Rocket system that boosts a
spacecraft into Earth orbit or beyond Earth's gravitational pull. A wide variety of launch vehicles have been used to lift payloads ranging from satellites weighing a few pounds (or kilograms) to large modular components of
space stations. Most launch vehicles are expendable (one-use) systems; many early ones were derived from intercontinental ballistic missiles (
see ICBM). The Saturn V, which launched the spacecraft that carried humans to the Moon (
see Apollo), had three stages (
see staged rocket). The U.S.
space shuttle system (from 1981) represents a significant departure from expendable launch vehicles in that it is partially reusable — its manned orbiting component is designed for numerous flights, and its solid rocket boosters can be recovered and refurbished.
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