| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Division: | Firmicutes |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Lactobacillales |
| Family: | Lactobacillaceae |
| Genus: | Lactobacillus |
| Species: | L. rhamnosus |
| Binomial name | |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Hansen 1968) Collins et al. 1989 |
|
Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a probiotic bacterium that was originally considered to be a subspecies of L. casei, but later genetic research found it to be a species of its own. L. rhamnosus inhibits the growth of most harmful bacteria in the intestine. It is used as a natural preservative in yogurt and other dairy products to extend the shelf life. Some studies have been done on its in vivo effects. While frequently considered a beneficial organism, L. rhamnosus has been discovered to be pathogenic in certain circumstances.[1]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is a strain of L. rhamnosus isolated in 1983 from the intestinal tract of a healthy human being; filed for patent on 17 April 1985, by Sherwood Gorbach and Barry Goldin.[2] (The 'GG' derives from the first letters of their surnames').[3] The patent refers to a strain of "L. acidophilus GG" with American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Accession No. 53103; later reclassified as a strain of L. rhamnosus. The patent claims that the LGG® strain is acid– and bile–stable, has a great avidity for human intestinal mucosal cells, and produces lactic acid.
Gorbach and Goldin have published studies of LGG® demonstrating it tolerates the acidic conditions of the stomach, and the bile acids of the small intestine.[4] As a probiotic, LGG® is claimed to colonize the digestive tract, and to balance intestinal microflora, however, Lactobacillus rhamnosus is more likely a transient inhabitant, not autochthonous.[5] In 2005, LGG® was first successfully used to treat gastrointestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) in renal patients.[6]
The clinical health effects of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG have been widely studied. Both L. rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus GR-1 appear to protect the urogenital tract by excreting biosurfactants to inhibit the adhesion of vaginal and urinary pathogens. Lactobacillus also releases acids, bacteriocins, and hydrogen peroxide which inhibit the pathogen growth. Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG has also been shown beneficial in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhea in children. The prevention and treatment of various types of diarrhea has been shown both in children and in adults.[7][8][9] L.Rhamnosus GG has also been associated with a reduction in the risk of respiratory tract infections in children.[10][11]
The use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus for probiotic therapy has been linked with very rare cases of sepsis in certain risk groups.[12] Ingestion of L. rhamnosus GG is, nevertheless, considered to be safe, and data from Finland show that a significant growth in the consumption of L. rhamnosus GG at the population level has not led to an increase in the number of Lactobacillus bacteraemia. [13]
LGG® has also shown potential in treatment and primary prevention of atopic dermatitis but the results of intervention trials have been mixed.[14]A clinical trial with 7-year follow-up shows that L. rhamnosus GG is useful in the prevention of atopic dermatitis in children at high risk of allergy.[15][16]
LGG® is a registered trademark of Valio Ltd, Finland. The first commercial products containing LGG® were launched in Finland by Valio in 1990 under the brand Valio Gefilus®.[17]Today Valio markets a range of dairy and non-dairy Valio Gefilus® foods in Finland and nearby countries.[18] Valio has licenced rights to LGG® to several companies all over the world. An LGG® probiotic supplement named Culturelle is marketed by Amerifit Brands in the United States.[19] The Finnish company Oriola Ltd also markets LGG® probiotic supplements.[20] The genome sequence of LGG® has been decoded.[21][22]
References
- ^ Avlami A, Kordossis T, Vrizidis N, Sipsas NV (2001). "Lactobacillus rhamnosus endocarditis complicating colonoscopy". J. Infect. 42 (4): 283–5. doi:. PMID 11545575.
- ^ US patent 4839281
- ^ Silva M, Jacobus NV, Deneke C, Gorbach SL (1987). "Antimicrobial substance from a human Lactobacillus strain". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31 (8): 1231–3. PMID 3307619.
- ^ Conway PL, Gorbach SL, Goldin BR (1987). "Survival of lactic acid bacteria in the human stomach and adhesion to intestinal cells". J. Dairy Sci. 70 (1): 1–12. PMID 3106442.
- ^ Walter, J. (2008). "The ecological role of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract: Implications for fundamental and biomedical research". Appl Environ Microbiol. Ahead of Print 6 June 2008.
- ^ Manley KJ, Fraenkel MB, Mayall BC, Power DA (2007). "Probiotic treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a randomised controlled trial". Med J Aust. 186 (9): 454–7. PMID 17484706.
- ^ Canaani, RB; Cirillo P, Terrin G, Cesarano L, Spagnuolo MI, De Vincenzo A, Albano F, Passariello A, De Marco G, Manguso F, Guarino A (2007). "Probiotics for treatment of accute diarrhoea in children: randomised clinical trial of five different preparations". BMJ 335 (7615): 340. PMID 17690340.
- ^ Österlund, P; Ruotsalainen T, Korpela R, Saxelin M, Ollus A, Valta P, Kouri M, Elomaa I, Joensuu H (2007). "Lactobacillus supplementation for diarrhoea related to chemotherapy of colorectal cancer: a randomised study". BR J Cancer 97 (8): 1028-34. PMID 17895895.
- ^ Guandalini; Pensabene L, Zikri MA, Dias JA, Casali LG, Hoekstra H, Kolacek S, Massar K, Micetic-Turk D, Papadopoulou A, de Sousa JS, Sandhu B, Szajewska H, Weizman Z (2000). "Lactobacillus GG administered in oral rehydration solution to children with acute diarrhea: a multicenter European trial". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 30 (1): 54-60. PMID 10630440.
- ^ Hojsak; Snovak N, Abdović S, Szajewska H, Mišak Z, Kolaček S. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in children who attend day care centers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PMID 19896252.
- ^ Hatakka; Savilahti E, Pönkä A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Näse L, Saxelin M, Korpela R (2001). "Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial". BMJ 22 (7238): 1327. PMID 11387176.
- ^ Gupta, V; Garg, R. "Probiotics". Indian Journal of Medical Microbioloy 27 (3): 202-9. PMID 19584499.
- ^ Salminen; Tynkkynen S, Rautelin H, Saxelin M, Vaara M, Ruutu P, Sarna S, Valtonen V, Järvinen A (2002). "Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland". Clin.Infect Dis. 35 (10): 1155-60. PMID 12410474.
- ^ Boyle RJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Leonardi-Bee J, Murrell DF, Tang ML (2009). "Probiotics for the treatment of eczema: a systematic review.". Clin Exp Allergy.. PMID 19573037.
- ^ Kalliomäki; Salminen S, Poussa T, Isolauri E (2007). "Probiotics during the first 7 years of life: a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 119 (4): 1019-21. PMID 17289135.
- ^ Kalliomäki; Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E (2001). "Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet 357 (9262): 1076-9. PMID 11297958.
- ^ "Gefilus®". Valio Ltd. http://www.valio.fi/portal/page/portal/valiocom/R_D/Nutritional_research/gefilus18082006094606. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
- ^ "Lactobacillus GG (LGG®)". http://www.valio.fi/portal/page/portal/valiocom/Valio_worldwide/Innovations/lactobacillus_gg05102006091042?i_sessio=A8CCB204B479A62D943CC7D1419DAA0624F31179C9EA07D4. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
- ^ "Culturelle vs. Other Probiotics". Amerifit Brands. http://www.culturelle.com/about_culturelle/culturelle_vs_others. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
- ^ "Gefilus® kapselit". http://www.gefiluskapselit.fi/. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
- ^ Kankainen M, et al. (2009). "Comparative genomic analysis of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reveals pili containing a human- mucus binding protein". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106 (40): 17193-8. PMID 19805152.
- ^ Morita H, Toh H, Oshima K, Murakami M, Taylor TD, Igimi S, Hattori M (2009). "Complete genome sequence of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103". J Bacteriol. 191 (24): 7630-1. PMID 19820099.
Further reading
Salminen MK, Rautelin H, Tynkkynen S, et al. (2004). "Lactobacillus bacteremia, clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special focus on probiotic L. rhamnosus GG". Clin. Infect. Dis. 38 (1): 62–9. doi:. PMID 14679449.
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