Johann de Kalb

Johann de Kalb
Born	June 19, 1721(1721-06-19) Erlangen, Bavaria
Died	19 August 1780(1780-08-19) (aged 59) Camden, South Carolina
Place of burial	Bethesda Presbyterian Churchyard
Allegiance	United States of America
Years of service	1777-1780
Rank	Major General (US)
Battles/wars	American Revolutionary War Battle of Camden
Relations	Wife: Anna Elizabeth Emilie van Robais
Signature

Johann von Robais, Baron de Kalb (June 19, 1721 – August 19, 1780), born Johann Kalb, was a German soldier who served as a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

Early life

Kalb was born in Hüttendorf, now a part of Erlangen, in present-day Bavaria, the son of Johann Leonhard Kalb and Margarethe Seitz. He learned French, English, and the social skills to get a substantial military commission in the Loewendal German Regiment of the French Army (where he served as Jean de Kalb). He served with distinguished honor throughout the War of Austrian Succession in Flanders. During the Seven Years' War, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and made assistant quartermaster general in the Army of the Upper Rhine, a division created by the disbanding of the Loewendal Regiment. He won the Order of Military Merit in 1763, and was elevated to the nobility with the title of baron.

In 1764, he resigned from the army and married Anna Elizabeth Emilie van Robais, an heiress to a fortune from cloth manufacturing.

In 1768, he traveled to America on a covert mission to determine the level of discontent amongst colonists by de Choiseul, on behalf of France.^[1] During the trip, he gained a respect for the colonists and their "spirit of independence".

American Revolutionary War

In 1777, he returned again with his protégé, the Marquis de Lafayette, and joined the Continental Army. He was disappointed and angry to learn, at first that he would not be made a major general,^[2] but after Lafayette's influence, was appointed on September 5, 1777, while he was on the road to leave for France.

He was at Valley Forge for most of the 1777–78 winter, and commanded a division of Patterson's and Learned's Brigades. He wrote letters of introduction for John Adams to the French court.^[3] De Kalb wrote:

On the whole, I have annoyances to bear, of which you can hardly form a conception. One of them is the mutual jealousy of almost all the French officers, particularly against those of higher rank than the rest. These people think of nothing but their incessant intrigues and backbitings. They hate each other like the bitterest enemies, and endeavor to injure each other wherever an opportunity offers. I have given up their society, and very seldom see them. La Fayette is the sole exception; I always meet him with the same cordiality and the same pleasure. He is an excellent young man, and we are good friends.... La Fayette is much liked, he is on the best of terms with Washington.^[4]

An engraving showing the wounded Baron de Kalb

He was assigned the command of a division of Maryland and Delaware troops, and was ordered south as reinforcements. During the British southern campaign, he was disappointed to learn that Horatio Gates had been appointed to command instead of him. At the Battle of Camden on August 16, 1780, de Kalb's horse was shot from under him, causing him to tumble to the ground. Before he could get up, he was shot three times and bayonetted repeatedly by British soldiers. His friend and aide, the Chevalier du Buysson, was seriously wounded blocking additional blows with his own body.

It is reported that Cornwallis supervised as De Kalb's wounds were dressed by his own surgeons in Camden, South Carolina. De Kalb replied to a British officer, "I thank you sir for your generous sympathy, but I die the death I always prayed for: the death of a soldier fighting for the rights of man."^[5] He died three days later and was buried in Camden.^[6]

Legacy

DeKalb bust in Decatur, Georgia

He was greatly revered by his contemporaries. Several towns, counties and streets in the U.S. are named DeKalb after him, in Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, New York, Tennessee and Texas. Streets include the DeKalb Avenue in Brooklyn, New York City and others. His portrait was painted posthumously by Charles Willson Peale.^[7] In 1886, a monument to Baron de Kalb was erected on the grounds of the Maryland state house to honor his contributions to the revolution.^[8] An American elementary school run by the U.S. Department of Defense in Nurenburg, Germany was named after him; it closed in the 1990s.

Footnotes

References

• Brig. General P. Horry, "The Life of General Francis Marion"; page 107, Publisher Joseph Allen, Philadelphia 1829
• John Spear Smith (1858). Memoir of the Baron de Kalb. Maryland Historical Society, J.D. Toy. http://books.google.com/books?id=a6EEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=de+kalb#PPP13,M1. 

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article: General John Kalb

•  "Kalb, Johann de". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1892.