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Jay Pritzker Pavilion

 
Wikipedia: Jay Pritzker Pavilion
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Jay Pritzker Pavilion
A large crowd of people with their backs to the camera is seated on a lawn beneath a large metal trellis hung with speakers. They are watching a performance in a bandshell framed by curving shiny metal, with large buildings in the background.
2009 Grant Park Music Festival season-ending performance of Beethoven's 9th Symphony at Pavilion
Address
Millennium Park
City
Chicago, Illinois
Country  United States
Architect Frank Gehry
Owned by City of Chicago
Capacity 11,000 (4,000 fixed, 7,000 lawn)[1]
Opened July 16, 2004
Years active 2004-present
Current use Performing arts

Jay Pritzker Pavilion, also known as Pritzker Pavilion or Pritzker Music Pavilion, is a bandshell in Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Frank Gehry designed the pavilion, which was named for Jay Pritzker of the Pritzker family, known for owning Hyatt Hotels. In April 1999, Gehry accepted the commission to design the pavilion. It was constructed between June 1999 and July 2004, and is located on the south side of Randolph Street and east of the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. The pavilion serves as the centerpiece for Millennium Park, which was opened on July 16, 2004.

The pavilion serves as the new home of the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and Chorus and Grant Park Music Festival, the nation's only remaining free outdoor classical music series. It also hosts a wide range of music series and annual performing arts events. A wide range of performers from mainstream rock bands to classical musicians and opera singers have appeared at the pavilion. The pavilion even host physical fitness activities such as yoga. All rehearsals at the pavilion are open to the public. Rehearsal for the music festival are highly-attended and have docents available.

Millennium Park is part of the larger Grant Park; the pavilion complements Petrillo Music Shell, the park's older and larger outdoor venue, as Grant Park's small event (less than 10,000 people) outdoor performing arts venue. Pritzker Pavilion is built partially atop the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, the park's indoor performing arts venue, with which it shares a loading dock and backstage facilities. Initially the pavilion's lawn seats were free for all concerts, but this changed when Tori Amos performed the first mainstream concert there on August 31, 2005.

Construction of the pavilion presented several design and assembly problems. Furthermore, Chicago's historic limitations on the height of buildings in Grant Park created a legal controversy; to avoid these legal limits, the city classifies the bandshell as a work of art rather than a building. The construction plans were revised over time, with features eliminated and others added as successful fundraising allowed the budget to grow. In the end, the performance venue was designed with a large fixed seating area, a Great Lawn, a trellis network to support the sound system and a signature Gehry stainless steel headdress. It features a sound system with an innovative acoustic design that replicates an indoor concert hall sound experience. The pavilion and the park in general are well-known and respected for their accessibility, and the bandshell has been consistently praised by critics.

Contents

Design and development

McDonald's Cycle Center BP Pedestrian Bridge BP Pedestrian Bridge Columbus Drive Exelon Pavilion NE Exelon Pavilion NE Exelon Pavilion SE Exelon Pavilion SE Exelon Pavilion NW Exelon Pavilion NW Exelon Pavilion SW Exelon Pavilion SW Harris Theater Jay Pritzker Pavilion Lurie Garden Nichols Bridgeway Nichols Bridgeway Chase Promenade North Chase Promenade Central Chase Promenade South AT&T Plaza Boeing Gallery North Boeing Gallery South Cloud Gate Wrigley Square McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink Crown Fountain Michigan Avenue Randolph StreetRectangular map of a park about 1.5 times as wide as it is tall. The top half is dominated by the Pritzker Pavilion and Great Lawn. The lower half is divided into three roughly equal sections: (left to right) Wrigley Square, McCormick Tribune Plaza, and Crown Fountain. North is to the left.
Image map of Millennium Park. Each feature or label is wikilinked.

Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west, Grant Park has been Chicago's front yard since the mid-19th century. Its northwest corner, north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute, east of Michigan Avenue, south of Randolph Street, and west of Columbus Drive, had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997, when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park.[2][3] In 2007, Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction.[4]

The pavilion is an outgrowth af a long-standing vision that has abounded since the festival began in 1935 in the original Petrillo Music Shell to create a world-class home for the Grant Park Music Festival.[5] The city's original pavilion design was much more modest than the end product. It had a smaller shell structure and speakers affixed to poles interspersed throughout the seating area. However, two things happened to change the original plans. First, John H. Bryan, former CEO of the Sara Lee Corporation, raised revenues to change the scope of the project. Second, Jay Pritzker's widow, Cindy, was unimpressed with the original design and demanded that award-winning architect Frank Gehry be involved.[6] Pritzker was a prominent Chicago businessman who died in 1999; his family owns several businesses, including Hyatt Hotels,[7] and awards the Pritzker Prize in architecture, which Gehry received in 1989.[8]

In February 1999, the city announced it was negotiating with Gehry to design a proscenium arch and orchestra enclosure for a bandshell in the new park, as well as a pedestrian bridge over Columbus Drive (which became BP Pedestrian Bridge). The city sought donors to cover Gehry's work,[9][10] and the Chicago Tribune dubbed him "the hottest architect in the universe" for his acclaimed Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. The Tribune noted Gehry's designs would not include such Mayor Richard M. Daley trademarks as wrought iron and seasonal flower boxes.[11]

Millennium Park project manager Edward Uhlir said "Frank [Gehry] is just the cutting edge of the next century of architecture," and noted that no other architect was being sought.[9] Skidmore, Owings and Merrill architect Adrian Smith approached Gehry several times on behalf of the city,[12] which originally asked him about doing just a facade, but Gehry was uninterested. A few months later the city asked him to get involved in Millennium Park; Gehry felt he would prefer to design a building, but that he could not complete it in time for the Millennium, and that he would need a much larger budget than the city had envisioned.[13] The key component in the modern themes strategy was Gehry's acceptance of the commission in April 1999.[9][12][14]

Aerial view of a green park with large roads running vertically at left and right and horizontally at the top. A curving metal bridge crosses the road on the left. Sidewalks divide the park into different areas, and it includes buildings and sculptures.
The Great Lawn, trellis and pavilion with the adjoining Harris Theater, within Millennium Park

In April 1999, the city announced that the Pritzker family had donated $15 million to fund Gehry's bandshell and an additional nine donors committed a total of $10 million.[15][16] The city sought Gehry, the donors supported him, and he was interested in the project.[7] The day of this announcement, after it became clear that Cindy Pritzker would fund the project,[13] Gehry agreed to the design request.[17] In November, when his designs for both the pavilion and bridge were unveiled, Gehry already had the basic design for the bandshell, but said the bridge's design was very preliminary and not well-conceived because funding for it was not committed.[18] The BP Pedestrian Bridge is designed to serve as a buffer against street noise, helping the pavilion's acoustics.[19]

According to the Guggenheim Museum, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion "suggests musical qualities", much like Gehry's Experience Music Project in Seattle, Washington.[19] The Pritzker Pavilion follows a series of open-air projects by Gehry, such as the Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland, the Concord Performing Arts Center in Concord, California, and numerous renovations to the Hollywood Bowl in Hollywood, California.[19]

Construction

A large bandshell stage, closed off by a glass door, is framed by large curved plates of shiny metal. A large number of red seats are in front of the stage, with a metal trellis forming triangular and diamond shapes above. Large buildings are in the background at right.
The pavilion bandshell is designed to reflect sound for optimal acoustics.

Jay Pritzker Pavilion cost $60 million, $15 million of which came from the Pritzker family.[20] U.S. Equities Realty was responsible for negotiating contracts with Gehry and all contractors who performed construction, civil engineering, audio engineering and landscaping.[7] Walsh Construction was hired to execute three elements of Gehry's design: the structural steel supporting the stainless steel ribbons, the ribbons themselves and the trellis and associated sound system. Walsh subcontracted the work, and hired the LeJeune Steel Company of Mineapolis for the structural steel, Zahner for the ribbons, Acme Structural of Springfield, Missouri for the trellis and the Telaske Group of Oak Park, Illinois for the structure's sound system.[7]

Millennium Park is built on top of a large underground parking garage. The pavilion was built above and behind the Harris Theater, which has the benefit that the park's indoor and outdoor performance venues share a loading dock, rehearsal rooms and other backstage facilities.[21] Construction started before the park's design was completed, and in January 2000, 17 additional caissons had to be added to the partially built garage to support the weight of Gehry's pavilion. In April the tops of all these caissons had to be rebuilt for changes in the pavilion's foundation.[22] Construction of the pavilion commenced and workers were soon pouring the concrete walls to support the roof; this covered the orchestra shell space, which is 100 feet (30 m) wide, 50 feet (15 m) tall and has no support columns.[7] The roof rests on a dozen north-south trusses supported by east-west truss girders.[23] The south side of the orchestra shell space is enclosed by the glass doors of the proscenium, which are about 50 feet (15 m) tall, 100 feet (30 m) wide and function like aircraft hangar doors made of glass.[24] They were the largest doors that Glass Solutions of Elmhurst, Illinois ever produced; [24] the thickness of the glass was a design problem for the steel supports.[24] The pavilion's construction was aided by the French CATIA software program and internet conferencing.[25] In the end, budget limitations and architectural aspirations caused compromises that left many elements in their most straightforward form, such as exposed pipes and conduits or rough concrete.[26] The pavilion is one of two features in the park to include accessible restrooms. The other is McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink. The restrooms are located on either the east or west side of the Pavilion.[27]

A large number of red seats with a green lawn and park behind, beneath a symmetic curving metal trellis with speakers. Skyscrapers are in the distant background.
Stage view of the pavilion's seats, trellis and Great Lawn, with Millennium Park and the Historic Michigan Boulevard District behind

The proscenium's stainless steel ribbons are comprised of 697 panels that range from 6 to 300 square feet (0.56–27.9 m2) and 1,600 to 20,000 pounds (730–9,100 kg) with a thickness of about 14 inches (36 cm).[28] They are aluminum with a stainless steel outer layer that has a uniform shade across all panels.[28][29] They are described as "stainless steel panels that appear to be peeling back from the central opening".[30] The structural steel for the ribbons had an abnormally low fit tolerance of 0.125 inches (3.2 mm), rather than the standard 1 to 2 inches (25 to 51 mm).[23] The proscenium was inspired by Gehry's 2001 flagship store for Issey Miyake in New York City, which has sculptured titanium that represents pleating.[31] During construction, about five cranes and 18 aerial lifts were on-site. The apex of the center element is approximately 150 feet (46 m) high, which was near the limits of basic construction equipment at the time.[29]

The trellis over the Great Lawn resulted from the distributed sound system's requirement for speakers every 70 feet (21 m). One way to achieve this would have involved placing the speakers on pipes or columns, but the resulting forest of columns seemed discordant with the architecture.[24] Gehry preferred the trellis although it cost about $3 million more than speakers arranged on posts would have.[13] The trellis uses 22 criss-crossing arches in a lattice pattern.[32] The arches use pipes varying in diameter from 12–20 inches (30–51 cm) depending upon the load requirements.[32] Arches longer than 300 feet (91 m) have four or five different radiuses, where radius describes the extent of pipe curvature.[32] The arch pipes connect to the structural steel of the pavilion structure without linking to the metal ribbons.[32] The trellis is 600 feet by 300 feet (183 m × 91 m).[33]

View from a height of a green park with a bandshell surrounded by curved shiny metal, with a trellis over a large green lawn. A curved metal bridge crosses a horizontal street to another park. In the foreground, skyscrapers block part of the view.
View of the pavilion with the Harris Theater (left), BP Pedestrian Bridge (above) and Lurie Garden (right), as seen from Willis Tower.

The pavilion includes 4,000 fixed seats and a 95,000-square-foot (8,800 m2) Great Lawn that can accommodate an additional 7,000 people.[1] Early plans to incorporate a surrounding waterfall and stairway were abandoned.[34] The pavilion's brushed stainless steel headdress frames the 120-foot (37 m) proscenium theatre; the main stage can accommodate a full orchestra and chorus of 150 members. The bandshell is connected to a trellis of interlocking crisscrossing steel pipes that support the innovative sound system, which mimics indoor concert hall acoustics.[35]

Acoustics

A round, grey metal tube with two dark grey rectangular boxy speakers hanging from it. In the background are the tops of two skyscrapers.
Speakers close up

Jay Pritzker Pavilion uses an innovative LARES sound system, which "generates the reflected and reverberant energy that surrounds and envelops the listener in an indoor performance venue".[6] The system causes the sound quality to be fairly uniform throughout the entire venue, and has received critical acclaim for its technological adaptations, such as signal processing in a variety of indoor and outdoor venues.[6][36] The Pritzker Pavilion is the first permanent outdoor installation of the LARES system in the United States. The trellis has both acoustic and architectural functions; it allows for the precise placement of speakers for sound optimization without visual obstructions, while simultaneously providing a unifying visual canopy.[6]

The overall acoustic system is a distributed sound reinforcement system, which uses many innovative features as well as standard sound reinforcement techniques. With this system, musicians on stage are able to hear each other clearly in a way that facilitates ensemble play. In addition, direct natural sound from the stage is reflected from architectural surfaces as well as being reinforced by two sound systems. The forward facing reinforcement speakers time the relaying of sound so as to make it seem to have arrived directly from the stage with proper clarity and volume levels. Distributed speakers allow for lower sound volumes than would be necessary with centralized speakers, which would also disturb neighboring residences and business.[6][37]

The trellis system has several unique features. Instead of merely reinforcing the sound like a traditional public address system, it seeks to replicate the acoustics of a concert hall, and create a clearly defined concert space. Sound arriving directly from lateral sources masks city disturbances. Downward facing acoustic enhancement speakers simulate sound reflection similar to indoor concert hall wall and ceiling effects.[6][37] Critics Kevin Nance and Wayne Delacoma of the Chicago Sun-Times said that even on the opening weekend it was clear that the acousticians, Talaske Group of Oak Park, Illinois, and Gehry have solved many of the problems and mysteries of the outdoor presentation of classical music.[38]

Controversies

A woman with red hair in a white dress, playing a piano and singing into a microphone.
Tori Amos performing at the first pavilion event with a lawn seating fee on August 31, 2005

Grant Park has been "forever open, clear and free" since 1836, protected by legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings.[39][40][41] Aaron Montgomery Ward, who is known both as the inventor of mail order and the protector of Grant Park, twice sued the city of Chicago to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park and to keep it from building new ones.[42][43] As a result, the city has what are termed the Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park. However, Crown Fountain and the 130-foot (40 m) Pritzker Pavilion were exempt from the height restriction because they were classified as works of art and not buildings or structures.[44] According to The Economist, the pavilion is described as a work of art to dodge the protections established by Ward, who "rules over Grant Park from the grave".[45]

The naming of Jay Pritzker Pavilion also proved controversial. The new pavilion was built as a replacement for Grant Park's decades-old Petrillo Music Shell, which had a long history of hosting free music events and was named for James C. Petrillo, a labor union leader who started free concerts in Grant Park. The Petrillo family said naming the new music shell for Jay Pritzker ignored Petrillo's legacy, and threatened legal action.[46] Other controversies during construction involved escalating costs and delays; both the pavilion and park opened four years later than originally planned and cost millions of dollars more than expected.[38][22]

A large number of people are seated on the grass facing a bandshell with an even larger crowd across a wide sidewalk. The bandshell is framed by shiny curved metal and a trellis is over the larger crowd. Skyscrapers are in the background.
Enjoying Beethoven's 9th Symphony in the pavilion and beyond (Nichols Bridgeway view)

Once the pavilion was built, the initial plan was that the lawn seating would be free for all events. An early brochure for the Grant Park Music Festival said "You never need a ticket to attend a concert! The lawn and the general seating section are always admission free."[47] However, when parking revenue fell short of estimates during the first year, the city charged $10 for lawn seating at the August 31, 2005 concert by Tori Amos. The city justified this by contending that since the Pavilion is an open air venue, there were many places in Millennium Park, such as the Cloud Gate, Crown Fountain and Lurie Gardens, where one could have enjoyed the sounds or the atmosphere of the park without having to pay.[47][48][49]

Amos, a classically trained musician who chose only piano and organ accompaniment, earned positive reviews as the inaugural rock and roll performer in a venue that regularly hosts classical music.[50][51] The day of the concert, the Gehry-designed BP Pedestrian Bridge that connects the pavilion and Millennium Park with Daley Bicentennial Plaza was closed until 7:00 A.M. the next morning.[52] In addition to charging for lawn seating, the event promoters prohibited customers from bringing beverages, including bottled water, to the lawn; drinks instead had to be purchased onsite.[48] The city later stated that confiscation of unopened beverage bottles was a mistake and that "Bottled water is always allowed at the free concerts we host at the park, and will be allowed at any future events as well."[53] An estimated 300 attendees set up blankets beyond the trellis system, where they could enjoy their own beverages while listening to the concert.[51] The official Chicago policy is that alcohol is permitted throughout Jay Pritzker Pavilion during public performances, but cans and glass bottles are not permitted on the Great Lawn.[27]

Events

It is night. A spotlit lone performer plays an instrument on a large stage at right, and a large audience is visible across the bottom of the rest of the image. Large curving metal panels frame the stage and loom over the audience, while the lights of very tall skyscrapers shine against a cloudy sky behind.
Andrew Bird performed at the pavilion in September 2008.

Jay Pritzker Pavilion competes with Ravinia Park as a Chicagoland outdoor music venue.[54][55] The pavilion hosts free music events such as Chicago Gospel Music Festival from spring to fall. In June, July and August, the Grammy-nominated Grant Park Orchestra and Chorus performs free classical concerts at the Grant Park Music Festival,[56] a Chicago tradition since 1931 which remains the nation's only free, outdoor classical music series.[57][58] Although the Music Festival shares pavilion space with several other program series and annual performances, its concerts most Wednesday, Friday and Saturday evenings throughout the heart of the summer are the core of the pavilion's offerings.[14] Travel guide Frommer's lists the park, pavilion, and these free concerts as some of the best free things to do in Chicago.[59] The pavilion also hosts a series of jazz concerts in July and August,[60] and on Saturday mornings in the summer, the Great Lawn under the trellis system hosts workouts such as yoga and pilates.[61] However, events are not just limited to the summer months. A multimedia presentation was held at the pavilion in November 2007,[62] and the Pritzker Prize presentation ceremony, which moves to various architecturally significant international locations each year, was held in the Pritzker Pavilion in April 2005.[63] Among the annual performers at the pavilion are Steppenwolf Theatre, Lyric Opera of Chicago and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO).[14] On Sunday September 11, 2005, United States Senator Barack Obama served as guest narrator for a 9/11 tribute concert by the CSO. The focal work of the concert was Aaron Copland's "Lincoln Portrait" and the concert was led by former CSO resident conductor William Eddin.[64][65]

Although it was built as a replacement for Grant Park's outdoor concert facilities, larger annual events such as the Chicago Blues and Chicago Jazz Festivals and Taste of Chicago are too large for Jay Pritzker Pavilion and continue to be held in and around Petrillo Music Shell.[66][67] The pavilion has hosted smaller festivals, such as the Chicago Gospel Music Festival, since 2005.[68][69] Public opinion has been in favor of moving some of the smaller Blues and Jazz festival events to the pavilion, with its better, more modern acoustics.[70] By 2009, as the city grappled with a budget deficit, it considered realigning parts of the larger festivals and made definite plans to move some of the smaller ones to the more modern venue.[71]

Hosted events
Five members of a band play keyboards, electric bass, drums and guitar in fromt of a symphony orchestra and its conductor, all dressed informally.
The Decemberists played a free concert with the Grant Park Orchestra on July 18, 2007.
At right a woman in black stands in front of many children dressed in black, sitting in three rows of chairs on a large stage. In the background musicians play a grand piano, drums and guitars. At left a woman stands at a microphone, with several adults seated nearby. The stage opens to the outside at far left.
Chicago Children's Choir backstage at Jay Pritzker Pavilion

On July 18, 2007, the Grant Park Music Festival partnered with the Metro Chicago to produce a free Wednesday-night show celebrating Metro's 25th anniversary and featuring indie band The Decemberists with the Grant Park Orchestra.[72][73] The show featured new orchestral arrangements of The Decemberists’ songs by Sean O’Loughlin, who also conducted in lieu of Carlos Kalmar.[72][73] While the concert was free,[73] the front seating sections were reserved for season membership holders. Fans of the band formed a line hours prior to the show to try to obtain the remaining first-come, first-served seats. Thus membership holders, who were mostly unfamiliar with the band, were seated closest to the stage, while fans were seated farther away. This led Decemberists' frontman Colin Meloy to encourage the crowd to breach the barriers between the pavilion's seats and Great Lawn to get closer to the stage during the band's encore performance, which was without the orchestra. The estimated attendance of over 10,000 was the largest for any free concert held at Jay Pritzker Pavilion to date.[74] The Chicago Sun-Times said that promoters of the show claimed over 11,000 were in attendance.[73] The Chicago Tribune estimated the crowd at 15,000.[75]

Other events include a concert by Wilco on September 12, 2007, the "Poland for Chicago" show with Polish President Lech Kaczyński on September 25, 2007, and a global warming awareness festival which culminated in a performance entitled Arctic at the pavilion in November 2007.[76][77][78] Most events at the pavilion remain free; the only public event at the pavilion in the summer of 2008 that charged admission was a concert by Rogue Wave and Death Cab for Cutie on June 3.[79][80] The pavilion has hosted several one-day events that were noted in international publications, including the United States debut of A Throw of Dice, a 1929 Indian silent movie about two kings with a common love interest, on July 30, 2008. At the debut, Nitin Sawhney and the Grant Park Orchestra accompanied the movie with a live performance.[81] Oprah Winfrey filmed the September 8, 2008 season-opening Oprah Winfrey Show on September 3, 2008 at the pavilion with more than 150 Olympic medalists, including Michael Phelps, Nastia Liukin, Dara Torres, Kobe Bryant, Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh, in an effort to rally support for the Chicago 2016 Olympic bid.[82][83]

Concerts performed by the Grant Park Orchestra and directed by Kalmar were part of a June 19, 2009 citywide Burnham Plan centennial celebration that included the unveiling of the Pavilion projects.[84][85] The concert featured the world premiere of Michael Torke's work for symphony and chorus entitled Plans, paired with Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3.[86]

Among the artists who performed with the festival at the pavilion in the first decade of the 21st Century are sopranos Karina Gauvin and Erin Wall, tenor Vittorio Grigolo, pianist Stephen Hough, violinists Rachel Barton Pine, James Ehnes, Roby Lakatos, Christian Tetzlaff, Pinchas Zukerman, vocalists Otis Clay, Mariza,and Maria del Mar Bonet in addition to the Decemberists.[87] All rehearsals at the pavilion are highly-attended events that are open to the public.[88] The festival is represented by a staff of docents that fields questions and provides educational talks during the rehearsals.[89]

Besides these public functions, the pavilion is available, as is the entire park, as a venue for private events year-round. The stage's glass and steel door enable it to provide indoor space protected from the elements when necessary.[90] In addition, the pavilion has a Choral Rehearsal Room that can be rented.[91]

Reception

Night view of a bandshell framed by large curved metal surfaces and lit with orange-golden light. A trellis is visible overhead and very tall brightly-lit skyscrapers are in the background. View of the back of a building where many large metal struts support angular metal plates, braced with geometric grids. There are skyscrapers in the background.
While most critics have praised the pavilion (left, at night), others have criticized its exposed beams and angular shapes (right).

Critics have said that Jay Pritzker Pavilion is the highlight of Millennium Park. Fodor's travel guide described it as the park's "showstopper" and "stunning", praising its stainless steel and sound system, as well as the variety of events it hosts.[67] Time called the pavilion "dynamic" and recommended it as one of two must-see attractions in the park,[92] while one New York Times writer found herself standing "agog" at what appeared to her to be a "celestial gateway to another universe" and a frame for the sky.[93] Lonely Planet travel guide called the pavilion the anchor of the park,[94] and the 2004 Year in Review issue of Time described it as the park's crown jewel.[95] USA Today described the bandshell as a landmark and the centerpiece of Millennium Park.[96][97] According to the Financial Times, the bandshell's acoustics are unparalleled compared to any contemporary outdoor venue.[98] Another Financial Times critic noted that Gehry revisited some of his past design motifs, such as his use of stainless steel, and explored new ones such as the trellis and sound system.[99]

Despite the praise it has received, the pavilion has its blemishes: the supporting backside along Randolph Street has attracted criticism for not being pleasing to the eye, and some observers found the exposed supporting proscenium braces offensive.[100] Critic Fred Bernstein of The New York Times felt that the smooth rounded trellis and sharp-edged bandshell were geometrically discordant.[101]

The director of Millennium Park was honored for his contribution to creating "one of the most accessible parks—not just in the United States but possibly the world" in a 2005 accessibility award ceremony held at the pavilion.[102] The pavilion's stage is reached by gently-sloped ramps instead of stairs, as part of the park's overall accessibility design.[102] The decision to save money and not slope the Great Lawn as much as originally planned was not universally popular.[22] However, Gehry said that the actual slope of the lawn was more accommodating to people with disabilities and better able to accommodate activities than the original plan.[103]

Futuristic view of a green lawn with people scattered on it, beneath a metal trellis supported on shiny metal pillars. The trellis leads to a bandshell surrounded by curved plates of shiny metal, with many tall skyscrapers in the background.
Panoramic view of the Great Lawn, trellis, and bandshell at Jay Pritzker Pavilion in May 2009. Among the buildings pictured in the background are (left to right) The Heritage, Smurfit-Stone Building, Trump International Hotel and Tower, One Prudential Plaza, Two Prudential Plaza, Aon Center, Aqua, Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower, 340 on the Park, The Buckingham, 400 East Randolph, and Harbor Point.

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Facts and Dimensions of Jay Pritzker Pavilion". City of Chicago. http://www.millenniumpark.org/artandarchitecture/jay_pritzker_factsheet.html. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  2. ^ Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (August 6, 2006). "Millennium Park". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/books/chapters/0806-1st-gilf.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008. 
  3. ^ Pesci, Renato. "A people's park of international importance in downtown Chicago". citymayors.com. http://www.citymayors.com/environment/millennium_park.html. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  4. ^ "Crain's List Lartgest Tourist Attractions (Sightseeing): Ranked by 2007 attendance". Crain's Chicago Business (Crain Communications Inc.): p. 22. 2008-06-23. 
  5. ^ Macaluso, p. 8
  6. ^ a b c d e f Delacoma, Wayne. "The Jay Pritzker Music Pavilion Sounds as Good as it Looks". http://www.lares-lexicon.com/millenium/millenium.html. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
  7. ^ a b c d e Sharoff, p. 18
  8. ^ Pilkington, Ed (April 14, 2009). "Swiss architect untouched by fad or fashion wins prized Pritzker award". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2009/apr/14/zumthor-pritzker-award. Retrieved December 15, 2009. 
  9. ^ a b c Bey, Lee (1999-02-18). "Building for future - Modern architect sought for park". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB42A2E27BC3A9F&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 
  10. ^ "The City". Daily Herald. Newsbank. 1999-02-18. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:ADHB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0ED0293A7773EBF9&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 
  11. ^ Warren, Ellen and Teresa Wiltz (1999-02-17). "City Has Designs On Ace Architect For Its Band Shell". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB42A2E27BC3A9F&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 
  12. ^ a b Kamin, Blair (1999-04-18). "A World-Class Designer Turns His Eye To Architecture's First City". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB42A4E848E3AFC&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 
  13. ^ a b c Isenberg, p. 229-231
  14. ^ a b c Macaluso, p. 182
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References

  • Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (2006). Millennium Park: Creating a Chicago Landmark. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226293493. 
  • Isenberg, Barbara (2009). Conversations With Frank Gehry. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26800-6. 
  • Kowalski, Carissa and Tonia Kim (2005). Galindo, Michelle. ed. Chicago: Architecture & Design. teNeues Publishing Group. ISBN 3-8327-9025-x. 
  • Macaluso, Tony, Julia S. Bachrach, and Neal Samors (2009). Sounds of Chicago's Lakefront: A Celebration Of The Grant Park Music Festival. Chicago's Book Press. ISBN 978-0-9797892-6-7. 
  • Sharoff, Robert (2004). Better than Perfect: The Making of Chicago's Millennium Park. Walsh Construction Company. 

External links

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Position in Chicago's skyline

311 South Wacker Willis Tower Chicago Board of Trade Building 111 South Wacker AT&T Corporate Center Kluczynski Federal Building CNA Center Chase Tower Three First National Plaza Mid-Continental Plaza Richard J. Daley Center Chicago Title and Trust Center 77 West Wacker Pittsfield Building Leo Burnett Building The Heritage at Millennium Park Smurfit-Stone Building IBM Plaza One Prudential Plaza Two Prudential Plaza Aon Center Blue Cross and Blue Shield Tower 340 on the Park Park Tower Olympia Centre 900 North Michigan John Hancock Center Water Tower Place Harbor Point The Parkshore North Pier Apartments Lake Point Tower Jay Pritzker Pavilion Buckingham Fountain Lake Michigan Lake Michigan Lake MichiganThe skyline of a city with many large skyscrapers; in the foreground are a green park and a lake with many sailboats moored on it. Over 30 of the skyscrapers and some park features are labeled.

Coordinates: 41°52′58.83″N 87°37′18.67″W / 41.8830083°N 87.6218528°W / 41.8830083; -87.6218528

v • d • e
City of Chicago, Illinois
Chicago metropolitan area - State of Illinois - United States of America
v • d • e
Chicago Theatre District
v • d • e
Millennium Park
Features and attractions Millennium Park map
Surrounding streets
Influences
Other
Harris Theater/Exelon Pavilions McDonald's Cycle Center
Chase Promenade North BP Pedestrian Bridge
West   Jay Pritzker Pavilion    East
South
Lurie Garden

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