• Vasco Pratolini (1913–1991), writer and novelist; his most important literary works are the novels Family Diary (1947), Chronicle of Poor Lovers (1947) and Metello (1955)
• Salvatore Quasimodo (1901–1968), poet; his works include La terra impareggiabile (1958) and Dare e avere (1966). He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1959^[234]
• Mario Rigoni Stern (1921–2008), his major works include Il sergente nella neve (1953), Storia di Tönle (1978) and Le stagioni di Giacomo (1995)
• Gianni Rodari (1920–1980), writer and journalist; he won the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1970
• Rafael Sabatini (1875–1950), Italian-British writer of novels of romance and adventure. He remains best known for The Sea Hawk (1915), Scaramouche (1921) and Captain Blood (1922)
• Leonardo Sciascia (1921–1989), writer; author of The Day of the Owl (1961) and To Each His Own (1966)
• Filippo Scòzzari (1946-), novelist and comic writer
• Ignazio Silone (1900–1978), novelist and journalist; best known for his novel Fontamara (1930); was translated into 14 languages^[235]
• Italo Svevo (1861–1928), novelist; his best-known work, which has been called Italy's first modernist novel, is Zeno's Conscience (1923)
• Antonio Tabucchi (1943-2012), writer; author of Notturno Indiano (1984) and Sostiene Pereira (1994)
• Susanna Tamaro (born 1957), novelist. She became famous worldwide with the bestseller Va' dove ti porta il cuore (1994)
• Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (1896–1957), novelist; internationally renowned for his work, The Leopard, published posthumously in 1958^[236]
• Pier Vittorio Tondelli (1955–1991), writer; author of Altri Libertini (1980) and Dinner Party (1994)
• Federigo Tozzi (1883–1920), writer; known for his novel Con gli occhi chiusi published in 1919
• Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888–1970), poet, founder of the Hermetic movement that brought about a reorientation in modern Italian poetry^[237]
• Elio Vittorini (1908–1966), novelist; his works, among them The Twilight of the Elephant (1947) and The Red Carnation (1948), make a serious attempt to assess the Fascist experience^[238]

Other notables

• Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945), entrepreneur. Founder of the Fiat (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino) automobile company
• Francesco Antonio Broccu (1797–1882), artisan. Generally regarded as the inventor of Revolver (1833)^[239]
• Alessandro Cagliostro (1743–1795), charlatan, magician, and adventurer who enjoyed enormous success in Parisian high society in the years preceding the French Revolution
• Ambrogio Calepino (c. 1440–1510), one of the earliest Italian lexicographers, from whose name came the once-common Italian word calepino and English word calepin, for "dictionary"
• Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764–1815), distiller. Inventor of vermouth and aperitif (1786)
• Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798), adventurer and author, chiefly remembered as the prince of Italian adventurers and as the man who made the name Casanova synonymous with "libertine"
• Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731), harpsichord maker generally credited with the invention of the piano (c. 1700)^[240]
• Francesco Datini (1335–1410), merchant whose business and private papers, preserved in Prato, constitute one of the most important archives of the economic history of the Middle Ages
• Lorenzo de Tonti (c. 1602 – c. 1684), banker. The inventor of the system of annuities, now known as the tontine (1653)
• Giuseppe Donati (1835–1925), musician. Inventor of the classical ocarina
• Giovanni Falcone (1939–1992), magistrate who was specialised in prosecuting Cosa Nostra criminals. His life story is quite similar to that of his closest friend Paolo Borsellino
• Johann Maria Farina (1685–1766), perfume designer and maker. Inventor of Eau de Cologne (1709)
• Sonia Gandhi (born 1946), Italian-born Indian politician and the president of the Indian National Congress, widow of former Prime minister Rajiv Gandhi
• Ugolino della Gherardesca (c. 1220–1289), nobleman, whose death by starvation with his sons and grandsons is described by Dante in the Inferno (Canto XXXIII)
• Flavio Gioja (... – ...), mariner. Inventor of the compass (1302)
• John of Montecorvino (1246–1328), Franciscan and founder of the Catholic mission in China
• Lisa del Giocondo (1479–1542 or c. 1551), her name was given to Mona Lisa, her portrait commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance
• Philip Mazzei (1730–1816), physician, merchant and author, ardent supporter of the American Revolution, and correspondent of Thomas Jefferson
• Francesco Morosini (1619–1694), doge of Venice (1688–94), of a family distinguished in Venice for five centuries
• Edgardo Mortara (1851–1940), priest, central figure in a controversy that arose when at the age of 6 he was forcibly taken from his Jewish parents because a domestic servant had baptized him
• Pasquale Paoli (1725–1807), patriot and leader, the president of the Executive Council of the General Diet of the People of Corsica
• Giovanni Rappazzo (1893–1995), inventor of the first sound-on-film (1921)^[241]
• Cola di Rienzo (c. 1313–1354), popular leader who tried to restore the greatness of ancient Rome
• Sacco and Vanzetti case, controversial murder trial in Massachusetts, United States, extending over seven years, 1920–27, and resulting in the execution of the defendants
• Girolamo Savonarola (1452–1498), Christian preacher, reformer, and martyr, renowned for his clash with tyrannical rulers and a corrupt clergy
• Father Simpliciano of the Nativity (1827–1898), founder of the Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Hearts in Santa Balbina

See also

• List of West European Jews#Italy
• List of Sardinians
• List of Sicilians
• List of Italian Americans
• List of people by nationality

References