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(b Shibpur, 14 April 1922). Indian sarod player and composer. He first performed in public at the age of 14 and was court musician to the Maharaja of Jodhpur in his early 20s. Since 1955 he has performed extensively in the West. He founded colleges in Calcutta (1956) and California (1967).
( fl 1840-70). Persian painter. He is often designated suratgar ('painter') to distinguish him from the Zand monarch of the same name (reg 1789-94). The artist continued the flower-and-bird tradition associated with `ALI ASHRAF and is best known for flower paintings, such as one dated 1841 of a hand holding a rose blossom (priv. col.; see Robinson, 1979, fig. 240). Lutf `Ali also illustrated manuscripts, and he signed most of the illustrations in a copy (1854-64; Shiraz, Vesal priv. col.) of the Shahnama ('Book of kings'). His working methods can be seen from his album (Tehran, Riza `Abbasi Mus., 1299-1309, 1311-1510), which contains a dozen folios of pounces, drawings and studies for penboxes, caskets, daggers and manuscript illumination. A few are in Lutf `Ali's own style of floral sprays and flowering hazelnut branches within cartouches and medallions, including the pounce used for a painted and varnished ('lacquered') penbox (1849; Tehran, Mus. Dec. A.) decorated with a floral design incorporating European figures. Other materials in the album range in style and show the variety of compositions and designs readily available to Iranian artists in the 19th century.
See the Abbreviations for further details.
Liaquat Ali Khan (1896-1951) was the first prime minister of Pakistan. He played an important role in the negotiations leading to the creation of Pakistan and then in the consolidation of the new state.
On Oct. 1, 1896, Liaquat Ali Khan was born at Karnal in Punjab, India. His family were wealthy landowners who later moved to the United Provinces. He was educated at Aligarh and Oxford University. After qualifying as a barrister in England in 1922, he returned to India.
Liaquat was elected to the Legislative Council of the United Provinces in 1926, where he served for the next 14 years. During this period he was active in the affairs of the Muslim League, and in 1937 he became its secretary. Genial and able to mingle easily with all classes, he was a useful counterpoise to the austere Mohammad Ali Jinnah, with whom he worked closely in building up the Muslim League as an effective political organization after 1937. Liaquat was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly in 1940, where, as deputy leader of the Muslim League party, he strengthened the Muslim demand for a separate home-land.
In 1946, when independence for India was being negotiated with the British, Liaquat was appointed finance minister in the interim government. His "poor man's budget," which put heavy taxes on the rich and threatened to investigate the activities of the great industrialists, was regarded as an attack on the Indian National Congress, which the industrialists helped to finance.
After partition on Aug. 15, 1947, Liaquat became prime minister of Pakistan. Although at first he was subordinate to Jinnah, the governor general, after Jinnah's death in 1948 he emerged as the most powerful figure in the nation. Two major issues were used by his opponents, however, to undermine the stability of his regime. One was relations with India, which had been embittered by the struggle over Kashmir. Open war seemed a possibility in 1950, but Liaquat's journey to Delhi, where he signed an agreement with Jawaharlal Nehru pledging cooperation between the two countries, lessened some of the tension. This action was fiercely criticized by militant groups in Pakistan as a concession to India.
The other issue was the demand by orthodox Moslems to declare Pakistan an Islamic state, with all laws conforming to the Koran. Liaquat, who was a liberal democrat, with strong commitments to modernization, opposed this demand as reactionary. His compromise, as accepted by the legislators, was that Pakistan was a state where "Moslems would be enabled to lead their lives … in accord with the teachings of Islam." He was not able to halt the growing factionalism, however, and a fanatic assassinated him on Oct. 16, 1951.
Further Reading
A brief account of Liaquat's career is given in S. M. Ikram, Modern Muslim India and the Birth of Pakistan (1950; 2d ed. 1965). His speeches are collected in M. Rafique Afzal, ed., Speeches and Statements of Quaid-i-Millat Liaquat Ali Khan, 1941-51 (1967).
For other people with the same or similar name, see Liaqat Ali (disambiguation)
| Liaquat Ali Khan | |
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| In office 14 August 1947 – 16 October 1951 |
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| Monarch | George VI |
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| Preceded by | Office Created |
| Succeeded by | Khawaja Nazimuddin |
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| In office 17 August 1946 – 14 August 1947 |
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| Preceded by | Office Created |
| Succeeded by | John Mathai |
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| Born | 2 October 1896
Karnal, British India |
| Died | October 16 1951 (aged 55) Rawalpindi, Pakistan |
| Political party | Muslim League |
| Religion | Shi'a Islam |
Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (Urdu/Pashto: لیا قت علی خان)
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(October 2, 1896 – October
16, 1951) was a Pakistani politician who became the first prime minister of Pakistan. Liaquat rose to political prominence as a member of the All India
Muslim League. He played an influential role in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. In 1947, he became
the prime minister of Pakistan, a position that he held until his assassination in October 1951. In Pakistan, he is regarded as
the right-hand man of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and first
governor-general of Pakistan. Liaquat was given the titles of Quaid-e-Millat
(Leader of the Nation), and posthumously Shaheed-e-Millat (Martyr of the Nation).
Liaquat was a graduate of Aligarh University and of Oxford University. He rose into prominence within the Muslim League during the 1930s. Significantly, he is credited with persuading Jinnah to return to India, an event which marked the beginning of the Muslim League's ascendance and paved the way for the Pakistan movement. Following the passage of the Pakistan Resolution in 1940, Liaquat assisted Jinnah in campaigning for the creation of a separate state for Indian Muslims. In 1947, British India was partitioned into the modern-day states of India and Pakistan.
As Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat was responsible for guiding the new nation through
its early years. Following partition, India and Pakistan came into conflict over the fate of Kashmir. Liaquat negotiated extensively with India's Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, and pushed for the referral of the problem to the United Nations. During his tenure, Pakistan pursued close ties with Britain and the
Liaquat Ali Khan, the second son of Nawab Rustam Ali Khan, was born on October 2, 1896, in Karnal, British India, into an aristocratic Madal Pashtun (Nausherwan) family. His father enjoyed the title of Ruken-ud-Daulah, Shamsher Jang and Nawab Bahadur, bestowed by the British government. Nawab Rustam Ali Khan was one of the few landlords whose property was spread across both the Punjab and the United Provinces.[1] Liaquat's mother, Mahmoodah Begum, arranged for his lessons in the Qur'an and Ahadith at home before his formal schooling started.[2]
He graduated in 1918 from Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh, and married his cousin, Jehangira Begum, in 1918.[3] After the death of his father, Liaquat went to England and was awarded a Master's degree from Exeter College, Oxford in 1921. While a student at Oxford University, he was elected Honorary Treasurer of the Indian Majlis. Thereafter he joined the Inner Temple, one of the Inns of Court in London. He was called to the Bar in 1922.[1]
On his return from Britain in 1923, Liaquat entered politics, determined to eradicate what he saw as the injustices and ill treatment meted out to the Indian Muslims by the British.[citation needed] In his early life, Liaquat believed in Indian Nationalism. His views gradually changed. The Congress leaders asked him to join their party, but he refused and joined the Muslim League in 1923. Under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Muslim League held its annual session in May 1924 in Lahore. The aim of this session was to revive the League. Liaquat was among those who attended this conference.
Liaquat began his parliamentary career as an elected member of the United Provinces Legislative Council from the rural Muslim constituency of Muzzafarnagar in 1926. In 1932, he was unanimously elected Deputy President of UP Legislative Council.[1] He remained a member of the UP Legislative Council until 1940, when he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly.
Liaquat took active part in legislative affairs. He was one of the members of the Muslim League delegation that attended the National Convention held at Calcutta to discuss the Nehru Report in December 1928.[4]
Liaquat's second marriage took place in December 1932. His wife Begum Ra'ana was a prominent economist and an educationist. She, too, was an influential figure in the Pakistan movement.[5]
Following the failure of the Round Table Conferences, Muhammad Ali Jinnah had settled in London and was practicing law before the Privy Council.[1] Liaquat and his wife had a number of meetings with Jinnah and convinced him to come back to India to take up the leadership of the Muslims of the region.[citation needed]
When Muhammad Ali Jinnah returned to India, he started to reorganise the Muslim League. In 1936, the annual session of the All India Muslim league met in Bombay. In the open session on 12 April 1936, Jinnah moved a resolution proposing Liaquat Ali Khan as the Honorary General Secretary. The resolution was unanimously adopted and he held the office till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.[6] In 1940, Liaquat was made the deputy leader of the Muslim League Parliamentary party. Jinnah was not able to take active part in the proceedings of the Assembly on account of his heavy political work. It was Liaquat Ali Khan who stood in his place. During this period, Liaquat was also the Honorary General Secretary of the Muslim League, the deputy leader of the party, Convenor of the Action Committee of the Muslim League, Chairman of the Central Parliamentary Board and the managing director of the newspaper Dawn.[7]
The Pakistan Resolution was adopted in 1940 at the Lahore session of the Muslim League. The same year elections were held for the central legislative assembly which were contested by Liaquat from the Barielly constituency. He was elected without contest. When the twenty-eighth session of the League met in Madras on 12 April 1941, Jinnah told party members that the ultimate aim was to obtain Pakistan. In this session, Liaquat moved a resolution incorporating the objectives of the Pakistan Resolution in the 'aims and objectives of the Muslim League'. The resolution was seconded and passed unanimously.[7]
In 1945-46, mass elections were held in India and Liaquat won the Central Legislature election from the Meerut Constituency in the United Provinces. He was also elected Chairman of the League's Central Parliamentary Board. The Muslim League won 87% of seats reserved for Muslims of the sub-continent.[8] He assisted Jinnah in his negotiations with the members of the Cabinet Mission and the leaders of the Congress during the final phases of the Freedom Movement and it was decided that an interim government would be formed consisting of members of the Congress, the Muslim League and minority leaders. When the Government asked the Muslim League to send their nominees for representation in the interim government, Liaquat Ali was asked to lead the League group in the cabinet. He was given the portfolio of finance.[9] By this point, the outgoing British government of India and the Indian National Congress had both accepted the idea of Pakistan and therefore on August 14 1947, Pakistan came into existence.[10]
After independence, Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. Pakistan faced a number of difficulties in its early days. Liaquat and Jinnah were determined to stop the riots and refugee problems and to set up an effective administrative system for the country. Liaquat established the groundwork for Pakistan's foreign policy. He also took steps towards the formulation of the constitution. He presented The Objectives Resolution, a prelude to future constitutions, in the Legislative Assembly. The house passed it on March 12, 1949. It has been described as the "Magna Carta" of Pakistan's constitutional history.[11] Liaquat called it "the most important occasion in the life of this country, next in importance, only to the achievement of independence". Under his leadership a team also drafted the first report of the Basic Principle Committee and work began on the second report.
During his tenure, India and Pakistan agreed to resolve the dispute of Kashmir in a peaceful manner through the efforts of the United Nations. According to this agreement a ceasefire was affected in Kashmir on January 1, 1949. It was decided that a free and impartial plebiscite would be held under the supervision of the UN.[12]
After the death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the problem of religious minorities flared during late 1949 and early 1950, and observers feared that India and Pakistan were about to fight their second war in the first three years of their independence. At this time, Liaquat met Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to sign the Liaquat-Nehru Pact in 1950. The pact was an effort to improve relations and reduce tension between India and Pakistan, and to protect the religious minorities on both sides of the border.[13]In May 1951, Liaquat visited the United States and set the course of Pakistan's foreign policy towards closer ties with the West. An important event during his premiership was the establishment of National Bank of Pakistan in November 1949, and the installation of a paper currency mill in Karachi.[14]
In January 1951, Liaquat appointed Ayub Khan as the first Pakistani commander-in-chief of the army with the retirement of the British commander, Douglas Gracey. In the same year, an attempted coup was launched against the government by senior military leaders and prominent socialist. Akbar Khan, chief of general staff, was arrested along with 14 other army officers for plotting the coup. This Rawalpindi Conspiracy, as it became known, was the first attempted military coup in Pakistan's history. The arrested conspirators were tried in secret and given lengthy jail sentences.[15]
On October 16, 1951, Liaquat had been scheduled to make an important announcement in a public meeting of the Muslim City League at Municipal Park, Rawalpindi. Liaquat was shot twice in the chest during that meeting by a man sitting in the audience only fifteen yards away. It was reported that the crowd immediately killed the assassin, who was later identified as Saad Akbar. Liaquat was rushed to a hospital where he was given a blood transfusion, but he succumbed to his injuries. The exact motive behind the assassination has never been fully revealed. Upon his death, Liaquat Ali Khan was given the honorific title of "Shaheed-e-Millat", or "Martyr of the Nation".[16]
Liaquat Ali Khan has received criticism from the left wing in Pakistan for his pro-Western foreign policies and the
restrictions placed on the Communist Party of Pakistan. At the time of his
death, the extreme leftist press, such as the Communist Swadhinata, stated: "Liaquat's death only reflects inevitable disaster
that overtakes policy of playing lackey to Anglo-American Powers."[17]He was further criticised for not visiting the Soviet
Union, whereas he did go the
Others argue that Liaquat Ali Khan had wanted Pakistan to remain neutral in the Cold War, as declared three days after Pakistan's independence when he declared that Pakistan would take no sides in the conflict of ideologies between the nations.[18] Former serviceman Shahid M. Amin has argued that the Soviets themselves could not settle convenient dates for a visit, and that, even during his visit to the United States, Liaquat had declared his intention to visit the Soviet Union.[19]Amin also notes that "Failure to visit a country in response to its invitations has hardly ever become the cause of long-term estrangement.[20]
In Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan is regarded as Jinnah's “right hand man” and heir apparent. His role in filling in the vacuum created by Jinnah’s death is seen as decisive in tackling critical problems during Pakistan’s fledgling years and in devising measures for the consolidation of Pakistan. His face is printed on postage stamps across the country.
Liaquat was portrayed by Pakistani actor Shakeel in the 1998 film "Jinnah.[21]
| Prime Ministers of Pakistan |
|---|
| LA Khan | Nazimuddin | Bogra | Ali | Suhrawardy | Chundrigar | Noon | A Khan | Amin | Z Bhutto | ul-Haq | Junejo | ul-Haq | B Bhutto | Jatoi | Sharif | Mazari | Sharif | Qureshi | B Bhutto | Khalid | Sharif | Musharraf | Jamali | Hussain | Aziz |
| Preceded by New creation |
Prime Minister of
Pakistan 1947–1951 |
Succeeded by Khawaja Nazimuddin |
| Preceded by Post created |
Finance Minister of
India 1946–1947 |
Succeeded by John Mathai |
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