Juan Ruiz

Juan Ruiz (ca. 1283 - ca. 1350), known as the Archpriest of Hita (Arcipreste de Hita), was a medieval Spanish poet. He is best known for his ribald, earthy poem, Libro de buen amor (The Book of Good Love).

Biography

Origins

He was born either in Alcalá de Henares, or perhaps Alcalá la Real, a village of Jaén, then part of al-Andalus, or Muslim Spain. Little is known about him today, save that he was a cleric and probably studied in Toledo. Though his birth name is known to be Juan Ruiz, he is widely referred to by his title of "archpriest of Hita."

Imprisonment

According to his own book, he was imprisoned for years, thought to be between 1337 to 1350, as punishment for some of his deeds (if the poem is any guide, they were quite inconsistent with his position as priest). However, the poem has long been considered as pseudo-autobiography and the verses that mention his imprisonment appear at the end of the book and are generally thought to have been added after the fact. One of his poems states that he was imprisoned on the order of Gil Albornoz, archbishop of Toledo. It is not known whether he was sentenced for his irregularities of conduct, or on account of his satirical reflections on his ecclesiastical superiors. Nor is it possible to fix the precise date of his imprisonment. Albornoz nominally occupied the see of Toledo from 1337 to 1368, but he fell into disgrace in 1351 and fled to Avignon. A consideration of these circumstances points to the probable conclusion that Ruiz was in prison from 1337 to 1350, but this is conjecture. What seems established is that he finished the Libro de buen amor in 1343. Indeed, almost nothing is known about the author(s) of the poem or if he was even named Juan Ruiz. One scholarly study found hundreds of clerics in mid-fourteenth-century Castile named Juan Ruiz. ^[1] The name appears to be the equivalent of John Smith and may have been chosen to represent everyman.

Death

It has been estimated that he died around 1350 (presumably in prison); by 1351, he no longer held the title of archpriest of Hita.

The Book of Good Love

Libro de Buen Amor (Book of Good Love) is a massive and episodic work that chronicles much of medieval society through the narrator's eyes: ancient fables, ugly peasants, Ruiz's amorous dalliances with nuns, and what seems to be sincere religious fervor (the poem itself is 1,728 stanzas long). The breadth of the writer's scope, and the exuberance of his style have caused some to term him "the Spanish Chaucer." Speculation regarding whether or not the book was actually an autobiography is incessant. However, some believe^[who?] that because one "relation" is written in the third person (the story of Don Melón and Doña Endrina), that the whole poem is fictitious.

His language is characterized by its richness and its sermon-like tendency to repeat the same concept in several different ways. Noted for being very creative and alive, his work utilizes colloquial, popular vocabulary. His natural gifts were supplemented by his varied culture; he clearly had a considerable knowledge of the colloquial (and perhaps also of literary) Arabic widely spoken in the Spain of his time; his classical reading was apparently not extensive, but he knew by heart the Disticha of Dionysius Cato, and admits his indebtedness to Ovid and to the De Amore ascribed to Pamphilus; his references to Blanchefleur, to Tristan and to Yseult, indicate an acquaintance with French literature, and he utilizes the fabliaux with remarkable deftness; lastly, he adapts fables and apologues from Aesop, from Pedro Alfonso's Disciplina clericalis, and from medieval bestiaries.

All these heterogeneous materials are fused in the substance of his versified autobiography, into which he intercalates devout songs, parodies of epic or forensic formulae, and lyrical digressions on every aspect of life. He shows a profound knowledge of human emotion and is able to strike a balance between gentleness and brazenness in his shrewd and frequently ironic writing. Ruiz, in fact, offers a complete picture of picaresque society in the most complex and rich cultural geography of Europe during the first half of the 14th century, and his impartial irony lends a deeper tone to his rich coloring. He knows the weaknesses of both clergy and laity, and he dwells with equal complacency on the amorous adventures of great ladies, on the perverse intrigues arranged by demure nuns behind their convent walls, and on the simpler instinctive animalism of country lasses and Moorish dancing-girls.

In addition to the faculty of genial observation Ruiz has the gift of creating characters and presenting types of human nature: from his Don Furón is derived the hungry gentleman in Lazarillo de Tormes, in Don Melón and Doña Endrina he anticipates Calisto and Melibea in the Celestina, and Celestina herself is developed from the Trotaconventos of Ruiz. Moreover, Ruiz was justly proud of his metrical innovations: the Libro de buen amor is mainly written in the cuaderna via modelled on the French alexandrine, but he imparts to the measure a variety and rapidity previously unknown in Spanish, and he experiments by introducing internal rhymes or by shortening the fourth line into an octosyllabic verse; or he boldly recasts the form of the stanza, extending it to six or seven lines with alternate verses of eight and five syllables. But his technical skill never sinks to triviality. All his writing bears the stamp of a unique personality, and, if he never attempts a sublime flight, he conveys with contagious force his enthusiasm for life under any conditions — in town, country, vagabondage or gaol.

There are today three manuscripts of the Libro de Buen Amor. The Salamanca version, denoted S, resides in Madrid's Biblioteca Real and is considered the best of the three codices. The other two are the Academia Española version, known as Gayoso (G), and the Toledo (T) manuscript.

Legacy

Ruiz's influence is visible in El Corbacho, the work of another jovial goliard, Alphonso Martinez de Toledo, arch-priest of Talavera, who wrote more than half a century before the Libro de buen amor was imitated by the author of the Celestina. Ruiz is mentioned with respect by Santillana, and that his reputation extended beyond Spain is proved by the surviving fragments of a Portuguese version of the Libro de buen amor. By some strange accident he was neglected, and apparently forgotten, till 1790, when an expurgated edition of his poems was published by Tomás Antonio Sanchez; from that date his fame has steadily increased, and by the unanimous verdict of all competent judges he is now ranked as the greatest Spanish poet of his century.

References

•  "Ruiz, Juan". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 

Bibliography

• Abellán, José Luis (1977) Del itinerario literario al histórico de Juan Ruiz. Madrid: Diario Informaciones, 21-VII-1977.
• Brownlee, Marina Scordilis (1985) The Status of the Reading Subject in the Libro de buen amor. Chapel Hill: U.N.C. Dept. of Romance Languages (Distributed by University of North Carolina Press).
• Burkard, Richard W. (1999) The Archpriest of Hita and the Imitators of Ovid: a Study in the Ovidian Background of the "Libro de buen amor". Newark, DE: Juan de la Cuesta
• Caba, Rubén (1976-IX) Juan Ruiz y sus parodias. Madrid: Diario Informaciones, 23-IX-1976.
• Caba, Rubén (1976) Por la ruta serrana del Arcipreste. Madrid: Libertarias-Prodhufi, 1995, 3ª edición. (1ª edición: 1976. 2ª edición: 1977). (El autor fija el itinerario serrano del Arcipreste de Hita que él mismo recorrió en la primavera de 1973).
• Dagenais, John (1994) The Ethics of Reading in Manuscript Culture: Glossing the "Libro de buen amor". Princeton: Princeton University Press
• Deyermond, Alan (2004) The "Libro de Buen Amor" in England: a tribute to Gerald Gybbon-Monypenny. Manchester: Dept of Spanish and Portuguese Studies, University of Manchester
• Gybbon-Monypenny, G. B., ed. (1970) Libro de Buen Amor Studies. London: Támesis.
• Haywood, Louise M., and Vasvàri, Louise O., eds. (2004) A Companion to the "Libro de buen amor". Woodbridge: Támesis
• Lecoy, Félix (1938) Recherches sur le "Libro de buen amor", de Juan Ruiz, Archiprêtre de Hita. Paris: E. Droz.
• Marmo, Vittorio (1983) Dalle fonti alle forme: studi sul "Libro de buen amor". Naples: Liguori
• Ruiz, Juan (1992) El libro de buen amor; edited by Alberto Blecua. Madrid: Cátedra.
• Vetterling, Mary-nne. "A Bibliography for Juan Ruiz's Libro de buen amor (A)". http://home.comcast.net/~vetterma A. Retrieved 2009-06-06.  (Continually updated.)
• Wacks, David. "Reading Jaume Roig's Spill and the Libro de buen amor in the Iberian <maqâma'> tradition." '(Bulletin of Spanish Studies,' 83.5 (2006): 597-616". http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8227. Retrieved 2009-06-06. *Zahareas, Anthony N. (1965) The Art of Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita. Madrid: Estudios de Literatura Española.

External links

• Works by Juan Ruiz at Project Gutenberg