Kamboj
See Main Articles : Kambojas, Kamboja Kingdom
Kamboj (Punjabi: ਕਮ੍ਬੋਜ, Hindi: कम्बोज, Urdu: کمبوہ ) is frequently used as a surname or last name by many Kambojs, currently living in India. Their Muslim counterparts living in Pakistan mostly use Kamboh instead. The Kambojs/Kambohs (and the Kamojis of Kafirstan in north-east Afghanistan) are the modern representatives of ancient Kambojas, a well-known Kshatriya tribe of the Indo-Aryans terminology, said to have had both Indian as well as Iranian affinities [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].
Kambojas: A Kshatriya Clan
In India, the Kambojas obviously belonged to the Kshatriya caste of Indo-Aryan society.
The earliest and most powerful reference endorsing the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas is Panini's fifth century BCE Ashtadhyayi. Panini refers to the Kamboja Janapada, and mentions it as "one of the fifteen powerful Kshatriya Janapadas" of his times, inhabited and ruled by Kamboja Kshatriyas.[8] See: Kambojas of Panini
The Harivamsa attests that the clans of Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas etc. were "formerly noble Kshatriyas". It was king Sagara who had deprived the Kambojas, and other allied tribes, of their Kshatiya-hood[9] and forbade them from performing Svadhyayas and Vasatkaras.[10]
The Harivamsa calls this group of Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas and Paradas as "Kśatriya-pungavah", i.e., foremost among the Kśatriyas. Vayu Purana calls them as "Kśatriya ganah" (Kshatriya hordes). [11] [12] [13].
The Manusmriti attests that the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas etc were originally "noble Kshatriyas", but were gradually degraded to the status of Sudras, on account of their neglect of sacred rites and non-entertainment of the Brahmanas in their countries.[14]
The Mahabharata likewise, also notes that the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, et al. were originally "noble Kshatriyas", who later got degraded to barbaric status due to the wrath of the Brahmanas.[15]
The Arthashastra of Kautiliya[16] attests the Kshatriya Shrenis (Corporations of Warriors) of the Kambojas, Surashtras, and some other nations, and mentions them as living by agriculture, trade and warfare.
The legend of Daivi Khadga or Divine Sword detailed in Shantiparva of Mahabharata[17] also powerfully endorses the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas. The sword as the "symbol of Kshatriya-hood" was wrested by the warrior king Kamboja from the Kosala king Kuvalashava alias Dhundhumara, from whom it went to another warrior king called Muchukunda.[18]
See: Mahabharata Sword
Bhagavata Purana[19] references a king of the Kambojas, and calls him a "powerfully armed mighty warrior" (samiti-salina atta-capah Kamboja).
Kalika Purana[20] refers to a war between the Buddhist king Kali (Maurya Brihadratha) and the Brahmanical king Kalika (Pusyamitra Sunga), where the Kambojas came as military supporters to Brihadratha, (187-180) BCE. The Purana notes the Kamboja warriors as Kambojai...bhimavikramaih, i.e. the Kambojas of terrific military prowess", again confirming the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas.
Brahmanda Purana talks of 21 battles waged by Brahmin sage Parsurama against the ancient Kashatriya clans of the Indian subcontinent. The list of Kshatriyas whom sage Parsurama fought with includes the Kambojas as well.[21] This ancient evidence again verifies that Kambojas were a Kshatriya clan.
There are numerous similar references in the Puranas, Mahabharata, Ramayana and other ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature, that further document the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas.
Passages in Mahabharata, Puranas and other ancient texts indicate that the Kambojas were a 'valiant warriors' [22]; particularly 'hard to fight with' [23]; invincible [24]; expert in the use of 'diverse weapons' [25]; 'wrathful, ferocious and shaved-headed warriors' [26]; expert cavalarymen [27] [28]; 'deadly like cobras' [29]; 'strikers of fierce force' [30]; 'Death-personified' [31]; 'of fearful bearing like Yama' (the god of death) [32]; and 'war-loving Kambojas' [33] etc etc.
Also see link: SOME KSHATRYA TRIBES OF ANCIENT INDIA, Dr. B. C. LAW : [12]
Ancient Kamboj also practiced Brahmanism
Chudakarma Samskaara of Paraskara Grhya-Sutram [34], Vamsa Brahmana [35] of the Sama Veda[13], the Epic Ramayana as well as Mahabharata and some other ancient references profusely attest that a section of the ancient Kambojas also practiced Brahmanism i.e they had adopted the profession of learning and teaching. Thus we see that the ancient Kambojas are known to have been great scholars and teachers. Undoubtedly, they were intimately connected with ancient famous University of Taxila in Gandhara.
In Paraskara Gryya-sutram (verse 2.1.2), the Kambojas have been listed at par with the Vasishthas--the cultural heroes of ancient India. Their social customs are stated to be identical. Rsi Upamanyu, the composer of Rigvedic Hymn (1. 102. 9); and his son/descendent Kamboja Aupamanyava-- a hallowed sage and teacher mentioned in Vamsa Brahmana of the Sama Veda-- are some of the very distinguished ancient philosophers/scholars and teachers born of the Kamboja lineage.
Benjamin Walker observes:
"Kambojas were not only famous for their furs and woolen blankets embroidered with threads of gold, their wonderful horses and their beautiful women, but by epic period, they had become especially renowned as Vedic teachers and their homeland as a seat of Brahmanical learning" [36].
Dr A. D. Pusalkar observes:
“The speech of Kambojas is referred to by Yaska as differing from that of other Aryans and Grierson sees in this reference the Iranian affinities of the Kambojas, but the fact that the Kambojas teachers were reputed for their Vedic learning shows them to have been Vedic Aryans, so that the Kamboja was an Aryan settlemen”[37]
Viveka Nanda and Lokesh Chander write:
"The teachers of Kamboja were known for their Vedic learning. Culturally, Afghanistan then formed part of India...." [38].
See also : Brahmanism of Ancient Kambojas.
Overlap with Jat, Kshatriya and Brahmin clan names
The modern Kamboj are said to be divided into two divisions of 52 and 84 clans names (the actual number is however somewhat higher than these figures). Dr J. L. Kamboj observes that more than 15 of the Kamboj clan names overlap with that of the Brahmins and over 80 overlap with other Kshatriya and Rajput clans of northern India. But according to S Kirpal Singh, the respective figures are over 25 overlapping with Brahmins and over 100 overlapping with other Kshatriyas and Rajputs. [39] In his well known book Glossary of Tribes and Castes of Punjab and North-west Frontier Province [40], British ethnographer and ethnologist, H. A. Rose, had also observed in early 20th century that there is seen an overlap of the Kamboj clan names with that of the Brahmins and other Kshatriyas. Rose also admitted that the reason of this overlap was not clear to him [41]. But, today with all the information provided in the articles in Wikipedia about the Kambojas, it would seem clear as to why there is such an overlap.
List of Kamboj Gotras (clans)
For more expanded list of Kamboj clans visit: [14]
52 Gotras: Abdal, Ajpal/Ajapal, Angiarey, Asoi, Bahujad, Bage, Ban/Bhaun/ Bhawan, Barar, Batti/Bhatti, Basra, Chak, Chandi, Chandna/Chandne/Chand, Chatrath, Daberah, Dhanju, Dhot/Dhat/Dhudi, Dote, Dulai, Handa/Handey, Jaiya/Jie/Joiye, Jammu, Jaspal/Jakhpal, Jatmal, Josan/Jossan, Jaura/Jaure, Judge/Juj, Kadi or Karhi, Khere, Kosle/Kausle, Karanpal, Kaura/Kaure, Kayar, Khinda/Khinde/Khande, Kirgil, Lori/Laure, Mardak, Mehrok/Mehroke/Mirok/Marok, Momi, Mutti/Moti, Nadha/Nandha/Nandhey, Nagpal, Nagri/Nagra, Nandan, Nibber/Nibher, Padhu/Pandhu, Patanroy/Patanrai, Pran, Ratanpal, Sama/Samey, Sandha/Sandhey, Sandher, Sandheyer/Sandheer, Sawan, Soi/Sohi, Shahi, Suner, Tandne, Tarikha/Trikhe, Thind, Tume, Turne/Turna, Vinayak, Pathan, Unmal
84 Gotras : Aglawe, Ambri/Ambrey, Angotre, Bagwan/Bagyan/Bagban, Bahia, Bala, Bangwaye, Bangar/Bangare, Banjahal/Bhunjal, Banur, Barham, Barhgotey, Bassi/Basi, Bastorh, Beeharh/Beharh, Bhujang, Brahman/Behman, Chamri/Chimre, Chaupal/Chaufal, Cherta/Churta/Churawat, Chhanan/Chhiyanwe, Chhichhoti/Chhichhote(Olma)/Chhachhate/Chhachha, Chichare/Chachare, Chimne/Chimni/Chimna, Chine/Chini/China, Churiye/Chirwey/Chidey/Charway, Dange, Datane/Dotane/Datana/Dutane, Dehar/Dehal, Dehgal/Duggal, Dhare, Dheel/Dhillan, Dhehte, Dode, Doliyan, Fukni, Gadre or Gadra, Gagre/Gagra, Gande/Gandi, Gandheyor/Gandhare/Gandhi, Gaure/Gore/Rai Gore/Gori, Geelawe, Ghasitey, Gogan/Gugan, Gosiley, Gal/Gayile, Ghangra, Harse, Jade/Jarhe, Jagman, Judge Jande/Jandu, Jangle/Jangli, Jhamb/Jham, Jhand/Jhandu, Kalra/Kalre/Kalar, Kalsia/Kalsi/Kalas, Camari/Kamari/Kamare, Khokhar, Kokar/Kakar/Kakra, Kukri/Kukar, Lahere/Lehri, Lakhi, Lahndey, Late/Lata, Lahange/Lahinga/Lahinde, Lall, Machhliye/Machhle, Magu/Mage, Makore/Makkar, Mall, Momsarang, Sarang, Mandey/Mande, Melle/Meliye/Malle, Multani, Nagambr/Nigambar, Nehriye/Nehre/Ner/Naru/Nehru/Nauhriye, Nepal/Nipal/Naipal, Nuri, Pandey/Pandhey, Padhasi, Rindi, Sainik, Sandle, Sathand, Senpati/Senapati, Sapre Or Sapra/Sawre, Sarnote/Sarkude, Satte, Sauki/Soki, Soni, Suhagi/Suhage, Sunehre, Silahre/Sulahre/Sulare/Sulehre, Sulhiro, Tande, Tagal/Tugal, Taparhiye, Thathai/Thathaiya/Thathe, Thingrey/Thengrey, Topchi
Roots of Kamboj in Remote Antiquity
The Siah-posh Kafirs of the Hindukush ranges, who till recently were collectively known as Kamoges or Kamojis [42] (Sanskrit Kambojis or Kambojas) are stated to have been a remain of a considerable ancient people among whom were original Kashmerians and a greater part of Badakshan and Kabol as far as Deggan tribes...and on the southern face of the higher ridges of Himalaya extending to an unknown distance...Though whole of their pristine population being subjected to Muslim conquerors in the middle ages, and having mixed with them, they have now lost their pristine individuality of national character but still among the Kabulis, in particular, it is still not unfrequent to observe heads and figures that might serve for models to the sculptors who would portray a Jupiter or a Mars according to the refined idealism of the ancient Greeks. The Kafirs have oval faces, their brows are well-arched and the nose and mouth even more refined than the Greeks. They are still fairer, generally, with lighter hair and gray eyes [43]. Blending with the nearest black-haired tribes, the ancestors of the Kamoges are believed to have given rise to ancient Persians and with the faired-haired on the north, they are said to have produced the handsome tribes of the Goths [44] [45]. The name Kamoges or Kamojis apparently reminds one of the ancient Kambojas [46] living in Hindukush, Pamirs as well as in Badakshan. (See: Kamboja Location). The modern Kamboj or Kamboh people of northern India are stated to have descended from the ancient Kambojas and are believed to belong to the same ancient stock as the Kamoges or Kamojis of Hindukush [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60][61] [62].
Kambysene/Cambysene & Kamboja connection?
Historians believe that, there was a movement of the Eurasian nomads in Iran in the early
centuries of first millennium BCE, in which the Cimmerians and Yautiya figured prominently. Driven by Medes, these
Eurasian nomads bifurcated into two wings, the
right one pushing north-westwards upto Transcaspiana and the left one wheeling towards the south-east and penertrating into
Afghanistan and Punjab. Closely allied to the Iranian
Yautiya were the Kurus, Kambojas and some other clans of the Scythians, which in later centuries, had sided with
According to Dr Chandra Chakravarty, the nomadic invaders who had invaded Iran several centuries prior to Christian era were Scythian tribes of the Kambysene from west of
Caspian region i.e. ancient Armenia. Name Kambysene has
been attested anciently by Strabo which he specifies as a region bordering on Caucasus mountains.[65] It comprised a
rugged region through which a road connecting Albania and Iberia passed.[66] The
Greek form of the name is believed to have been derived in the Hellenistic period from an indigenous name, corresponding to Armenian Kamboean. In Georgian, it is written
Kambeovani, in Arabic, Qambzan. In Sanskrit, it was spoken as Kamboja. Though not attested prior to
Strabo, the region Kambysene is believed to have born this name since remote antiquity. The tribal people living around this
region were also called by the same name. Strabo also attests two rivers viz: Cyrus (modern Kura) and Cambysene (modern
Jori),[67] the latter was a tributary of the former.
According to Ernst Herzfeld, the names of Cyrus and Cambyses rivers, as well as the
According to Dr Chandra Chakravarty, the name Kambysene of the Greeks translates into Kamboja
and the Cyrus into Kuru of the Sanskrit texts.[69] Dr Chakravarty also
states that the hordes, who had participated in the earlier invasion of Iran along with Yautiyas were the Nordic Scythians who were living around the Kambysene region, near Mt Caucasus in ancient Armenia. They were
the Kuru-Kambojas of the Sanskrit texts.[70] These Nordic
Kuru-Kambojas, later mixed with the Alpine base "Parsa-Xsayatia" (Purush-Khattis) Iranians[71] and gave birth to the famous
References
- ^ See: Vedic index of names & subjects by Dr. Arthur Anthony Macdonnel, Dr Arthur. B Keath, I.84, p 138.
- ^ Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata, 1970, p 107, Dr Ram Chandra Jain.
- ^ The Journal of Asian Studies, 1956, p 384, Association for Asian Studies, Far Eastern Association (U.S.).
- ^ Balocistān: siyāsī kashmakash, muz̤mirāt va rujḥānāt, 1989, p 2, Munīr Aḥmad Marrī.
- ^ India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1953, p 49, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala.
- ^ Afghanistan, p 58, W. K. Fraser, M. C. Gillet.
- ^ Afghanistan, its People, its Society, its Culture, Donal N. Wilber, 1962, p 80, 311 etc.
- ^ Ashtadhyayi, 4.1.168-175
- ^ Harivamsa 14.19
- ^ Harivamsa, 14.17
- ^ Vayu Purana: v 88.127-43.
- ^ Cultural History from Vayu Purana, 1973, p 27, fn 185, Reprint of 1946 Edition, published by Deccan College Post Graduate Research Institute, Poona
- ^ Foreign Elements in Ancient Indian Society, 2nd Century BC to 7th Century AD - 1979, p 125, Uma Prasad Thapliyal.
- ^ Manusmriti verses X.43-44
- ^ MBH 13.33.31-32
- ^ Arthashastra 11.1.04
- ^ MBH 12.166.1-81
- ^
- Sanskrit:
- Dhundhumarachcha Kambojo Muchukundastato.alabhat
- MuchukundanMaruttashcha Maruttadapi Raivatah
- (MBH 12.166.77-78)
- ^ BHagavata Purana 2.7.35
- ^ Kalika Puranna 20/40
- ^ Brahmanda Purana, 3.41.36; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 19, Dr J. L. Kamboj; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 15, S. Kirpal Singh
- ^ ete Durvarana nama Kambojah (=Kamboja warriors, difficult to be resisted like wild elephants), Mahabharata 7.112.43; The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 124.
- ^ Journal of the American Oriental Society - P 295, American Oriental Society.
- ^ Kambojasainyan vidravya durjayam yudhi bharata.
- ^ Ibid.; The Social and Military Position of the Ruling Caste in Ancient India, as Represented by the Sanskrit Epic, Edward W. Hopkins, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 13, 1889 (1889), pp. 57-376.
- ^ ibid.; Mahabharata 7.112.43-45; mundanetan ....Kambojan.eva... MBH 7.119.23.
- ^ Ashva.yuddha.kushalah: Mahabharata 7.7.14; Vishnudharmotra Purana, Part II, Chapter 118; Post Gupta Polity (AD 500-700): A Study of the Growth of Feudal Elements and Rural Administration 1972, p 136, Ganesh Prasad Sinha; Wisdom in the Puranas 1969, p 64, Prof Sen Sarma etc.
- ^ Vishnudharmotra Purana attests: "The soldiers of Deccan (Daksinatya) are knowledgeable or efficient in Khadga fight, the people of Vankala are expert in archery, the hill people are at-ease in stone or sling fight (pasana-yudha), the people of Anga, Vanga and Kalinga are expert in fighting from elephants, the Kambojas, Gandharas are expert in fighting from horse (as cavalrymen)...” (Vishnudharmotri Purana, Kh. II, Chapter 118)
- ^ tikshnai.rashivishopamah: Mahabharata 7.112.48-49.
- ^ tigmavega.praharinam.
- ^ samana.mrityavo.
- ^ Kambojah Yama vaishravan.opamah: MBH 7,23.40-42.
- ^ damshitah krurakarmanah Kamboja yuddhadurmadah i.e lip-biting, hardy and war-intoxicated Kambojas: Mahabarata 7.119.26-28; Traditional History of India: A Digest – 1960, p 136, Govinda Krishna Pillai.
- ^ Paraskara Gryya-sutram verse 2.1.2; Commentary: Pt Harihar.
- ^ Vamsa Brahmana verse 1.18-19.
- ^ Hindu World, Vol I, Benjamin Walker, p. 520.
- ^ History & Culture of Indian People, The Vedic Age, Dr A. D. Pusalkar, Dr R. C. Majumdar, Dr K. D. Munshi, 1952, pp 259-260; cf: Location of Kamboja, Purana, Vol VI No1, Jan 1964 pp 212-213; Problems of Ancient India, 2000, p 224, K. D. Sethna.
- ^ India's Contribution to World and Culture, 1970, p 216, Veveka Nanda, Lokesh Chandra.
- ^ The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 27, 431.
- ^ Based on 1880 census of India
- ^ Glossary of Tribes and Castes of Punjab and North-West Frontier Province, 1915, Vol II, p 444-445 fns, H. A. Rose
- ^ Ref: Nature - p 222, by Nature Publishing Group
- ^ These physical characteristics of the Kafir Kamoges wonderfully remind us of the physical charactersitcs of the ancient Kambojs who have especially been described as exceedingly handsome race (Mahabharata 7.23.43). Ancient Kamboj princes have also been noted as tall like towers, exceedingly handsome and of gaura varna (See: Mahabharata 8.56.113-114; Mahabharata ; MBH 7.92.72-76), having faces illustrious like the full moon (Mahabharata 8/56/111), lotus eyed (Mahabharata 8/56/110-114), handsome like the lord-moon among the stars (Mahabharata 1/67/31). Even Ramayana calls the Kambojas as ravisanibha i.e with faces illustrious like the Sun ( Ramayana 1/55/2). Besides, there are also ancient references, Buddhist as well as Brahmanical, which speak very high of the beauty of the Kamboj women. See link: [1]
- ^ ref: The Natural History of the Human Species: Its Typical Forms, Primaeval Distribution, Filiations,...pp 403-405, Charles Hamilton Smith
- ^ See link: [2]. IMPORTANT: It may be noted that in this link, the author Charles Hamilton Smith has mistakenly written Mamoges for the Kamoges or Kamojis. The Kamoges Kafirs have been referred to as Caumogee or Caumoze by M. Elphinstone (See: An account of the kingdom of Caubol) and Kamoz, Kam and Kamtoz by Sir George Robertson Scott (See: The Kafirs of Hindukush, 1896, pp 76-77); See also: The Kom (Kam) by Richard F. Strand: Nuristan, Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush [3]
- ^ Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; The Sun and the Serpent: A Contribution to the History of Serpent-worship, 1905, p 127/128, Charles Frederick Oldham; cf: A trace of Kambojas, in their original seat, seems to remain in the Kaumojas of the Hindukush: See foot note 5 [4] etc.
- ^ See refs: M. Elphinstone, An account of the kingdom of Caubol, fn p 619; Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1843, p 140; Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1874, p 260 fn; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar, 1881, p 86, Friedrich Spiegel; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133, fn, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Banerjee; The Achaemenids and India, 1974, p 13, Dr S Chattopadhyaya .
- ^ Cf:There is an apparent trace of their(Kambojas') name in the Caumogees of Kaferistan, who may have retreated to the mountains before the advance of the Turk tribes (Dr H. H. Wilson). See fn 374:15: [5] .
- ^ Cf: "The geographical title of Kamboja is retained to present days in the Kamoj of Cafferstan" (See: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1990, p 97, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).
- ^ Cf: "Kambojas must have inhabited the Hindukush mountain and the adjoining country, as its Kafirs, says Elphinstone, still call them Kamoj" (Peter weiss: Von existentialistischen Drama zum marxistischen Welttheater, eine kritische Bilanz, 1971, Otto F. Best).
- ^ Kāmarūpaśāsanāvalī, 1981, p 137, Dimbeswar Sarma, Premadhar Chowdhury, Rajani Kanta Deva Sarma.
- ^ Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa, 1991, p 114, M. R. (Moreshvar Ramchandra) Kale, Kālidāsa, Mallinātha.
- ^ Cf: "Thus traces of the old Kamboja tribe exist at the present day in the Badakshan and the Pamirs regions. In the west, the tribe (Kamboja), in the ancient days, seems to have extended as far as the eastern part of Afghanistan, for here we find peoples who call themselves Kamoja and in which we can trace probably the survival of the name Kamboja” (See: The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 192 ).
- ^ Cf: Die Kafirs werden Kamoze oder Kamboja genannt (nach Elphinstone) (Adolf Bastian) (See: Die Voelker des Oestlichen Asien Studien und Reisen, Band I. Die Geschichte der Indochinesen, p 456: See link: [6]) .
- ^ Cf: "A trace of Kambojas, in their original seat, seems to remain in the Kaumojas of the Hindukush" (See foot note 4: [7]).
- ^ Cf: " The tribe (Kambojas), who most likely occupied Paropamisan mountains and the plains to the northward, which are still famous for their breed of horses, may have perhaps subsequently extended to east, as we find traces of the name in the Hindukush, as a part of the Kafirs bearing the appellation of Kaumojees, which we can scarcely doubt to represent the ancient denomination Kambojas" (See Ref: Art. XV, Notes on Sabhaparva of Mahabharata, illustrative of some Ancient Usages and Articles of Traffic of Hindus, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1843, p 140, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).
- ^ Cf: "The Kambojas were probably represented by the Kafir tribe of Kamoj. And it seems not unlikely that a remnant of the Kambojas may have been driven into the mountains by some of the invaders of the country. Popular tradition says, in fact, that the Kamoj were driven out of the country of Candahar (Gandhara) " (Ref: The Sun and the Serpent: p 127-128, Charles Fredrick Oldham: See link: [8].
- ^ See also: Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar – 1881, Page 86, Fr. (Friedrich) Spiegel): See link: [9].
- ^ Cf: "The Kamoz tribe of the Kafirs are fairly supposed to be the surviving representatives of the Kambojas of primeval Indian literature, a name with which scholars have connected that of Cambyses..." (See ref: The Quarterly Review, 1873, p 537, William Gifford, George Walter Prothero, John Gibson Lockhart, John Murray, Whitwell Elwin, John Taylor Coleridge, Rowland Edmund Prothero Ernle, William Macpherson, William Smith - 1873).
- ^ Cf: “The Shia-posh tribe which now resides on the Hindukush Mountain is said to have descended from Kambojas” (See: The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 513; See also: Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India, p 87).
- ^ Revue d'ethnographie also notes that the Kamoze, Hilar, Silar and Kamoje were the former clans of the Siaposh Kaffirs and they are linked to the Kambojas of Mahabharata (See: Revue d'ethnographie, 225. See link: [10]).
- ^ See: Mid-Decade World Conference on Women: Bengaladesh Perspective, 1980, (Published in 1981), Women Developement Unit, Bhanudatta Misra, Dimbeswara Sarma.
- ^ See: Political and Social Movements in Ancient Panjab (from the Vedic Age Upto [sic] the Maurya Period) – 1964, p 125-128, Dr Buddha Prakash
- ^ Paradise of Gods – 1966, p 323-24, Qamarud Din Ahmed.
- ^ Strabo Geog., 11.14.4
- ^ Strabo Geog., 11.4.5; cf. 11.3.5; see also Fabricius, pp. 146, 160, and map; Trever, p. 113 and map
- ^ A. Herrmann, in Pauly-Wissowa, X/2, col. 1810, s.v. Kambysene.
- ^ The Persian Empire' Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, Ernst Herzfeld, ed. G. Walser, Wiesbaden, 1968, esp. pp. 344-46); [11]
- ^ Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1950, p 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty.
- ^ op cit, pp 37, 149, Dr C. Chakravarty.
- ^ op cit, pp 32-33, Dr C. Chakravarty; The Racial History of India, 1944, p 225, Chandra Chakraberty: e.g: "The Achaemenids were Kamboja-Kuru Scythian people on the base of Parsa ('Khatti-Puru') tribe. It was a marvelous racial blend and their culture was a similar good synthesis...."; See also: Paradise of Gods – 1966, p 330, Qamarud Din Ahmed: e.g: “It seems therefore, that the Achaemenidae were mixed with Saka Kuru-Kamboja with the Alpine base Khatti-Purus" (i.e. Parsa-Xsayatia).
- ^ op cit, pp 37, 149, 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.
- ^ op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.
- ^ op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty; Cf also: History of Origin of Some Clans in India, with Special Reference to Jats, 1992, p 153, Mangal Sen Jindal.
Source of Kamboj Gotras (clans)
- The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 423-432, S Kirpal Singh ji
- Glossary of Tribes and Castes of Punajb and north-west Frontier Provinces, Vol III, p 524, H. A. Rose
- Kamboja Itihaas, 1972, pp 42-43, S H. S. Thind
- Jatt Tribes and Zira, 1992, pp 141-42, H. S. Shergill
- Vishal Kamboj, Monthly
- http://kambojsociety.com/subcastes.asp
- Deepak kamboj (MCA) G.Noida* http://orkut.com
See also
External links
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