Jeju dialect (Korean: 제주 방언, Hanja: 濟州方言) or Jeju language (제주어; 濟州語) is the dialect used on the island of Jeju in Korea, with the exception of Chuja (Chuja dialect is similar to the Jeolla dialect) in former Bukjeju County area of Jeju City. It differs greatly from the dialects of the mainland, and preserves many archaic words which have since been lost in other Korean dialects. It has also directly borrowed (not to be confused with a Sprachbund-like assimilation of) some words from foreign languages, including about 240 words from Mongolian, 53 words from Chinese, 50 words from Japanese, and 22 words from Manchu.[1] There are also many words which appear to be original formations (possibly from the language of the ancient kingdom of Tamna).
Another difference is the slightly different intonation of words. The Jeju dialect tends to use more stress on certain syllables.
One large difference between the Jeju dialect and those of mainland Korea is the lack of formality and deference to elders. For example, while a speaker of the Seoul Dialect might say 안녕하세요 annyeonghaseyo (“Hello”) to an older person, a speaker of the Jeju dialect would say 반갑수다 ban-gapsuda (“Howdy”). To many mainlanders, a child saying this to an adult would be appalling, but on the islands, a more “egalitarian” form of speech is used, perhaps a cultural idiosyncrasy that has hung on after the incorporation of Jeju itself (under the Tamna kingdom, which, though having subjugated itself to Korean states since the 600s CE, was not brought under the full centralized control of a Korean state until 1404 CE) into Korea.
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Phonemes
There are 9 vowels, ㅣ /i/, ㅔ /e/, ㅐ /ɛ/, ㅡ /ɨ/, ㅓ /ʌ/, ㅏ /a/, ㅜ /u/, ㅗ /o/, ㆍ /ɒ/.
Phonological change
Middle Korean /kj/ > Jeju /t͡ɕ/ (e.g. Middle Korean /kjər/ > Jeju /t͡ɕər/ "wave")
Middle Korean /əːj/ > Jeju /i/ (e.g. Middle Korean /kəːj/ > Jeju /ki(ŋi)/ "crab")
Vocabulary
Examples:
| English | Jeju dialect (in standard Hangul) |
Jeju dialect (in the Revised Romanization of Korean [RR]) |
Standard Korean (in standard Hangul) |
Standard Korean (in RR) |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| “Welcome!” | ᄒᆞᆫ저옵서예 | hɒnjeo opseoye | 어서 오세요 | eoseo oseyo | |
| “father” | 아방 | abang | 아버지 | abeoji | |
| “mother” | 어멍 | eomeong | 어머니 | eomeoni | |
| “grandfather; old man” | 하르방 | hareubang | 할아버지 | harabeoji | |
| “grandmother; old woman” | 할망 | halmang | 할머니 | halmeoni | |
| “uncle; middle-aged man” | 아즈방 | ajeubang | 아저씨, 아주버니 | ajeossi, ajubeoni | |
| “aunt; middle-aged woman” | 아즈망 | ajeumang | 아주머니, 아줌마 | ajumeoni, ajumma | |
| “elder brother (of a female)” | 오라방 | orabang | 오빠, 오라비 | oppa, orabi | |
| “daughter” | ᄄᆞᆯ | ttɒl | 딸 | ttal | |
| “the wife's father; a man's father-in-law” | 가시아방 | gasiabang | 장인 | jang-in | Jeju dialect gasi- as in gasiabang is a fossilization of the genitive form of Middle Korean gat (or gas, means "wife") |
| “man” | ᄉᆞᆫ아이 | sɒnai | 남자, 사나이 | namja, sanai | |
| “woman” | 지집빠이 | jijibai | 여자, 계집애 | yeoja, gyejibae | |
| “maiden” | 비바리 | bibari | 처녀 | cheonyeo | |
| “not likely” | 가물어 | gamureo | 설마 | seolma | |
| “neck” | 야개기 | yagaegi | 목 | mok | |
| “tree, shrub; wood” | 낭 | nang | 나무 | namu | Stem of the Korean word for "tree, shrub; wood" was namg- in Middle Korean; note the similarity with Classical Mongolian noγoγa(n) or noγuγa(n) and Modern Khalkha Mongolian nogaan ("green") |
| “zelkova tree” | 굴묵낭 | gulmungnang | 느티나무 | neutinamu | |
| “grass” | 태역 | taeyeok | 잔디 | jandi | |
| “vegetable” | 송키 | songki | 채소 | chaeso | Jeju dialect songki is similar to Manchu sogi ("vegetable") |
| “potato” | 지실 | jisil | 감자 | gamja | |
| “puppy” | 강생이 | gangsaeng-i | 강아지 | gang-aji | |
| “cat” | 고냉이 | gonaeng-i | 고양이 | goyang-i | |
| “roe deer” | 노리 | nori | 노루 | noru | |
| “ax” | 도치 | dochi | 도끼 | dokki | The word for "ax" appeared variously as dosguy, dosgeuy, or dochɒy in Middle Korean |
| “mountain, hill, (esp.) parasitic cone” | 오름 | oreum | 뫼, 메 | moe, me | Jeju dialect oreum or orɒm is similar to Mongolian ūla ("mountain") and Manchu alin ("mountain"). Although it rather sounds closer to the literal meaning of oreum itself; oreum literally means "an elevation" or its implied meaning: "an elevated space." |
| “ear of grain” | 고고리 | gogori | 이삭 | isak | |
| “there” | 그디 | geudi | 거기 | geogi | Jeju dialect uses -di instead of -(eo)gi to form locational deictic pronouns |
| “here” | 이디 | idi | 여기 | yeogi | |
| “crab” | 깅이 | ging-i | 게 | ge | |
| “bird” | 생이 | saeng-i | 새 | sae | |
| “radish” | 놈삐 or 무수 | nomppi or musu | 무 | mu | Jeju dialect musu is cognate with Standard Korean muu but derived from a different Middle Korean variant. Note similarity with Manchu mursa ("large, white, globular Chinese radish"). The etymology of Jeju dialect nomppi is obscure. |
| “sock” | 대비 | daebi | 양말 | yangmal | Jeju dialect daebi < Japanese tabi ("traditional Japanese socks") |
| “pig” | 도새기 | dosaegi | 돼지 | dwaeji | |
| “pork” | 돗괴기 | dotgoegi | 돼지고기 | dwaejigogi | |
| “chicken egg” | 독새기 | doksaegi | 달걀 or 계란 | dalgyal or gyeran | |
| “lettuce” | 부루 | buru | 상추 | sangchu | |
| “change (at the end of a monetary transaction)” | 주리 | juri | 거스름돈 | geoseureumdon | Jeju dialect juri < Japanese tsuri (id.) |
| “wave” | 절 | jeol | 물결 or 파도 | mulgyeol or pado | Jeju dialect jeol < Middle Korean gyeol (id.); cognate with the second syllable of Standard Korean mulkkyeol |
| “purple eulalia” | 어욱 | eouk | 억새 | eoksae | |
| “early” | 인칙 | inchik | 일찍 | iljjik | |
| “powder of roast grain” | 개역 | gaeyeok | 미숫가루 | misutgaru | |
| “buckwheat” | 모물, 모몰, 모믈 | momul, momol, momeul | 메밀 | memil | |
| “dust” | 몬독 | mondok | 먼지 | meonji | |
| “chick” | 빙애기 | bing-aegi | 병아리 | byeong-ari | |
| “umbrella” | 가사 | gasa | 우산 | usan | Jeju dialect gasa is borrowed from Japanese kasa ("umbrella, parasol; wide-brimmed hat"), whereas Standard Korean usan is borrowed from Chinese 雨傘 yǔsǎn ("umbrella"). |
| “walking stick, staff” | 몽댕이 | mongdaeng-i | 지팡이 | jipang-i | Jeju dialect mongdaeng-i is cognate with Standard Korean 몽둥이 mongdung-i ("club, cudgel, baton, stick"). |
| “all, everything” | 몬딱 | monddak | 모두 | modu | |
| “kitchen” | 정지 | jeongji | 부엌 | bueok | this form is still used amoungst older residents of Jeju whereas younger people now all use "부엌". |
| “much, lots” | 하영 | hayeong | 많이 | mani | |
| “a small quantity; a little” | 호썰 | hosseol | 조금 | jogum |
See also
References
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