Joseph I, Kaiser (Vienna, 1678-1711, Vienna), the elder son of Leopold I, became German King (see Deutscher König) in 1690, and succeeded his father as emperor in 1705. His short reign was occupied by the War of the Spanish Succession and troubles with Hungarian rebels. Thanks to Prince Eugene (see Eugen, Prinz), he was successful in the war, and his own energy and astuteness contributed to the reduction of the Hungarian revolt.
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
| German Literature Companion: Kaiser Joseph I |
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Joseph I |
Joseph I, 1678-1711, Holy Roman emperor (1705-11), king of Hungary (1687-1711) and of Bohemia (1705-11), son and successor of Leopold I. Joseph became Holy Roman emperor in the midst of the War of the Spanish Succession and died before it ended. He vigorously supported the claim of his brother (who succeeded him as Charles VI) to the Spanish throne. During his reign Hungary was in revolt under Francis II Rákóczy, but by 1711 the rebellion had been quelled. Joseph made some attempts at internal reform. A musician and an admirer of art, he encouraged cultural life in Vienna.
| History 1450-1789: Joseph I |
Joseph I (Holy Roman Empire) (1678–1711; ruled 1705–1711), Habsburg emperor. Joseph I's reign was dominated by the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), which pitted Bourbon France and Spain against the "Grand Alliance" led by Austria and the Maritime Powers. Born to Emperor Leopold I and Eleonore of the Palatinate-Neuburg, Joseph's upbringing was notable for the absence of Jesuit influence and the resurgence of German patriotism during lengthy struggles against France and the Ottoman Empire. In 1699 he married Wilhemine Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who his parents hoped would tame his youthful excesses, which included wild parties and a string of indiscriminate sexual escapades. He was soon admitted to the privy council, where he became the center of a "young court" of reformminded ministers eager to resolve the daunting financial and military crises that confronted the monarchy during the opening years of the war, which Leopold had entered to secure the far-flung Spanish inheritance for his second son, Archduke Charles (the future Holy Roman emperor Charles VI). Their first victory came in 1703, with the appointments of Prince Eugene of Savoy and Gundaker Starhemberg to head the war council (Hofkriegsrat) and treasury (Hofkammer). Shortly afterward, John Churchill, the duke of Marlborough, was induced to march a British army into southern Germany, where it combined with imperial troops in destroying a Franco-Bavarian force at Blenheim (August 1704).
Although the great victory saved the monarchy from imminent defeat, Joseph had to overcome a succession of new challenges after succeeding his father (5 May 1705), which included the need to wage war on multiple fronts in Germany, the Spanish Netherlands, Italy, the Low Countries, and Spain, while simultaneously suppressing a massive rebellion in Hungary led by Prince Ferenc II Rákóczi. Joseph's strong German identity informed vigorous initiatives within the empire, including reform of the Imperial Aulic Council (Reichshofrat) and the banning of several renegade German and Italian princes who had sided with the Bourbons. Yet he gave little assistance to the imperial army fighting along the Rhine frontier or to the Maritime Powers campaigning in the Low Countries. Instead, he focused his resources (together with considerable Anglo-Dutch loans) on Italy, which Prince Eugene delivered in a single stroke at the battle of Turin (1706), after which the French evacuated northern Italy, much as they had abandoned Germany after Blenheim. A small force expelled Spanish forces from Naples the following spring. Joseph's other principal concern was Hungary, where Rákóczi had aroused widespread support against Leopold's regime of heavy taxation and religious persecution. Although Joseph dissociated himself from his father's policies and promised to respect Hungary's liberties, he refused Rákóczi's demand that he cede Transylvania as a guarantee against future Habsburg tyranny. As a result, the war dragged on for eight years, as Joseph committed roughly half of all Austrian forces to the difficult process of reconquering the country. Once victory was assured, relatively generous terms were granted the rebels at the peace of Szatmár (April 1711), signed just ten days after Joseph's death.
With Italy secured and the Hungarian rebellion under control, Joseph shifted his attention to the last and least pressing of his war aims—his brother's acquisition of the rest of Spain's European and American empire. Prince Eugene and a small force were sent to join Marlborough's Anglo-Dutch army in the Spanish Netherlands, most of which fell after their victory at Oudenarde (1708). Joseph also instigated a short war with Pope Clement XI at the end of 1709, forcing him to recognize Charles as king of Spain. By 1710, the first Austrian troops were fighting alongside their British, Dutch, and Portuguese allies in Spain itself. Nonetheless, a combination of logistical difficulties, timely French reinforcements, and the Spanish people's dogged support for the Bourbon claimant, Philip V, doomed the allied effort. Unsuccessful peace negotiations at The Hague (1709) and Gertruydenberg (1710) failed to deliver what the allies could not win for themselves. Finally, a new British cabinet initiated secret peace talks with Louis XIV at the beginning of 1711, foreshadowing the Peace of Utrecht two years later.
Despite his untimely death from smallpox (17 April 1711), Joseph attained his two main objectives: securing an Italian glacis to the southwest and reconciling Hungary to Austrian domination, albeit with constitutional safeguards. Indeed, both achievements endured until 1866. Much of his success rested with a talent for choosing and managing able ministers to whom he could delegate much of the responsibility for realizing policy objectives. At the same time, Joseph jeopardized these gains through extramarital liaisons, which prevented his wife from bearing children after he gave her a venereal infection in 1704. Although he was survived by two daughters, the absence of a male heir foreshadowed the dynasty's extinction in 1740.
Bibliography
Hengelmüller von Hengervár, Ladislas, Freiherr. Hungary's Fight for National Existence; Or, the History of the Great Uprising Led by Francis Rakoczi II, 1703–1711. London, 1913.
Ingrao, Charles W. In Quest and Crisis: Emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg Monarchy. West Lafayette, Ind., 1979.
Mc Kay, Derek. Prince Eugene of Savoy. London, 1977.
—CHARLES INGRAO
| Wikipedia: Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor |
| Joseph I | |
|---|---|
| Holy Roman Emperor; King of the Romans, Hungary and Bohemia [1][1] | |
 |
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| Reign | 5 May 1705–17 April 1711 |
| Coronation | 26 January 1690 |
| Predecessor | Leopold I |
| Successor | Charles VI |
| Spouse | Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick |
| Issue | |
| Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland Archduke Leopold Joseph Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress |
|
| House | House of Habsburg |
| Father | Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor |
| Mother | Eleonore-Magdalena of Neuburg |
| Born | 26 July 1678 Vienna, Austria |
| Died | 17 April 1711 (aged 32) Vienna, Austria |
Joseph I (26 July 1678 – 17 April 1711), Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary, King of the Romans[2][2] was the elder son of Emperor Leopold I and his third wife, Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg, who was the daughter of Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine.
Born in Vienna, he was educated strictly by Prince Dietrich Otto von Salm and became a good linguist. In 1687, he received the crown of Hungary and became King of the Romans on 6 January 1690.
Contents |
Emperor
In 1702, at the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, he saw his only military service. He joined the Imperial General, Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden, in the siege of Landau.
He succeeded his father as emperor in 1705. It was his good fortune to govern the Austrian dominions and to be head of the Empire, during the years in which his trusted general, Prince Eugene of Savoy, either acting alone in Italy or with the Duke of Marlborough in Germany and Flanders, was beating the armies of Louis XIV of France. During the whole of his reign, Hungary was disturbed by the conflict with Francis Rákóczi II, who eventually took refuge in the Ottoman Empire. The emperor reversed many of the authoritative measures of his father, thus helping to placate opponents. He began the attempts to settle the question of the Austrian inheritance by a pragmatic sanction, which was continued by his brother Charles VI. Joseph died in Vienna from smallpox.
Marriage and children
In 1699, he married Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick, daughter of John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. They had three children:
- Maria Josepha of Austria (8 December 1699 – 17 November 1757); she married August III ("the Saxon")
- Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria (29 October 1700 – 4 August 1701)
- Maria Amalia of Austria (22 October 1701 – 11 December 1756); she married Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor
Ancestors
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Titles
Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary, King of Croatia, King of Slavonia, King of Dalmatia, Archduke of Austria, King of Germany, Duke of Teschen
See also
- Kings of Germany family tree. He was related to every other king of Germany.
References
- ^ "Joseph I (Holy Roman Empire) - MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. http://www.webcitation.org/5kwryrD10.
- ^ "Joseph I (Holy Roman Empire) - MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. http://www.webcitation.org/5kwryrD10.
Sources
- F. Krones von Marchiand, Grundriss der Oesterreichischen Geschichte (1882)
- F. Wagner, Historia Josephi Caesaris (1746)
- J.C. Herchenhahn, Geschichte der Regierung Kaiser Josephs I (1786—1789)
- C. van Noorden, Europäische Geschichte im achtzehnten Jahrhundert (1870—1882).
External links
- Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor in the German National Library catalogue (German)
- Joseph I.: „Regina coeli“
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Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
Born: 26 July 1678 Died: 17 April 1711 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
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| Preceded by Leopold I |
King of Bohemia 1705 – 1711 |
Succeeded by Charles VI |
| King of HungaryJoseph I (Holy Roman Empire) - MSN Encarta (Archived 2009-10-31)[3] 1687 – 1711 |
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| King in Germany (formally King of the Romans) 1690 – 1711 |
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| Holy Roman Emperor (elect) 1705 – 1711 |
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| Archduke of Austria 1705 – 1711 |
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| Duke of Teschen 1705 – 1711 |
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Mentioned in
- Peace of Hubertusburg (treaty, Austria/Prussia)
- Maria Theresa (Austrian-Bohemian-Hungarian queen & stateswoman)
- Charles VI (Holy Roman emperor)
- Joseph I
- Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria
- Hapsburg (dynasty, Austria/Spain)
- Maria Amalia
- Censorship (history 1450-1789)
- Joseph II
- Joseph II
- Maria Amalia of Austria
- Borgo Giuseppino
- 1710s
- Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria (1700–1701)
