Lake Agassiz

An early map of the extent of Lake Agassiz (by 19th century geologist Warren Upham). This map is now believed to underestimate the extent of the region once overlain by Lake Agassiz.

Lake Agassiz was an immense glacial lake located in the center of North America. Fed by glacial runoff at the end of the last glacial period, its area was larger than all of the modern Great Lakes combined, and it held more water than contained by all lakes in the world today.^[1]

Conception

First postulated in 1823 by William Keating, it was named after Louis Agassiz in 1879 after he was the first to realize it was formed by glacial action.

Geological progression

Geologists have come to a consensus on the likely geological history of Lake Agassiz.

During the last Ice Age, northern North America was covered by a glacier, which alternately advanced and deteriorated with variations in the climate. This continental ice sheet formed during the period now known as the Wisconsin glaciation, and covered much of central North America between 30,000 and 10,000 years ago. As the ice sheet disintegrated, it created at its front an immense glacial lake, formed from its meltwaters.^[2]

Around 13,000 calendar years before present (almost 12,000 ¹⁴C years before present), the lake came to cover much of Manitoba, western Ontario, northern Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, and Saskatchewan. At its greatest extent, it may have covered as much as 440,000 square kilometers, larger than any currently existing lake in the world (including the Caspian Sea).

The lake drained at various times south through the Traverse Gap into Glacial River Warren (parent to the Minnesota River, a tributary of the Mississippi River),^[3] east through Lake Kelvin (modern Lake Nipigon) to what is now Lake Superior,^[4] or west via the Mackenzie River through the Yukon Territory and Alaska.^[1] Climatologists believe that a major outbreak of Lake Agassiz about 13,000 BP drained through the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. This may be the cause of the Younger Dryas stadial.^[1][5] A return of the ice for some time offered a reprieve, and after retreating north of the Canadian border about 9,900 years ago it refilled. These events had significant impact on climate, sea level and possible early human civilization.

Much of the final drainage of Lake Agassiz may have occurred in a very short time—perhaps as little as one year. A recent study by Turney and Brown links this rapid drainage and subsequent global sea level rise of about one meter to the expansion of agriculture in Europe; he suggests that this may also account for various flood myths of prehistoric cultures, including the Biblical flood.^[6]

The last major shift in drainage occurred about 8,400 calendar years before present (about 7,700 ¹⁴C years before present), when the lake took up its current watershed, draining into Hudson Bay. The lake drained nearly completely over the next 1,000 years or so.

Remnants and effects

Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis, Lake Manitoba, and Lake of the Woods, among others, are relics of the ancient lake. The outlines and volumes of these modern lakes are still slowly changing due to differential isostatic rebound.

Other geological and geomorphological evidence for Lake Agassiz can also be seen today. Raised beaches, many kilometers from any water, mark the former boundaries of the lake at various times. Several modern river valleys, including those of the Assiniboine River and the Minnesota River, were originally cut by water entering or leaving the lake. The fertile soils of the Red River Valley, now drained by the Red River of the North, are formed from lacustrine deposits of silt from Lake Agassiz.

See also

• Glacial River Warren
• Glacial history of Minnesota
• Younger Dryas impact event

References

Notes

Sources

• Boswell, Randy (19 November 2007). "Noah's Ark flood spurred European farming". CanWest News Service. http://www.canada.com/topics/technology/story.html?id=ffaed9c2-2e55-4555-b01e-2d7b60f8371e&k=39290. Retrieved 22 November 2007. 
• Broecker, Wallace S. (26 May 2006). "Was the Younger Dryas Triggered by a Flood?". Science 312 (5777): 1146–1148. doi:10.1126/science.1123253. PMID 16728622. 
• Fisher, Timothy G. (March 2003). "Chronology of glacial Lake Agassiz meltwater routed to the Gulf of Mexico". Quaternary Research (Academic Press) 59 (2): 271–76. doi:10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00011-5. http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher-%20Chronology%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz%20meltwater%20routed%20to%20the%20Gulf%20of%20Mexico.pdf. Retrieved 18 March 2009. 
• Fisher, Timothy G. (December 2004). "River Warren boulders, Minnesota, USA: catastrophic paleoflow indicators in the southern spillway of glacial Lake Agassiz" (PDF). Boreas (Taylor & Francis) 33 (4): 349–58. doi:10.1080/0300948041001938. ISSN 0300-9483. http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher%20-%20River%20Warren%20boulders,%20Minnesota,%20USA%20-%20catastrophic%20paleoflow%20indicators%20in%20the%20southern%20spillway%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz.pdf. Retrieved 22 September 2007. 
• Hostetler, S. W.; et al. (2000). "Simulated influences of Lake Agassiz on the climate of central North America 11,000 years ago". Nature 405 (6784): 334–337. doi:10.1038/35012581. 
• Leverington, David W.; James T. Teller (2003). "Paleotopographic reconstructions of the eastern outlets of glacial Lake Agassiz". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40 (9): 1259–78. doi:10.1139/e03-043. 
• Lusardi, B. A. (1997). "Quaternary Glacial Geology" (PDF). Minnesota at a Glance. Minnesota Geological Survey, University of Minnesota. http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/MNglance/Mn_Quaternary.pdf. Retrieved 22 September 2007. 
• Ojakangas, Richard W.; Matsch, Charles L (1982), Minnesota's Geology, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0-8166-0953-5 
• Perkins, S. (2002). "Once Upon a Lake". Science News 162 (18): 283. doi:10.2307/4014064.  Abstract at "Bibliography of Canadian Geomorphology". Canadian Geomorphology Research Group. http://cgrg.geog.uvic.ca/abstracts/PerkinsOnceDuring.html. Retrieved 15 December 2007. 
• Pielou, E. C. (1991). After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-2266-6812-6
• Sansome, Constance Jefferson (1983), Minnesota Underfoot: A Field Guide to the State's Outstanding Geologic Features, Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, ISBN 0-8965-8036-9 
• Turney, C.S.M. and Brown, H. (2007) "Catastrophic early Holocene sea level rise, human migration and the Neolithic transition in Europe." Quaternary Science Reviews, 26, 2036-2041; "The Mother of All Floods? November 21, 2007.
• Upham, Warren (1896/2002). "The Glacial Lake Agassiz". Monographs of the United States Geological Survey (United States Geological Survey/University of North Dakota) XXV. http://library.ndsu.edu/exhibits/text/lakeagassiz/. Retrieved 16 April 2009. 
• "Valley Formation". Fact Sheets. Minnesota River Basin Data Center (MRBDC, Minnesota State University, Mankato. 15 November 2004. http://mrbdc.mnsu.edu/mnbasin/fact_sheets/valley_formation.html. Retrieved 22 September 2007. 

External links

• Minnesota River Basin Data Center. Valley Formation [map]. Retrieved on 12 January 2009.
• "Beach ridges of former Glacial Lake Agassiz, northwestern Manitoba". Natural Resources Canada. http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/landscapes/details_e.php?photoID=480. Retrieved 2 September 2008. 
• "Lake Agassiz Bathymetric Maps: Herman and Upper Campbell". http://www.webpages.ttu.edu/dleverin/quaternary_envs/quaternary_environments.html#agassiz. Retrieved 2 Nov 2009. 

Coordinates: 51°N 98°W / 51°N 98°W / 51; -98