| Le Van Khoi revolt | |||||||
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 The French-built Citadel of Saigon was taken over by the rebels on May 18, 1833 and held more than two years until September 1835. |
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Le Van Khoi rebels Siam |
Nguyễn Dynasty | ||||||
| Commanders | |||||||
| Le Van Khoi Rama III |
Truong Minh Giang | ||||||
The Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–1835) was an important revolt in 19th century Vietnam, in which southern Vietnamese, Vietnamese Catholics, French Catholic missionaries and Chinese settlers under the leadership of Le Van Khoi opposed the Imperial rule of Minh Mang.
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Origin
The revolt was spurred by the prosecutions launched by Minh Mang against southern factions which had opposed his rule and tended to be favourable to Christianity. In particular, Minh Mang prosecuted Lê Văn Duyệt, a former faithful general of Emperor Gia Long, who had opposed his enthronement.[1] Since Lê Văn Duyệt had already died earlier in 1831, his tomb was profanated, and inscribed with the words "This is the place where the infamous Lê Văn Duyệt was punished".[2]
Start of the revolt
Le Van Khoi, the adoptive son of general Lê Văn Duyệt, had also been imprisoned, but managed to escape on May 10, 1833.[2] Soon, numerous people joined the revolt, in the desire to avenge Lê Văn Duyệt and challenge the legitimacy of the Nguyen dynasty.[3]
Catholic support
Le Van Khoi declared himself in favour of the restoration of the line of Prince Canh, the original heir to Gia Long according to the rule of primogeniture, in the person of his remaining son An-hoa.[4] This choice was designed to obtain the support of Catholic missionaries and Vietnamese Catholic, who had been supporting with Lê Văn Duyệt the line of Prince Canh.[4] Le Van Khoi further promised to protect Catholicism.[4]
On May 18, 1833, the rebels managed to take the Citadel of Saigon (Thanh Phien-an).[4] Le Van Khoi was able to conquer six provinces of Gia Dinh in the space of one month.[2] The main actors of the revolt where Vietnamese Christians and Chinese settlers who had been suffering from the rule of Minh Mang.[3]
Siamese support
As Minh Mang raised an army to quell the rebellion, Le Van Khoi fortified himself into the Saigon fortress, and asked for the help of the Siamese.[2] Rama III, king of Siam, accepted the offer and sent troops to attack the Vietnamese provinces of Ha-tien and An-giang and Vietnamese imperial forces in Laos and Cambodia.[4] The Siamese troops were accompanied by 2,000 Vietnamese Catholic troops under the command of Father Nguyen Van Tam.[5] These Siamo-Vietnamese forces were repelled in summer 1834 however by General Truong Minh Giang.[6] Le Van Khoi died in 1834 during the siege and was succeeded by his 8-year old son Le Van Cu.[2]
Defeat and repression
It took three years for Minh Mang to quell the rebellion and the Siamese offensive. When the fortress of Phien An was invested in September 1835,[4] 1,831 people were excuted and buried in mass graves (now situated in 3rd District, Saigon).[2] Only 6 survivors were spared, among whom were Le Van Cu, but also the French missionary Father Joseph Marchand, of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. Marchand had apparently been supporting the cause of Le Van Khoi, and asked for the help of the Siamese army, through communications to his counterpart in Siam, Father Taberd. This revealed the strong Catholic involvement in the revolt[2] Father Marchand was tortured and executed on November 5, 1835, as was the child Le Van Cu.[2]
The failure of the revolt had a disastrous effect on the Christian communities of Vietnam.[3] New waves of persecutions against Christians followed, and demands were made to find and execute remaining missionaries.[5] Anti-Catholic edicts to this effect were issued by Minh Mang in 1836 and 1838. In 1836-1837 six missionaries were executed: Ignacio Delgado, Dominico Henares, Jean-Charles Cornay, José Fernández, François Jaccard, and Bishop Pierre Borie.[7][8]
Notes
References
- Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313296222.
- McLeod, Mark W. (1991). The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874. Praeger. ISBN 0-275-93652-0.
- Choi Byung, Wook (2004). Southern Vietnam under the reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): central policies and local response. SEAP Publications. ISBN 0877271380.
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