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First publication of The Protocols |
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Writers, editors, and publishers associated with The Protocols |
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Debunkers of The Protocols |
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Commentaries on The Protocols |
L. (Leslie) Fry (February 16, 1882 - July 15, 1970), was the pen name of Paquita de Shishmareff[1], an antisemitic activist who is primarily known for her authorship of Waters Flowing Eastward, which asserts that Jews were to blame for both Capitalism and Bolshevism and had started World War I. She alleged that Freemasons were involved as well. The aim was "World Domination". All this was deduced from the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
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Life
Fry was born in Paris, the child of American parents. She married a Russian aristocrat who was killed by Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution.[2] She resided in Britain and Canada before moving to California. She was associated with fascist political circles during this period. Her wealth allowed her to financially support right-wing nationalists.[2]
She met Henry Ford in or around 1920, and presented him with a copy of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. She conceived the Protocols as part of a conspiracy theory according to which a group led by the "cultural Zionist" Asher Ginzberg plotted world domination. At the time Ginzberg supported an international Jewish cultural and political revival rather than a single Jewish state. Antisemitic writer and Nazi ideologist Ernst Graf zu Reventlow named Fry as his source for his own view of the Protocols.
After Philip Graves provided evidence in The Times of London that the Protocols were plagiarised forgery, Reventlow published his support for Fry's theory of Ginzberg's authorship in the periodical La Vieille France. Ginzberg's supporters sued Reventlow, who was forced to retract and pay damages.[3]
Strongly opposed to Roosevelt's New Deal, Fry argued that it represented "the transformation of the Constitutional form of American government into that of the Kahal, or Jewish form of government. It has been called the New Deal and the Jew Deal. Both are correct and synonymous."[2]
She was involved in various fascist organisations of the 1930s and founded the nationalist and isolationist Christian Free Press. She joined forces with Henry D. Allen in a failed attempt to revitalize the Ku Klux Klan. However she later accused him of misappropriating money from her.[2]
In 1940 she fled to fascist Italy, but returned the US after the attack on Pearl Harbor. She was interned in Ellis Island and indicted for sedition, but charges were dropped and she was released after the end of the war.[2]
Waters Flowing Eastward
Fry's major work, Waters Flowing Eastward attempted to prove that the Protocols were part of a plot to destroy Christian civilization. The apparent conflict between Communism and Capitalism was a smoke-screen for Jewish domination, as outlined in the Protocols. She compiled an elaborate chart detailing the claimed Jewish masterplan and linked it to earlier organisations including the Illuminati and leading to the League of Nations.[2][4] Fry claimed that the Protocols of Zion were identified when "In 1884 the daughter of a Russian general, Mile. Justine Glinka, was endeavouring to serve her country in Paris by obtaining political information, which she communicated to General Orgevskii". A Jew called Joseph Schorst sold her a copy of the Protocols which eventually found its way into the hands of Sergei Nilus who published it.[4]
Works
- Akhad-Kham, Asher Gint︠s︡berg.
- Taĭnyĭ vozhdʹ īudeĭskīĭ.: Perevod s frantsuzskago
- [of Miss L. Fry by Th. Vinberg, being an attempt to prove
- the "Protokoly Sīonskikh Mudret︠s︡ov"
- published in a work by S. A. Nilus
- to be a work by U. Ginzberg].
- by Leslie Fry; Thedor Viktorovich Vinberg
- Type: Microform
- Language: Russian
- Publisher: Berlin, 1922.
- OCLC: 84780936
- System number 002659956
- Author - personal NILUS, Sergei Aleksandrovich.
- Title Протоколы Сіонскихъ Мудрецовъ, по тексту С. А. Нилуса. Всемирный тайный заговоръ.
- [The text of the “Protocols” adapted from M. Joly’s
- “Dialogue aux Enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu ... par un Contemporain”
- taken from S. A. Nilus’s Великое въ Маломъ,
- preceded by Miss L. Fry’s Ахадъ-Хамъ.
- Тайный вождь іудейскій in Th. Vinberg’s translation,
- being an attempt to prove the “Protocols” to be a work by U. Ginzberg,
- with a preface to the whole by A. Rogovich.
- With this there are two cuttings from “The Times” and one from “Послѣднія Извѣстія” on the subject.
- With an illustration.]
- Publisher/year Linkpp. 124. Берлинъ, 1922.
- Physical descr. 8º.
- Added name FRY, Leslie.
- GINZBERG, Asher Zvi.
- JOLY, Maurice.
- ROGOVICH, A.
- VINBERG, Thedor Viktorovich.
- Holdings (All) Details
- Shelfmark C.37.ee.2. Request
- Waters Flowing Eastward
- 1st Edition (Paris: Editions R.I.S.S., 1931)
- 2nd Edition Revised 1933
- 3rd Edition Revised 1934
- 4th Edition Revised 1953
- 5th Edition Enlarged 1965 Subtitle: The War Against the Kingship of Christ, (Denis Fahey's imprint)
- 6th Edition 1988 (Copyright 1988 Flanders Hall Publishers)
- 7th Edition 1998
- Current [2007] Web edition [1].
- In Defense of Youth
- Will the University of California be Seized by Communists?
- Planned Economy
- The New Order
- California Betrayed
- "varrious pamphlets on Fionism"
- Who Put Hitler in Power
- article(s)
- in Women's Voice
- ed. by Mrs. Van Hyning
See also
References
- ^ http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/THR-AF12.PDF
- ^ a b c d e f Glen Jeansonne, Women of the Far Right: The Mothers' Movement and World War II, University of Chicago Press, 1997. p.228.
- ^ Susan Sarah Cohen, Antisemitism: an annotated bibliography, Volume 8, Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, p.444.
- ^ a b Hadassa Ben-Itto, The lie that wouldn't die: the Protocols of the elders of Zion, Vallentine Mitchell, 2005, p. 200.
- The Lie That Wouldn't Die: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
- (London • Portland, OR: Valentine Mitchell, 2005)
- Fry, L.
- Waters Flowing Eastward
- ibid.
External links
- Waters Flowing Eastward, by L. Fry [2].
- Photograph of Mrs. Leslie Fry with Henry Allen, Conrad Chapman, and Mr. Gurin in 1937 [3]
- Photograph Source: California State University, Northridge, Oviatt Library, Special Collections and Archives [4]
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