linga

(click to enlarge)
Sandstone linga, c. 900; in the British Museum. (credit: Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum)

In Hinduism, the symbol of the god Shiva and of generative power. Fashioned from wood, gems, metal, or stone, lingas are the main objects of worship in temples to Shiva and family shrines throughout India. Historically, the linga was a representation of the phallus, as sculptures from the 1st – 2nd century AD, the earliest dates of linga worship, make clear, and most modern Hindus think of it in these terms. The stylization of the linga as a smooth cylindrical mass asserts an aniconic meaning. A sexual dimension remains in the most common form in which the linga appears today. The yoni, symbol of the female sex organ, often forms the base of the linga, a reminder that the male and female principles together represent the totality of existence. The linga is worshiped with offerings of flowers, water, fruit, leaves, and rice; the purity of the materials and the cleanliness of the worshiper are particularly stressed.

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The Liṇga is the sacred phallus and principal symbol of the Hindu (see Hinduism entries) god Śiva (see Śiva). Some scholars have suggested that the phallic worship aspect of Śiva indicates that he existed as a fertility god in the pre-Aryan (see Aryan) Indus Valley (see Indus Valley Mythology) culture, especially as the liṇga is nearly always presented in connection with the yoni (see Yoni), or vulva of the Goddess (see Devī, Liṇiga Myths). In a sense, the liṇga united with the yoni symbolizes creation. This sense is supported by the fact that the liṇga-yoni often sits on an octagonal form representing Viṣṇu's (see Viṣṇu) jurisdiction over the cardinal directions and a square base representing Brahmā (see Brahmā) and the four Vedas (see Vedas). Thus the liṇga-yoni as a total structure contains the Goddess and the trimūrti (Śiva-Viṣṇu Brahmā) of Hinduism.