Wikipedia:
List of Antarctica expeditions
List of Antarctica expeditions is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica.
Pre-expedition
- 600 BC – 300 BC Greek Philosophers theorize Spherical Earth with the antipodes North and South Polar regions.
- 150 AD Ptolemy published Geographia, which notes Terra Australis Incognita
Pre-1800s
- 1487 Bartolomeu Dias first to sail around Cape of Good Hope crosses (40° S)
- 1497 Vasco da Gama sails to White River, South Africa
- 1522 Ferdinand Magellan - first circumnavigation discovers Strait of Magellan (54º S)
- 1525 Francisco de Hoces, member of the Loaísa Expedition - thought to see Land's End (56º S)
- 1578 Francis Drake discovers Drake Passage
- 1599 Dirk Gerritsz - potentially sails to (64° S)
- 1603 Gabriel de Castilla - potentially sails to (64° S)
- 1615 Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten first to sail around Cape Horn cross (56° S)
- 1619 Garcia de Nodal expedition – circumnavigate Tierra del Fuego and discover Diego Ramirez Islands ()
- 1642 – 1643 Abel Tasman discovers New Zealand and Tasmania (44° S)
- 1675 Anthony de la Roché discovers South Georgia ( ), the first ever land discovered south of the Antarctic Convergence
- 1698 – 1699 Edmond Halley sails to (52° S)
- 1720 Captain George Shelvocke – sails to (61° 30’S)
- 1739 Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier – discovers Bouvet Island ()
- 1771 James Cook – HM Bark Endeavour expedition
- 1771 – 1772 First French Antarctic Expedition - led by Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers Kerguelen Islands ()
- 1775 James Cook – sails HMS Resolution crossing Antarctic Circle to (71° 10’S)
1800s
- 1819 William Smith discovers South Shetland Islands (), the first ever land discovered south of 60° south latitude.
- 1819 San Telmo wrecks in the Drake Passage off Livingston Island
- 1819 – 1821 Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen – on January 27, 1820, discovers Antarctica mainland at Princess Martha Coast ( )
- 1820 Edward Bransfield & William Smith – on January 30, 1820, sight Trinity Peninsula ()
- 1820 Nathaniel Palmer sights Antarctica on November 17, 1820
- 1821 John Davis – on February 7, 1821 disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at Hughes Bay ()
- 1823 – 1824 James Weddell – on February 20, 1823 reaches ()
- 1830 – 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition – sight Enderby Land () and Adelaide Island ()
- 1837 – 1840 Second French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jules Dumont d'Urville discovers Adelie Land (66° S)
- 1838 – 1839 John Balleny discovers Balleny Islands ()
- 1838 – 1842 United States Exploring Expedition – led by Charles Wilkes to Antarctic Peninsula () and eastern Antarctica
- 1839 – 1843 James Clark Ross discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Sea, Mount Erebus, Mount Terror and Victoria Land
- 1892 – 1893 Dundee Whaling Expedition discover Dundee Island ()
- 1893 – 1895 Henryk Bull – set foot on Antarctica at Cape Adare
- 1897 – 1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition – led by Adrien de Gerlache
- 1898 – 1900 Southern Cross Expedition, Carsten Borchgrevink – sails to Cape Adare and winters on Antarctica
1900s
- 1901 — 1904 Discovery Expedition - led by Robert Falcon Scott, on December 30, 1903, Ernest Shackleton reached (82° 17’S)
- 1901 — 1903 First German Antarctica Expedition - led by Erich von Drygalski
- 1901 — 1904 Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by Otto Nordenskiöld
- 1902 — 1904 Scottish National Antarctic Expedition – led by William Speirs Bruce
- 1903 — 1905 Third French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
- 1907 — 1909 Nimrod Expedition – On January 16, 1909, Ernest Shackleton reached the South Magnetic Pole (88° 23’S)
- 1908 — 1910 Fourth French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
- 1910 — 1912 Japanese Antarctic Expedition - led by Nobu Shirase
- 1910 — 1912 Roald Amundsen - On December 14, 1911, reached the South Pole (90° S)
- 1910 — 1913 Terra Nova Expedition - On January 17, 1912, Robert Falcon Scott, reached the South Pole (90° S)
- 1911 — 1913 Second German Antarctic Expedition - led by Wilhelm Filchner
- 1911 — 1914 Australasian Antarctic Expedition – led by Douglas Mawson
- 1914 — 1916 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
- 1914 — 1917 Ross Sea Party – led by A.L.A. Mackintosh
- 1921 — 1922 Shackleton-Rowett Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
- 1929 — 1931 British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
- 1928 — 1930 Richard Evelyn Byrd - First expedition
- 1931 H Halvorsen - discovered Princess Astrid Coast
- 1931 Carstens Borchgrevink - discovered Kronprins Olav Kyst
- 1931 Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen - flew over Antarctica
- 1933 — 1935 Richard Evelyn Byrd - Second expedition
- 1933 — 1939 Lincoln Ellsworth – Aircraft expedition
- 1934 — 1937 British Graham Land Expedition
- 1936 Lars Christensen - dropped Norwegian flag over Princess Harald Coast
- 1938 Third German Antarctic Expedition - led by Alfred Ritscher
- 1939 — 1941 United States Antarctic Service Expedition – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd
- 1943 — 1945 Operation Tabarin - led by Lieutenant James Marr
- 1946 — 1946 Operation Highjump – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd
- 1947 — First Chilean Antarctic Expedition
- 1947 — 1948 Operation Windmill – led by Commander Gerald Ketchum
- 1947 — 1946 Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition – led by Finn Ronne
- 1949 — 1952 Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by John Giaever
- 1955 — 1956 Operation Deep Freeze - led by Richard Evelyn Byrd
- 1955 — 1957 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
- 1956 Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station established
- 1956 — 1958 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Vivian Fuchs
- 1956 — 1958 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksei Treshnikov
- 1957 — 1958 International Geophysical Year
- 1957 Scott Base established
- 1957 — 1958 Luncke Expedition
- 1957 — 1959 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Tolstikov
- 1958 — 1960 4th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksandr Dralkin
- 1959 — 1961 5th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Korotkevich
- 1960 South African National Antarctic Expedition
- 1960 — 1962 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Driatsky
- 1961 — 1963 7th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksandr Dralkin
- 1962 — 1962 Vostok traverse - led by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE)
- 1962 — 1964 8th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
- 1963 — 1965 9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov
- 1964 — 1966 10th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by M.Ostrekin, I.Petrov
- 1965 — 1967 11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, Leonid Dubrovin
- 1966 — 1968 12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
- 1967 — 1969 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksei Treshnikov
- 1968 — 1970 14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, Ernst Krenkel
- 1969 — 1971 15th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
- 1970 — 1972 16th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by I.Petrov and Yury Tarbeyev
- 1971 — 1973 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Korotkevich, V.Averyanov
- 1972 — 1974 18th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko
- 1973 — 1975 19th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, V.Ignatov
- 1974 — 1976 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, N.Kornilov
- 1975 — 1977 21st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by O.Sedov, G.Bardin
- 1976 — 1978 22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Tyabin, Leonid Dubrovin
- 1977 — 1979 23rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, O.Sedov
- 1978 — 1980 24th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by A.Artemyev, O.Sedov
- 1979 Air New Zealand Flight 901 – airplane crash
- 1979 — 1980 25th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Kornilov, N.Tyabin
- 1980 — 1981 Transglobe Expedition - led by Ranulph Fiennes
- 1980 — 1982 26th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, V.Shamontyev
- 1981 — 1983 27th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, R.Galkin
- 1982 Falkland Islands War
- 1982 — 1984 28th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Kornilov, A.Artemyev
- 1983 — 1985 29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition - led by N.Tyabin, L.Bulatov
- 1984 - 1985 1st Uruguayan Antarctic Expedition - Antarkos I Led by Lt.Col. Omar Porciúncula
- 1984 — 1986 30th Soviet Antarctic Expedition - led by D.Maksutov, R.Galkin
- 1985 — 1987 31st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Tyabin, V.Dubovtsev
- 1986 — 1988 32nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Klokov, V.Vovk
- 1987 Iceberg B-9 calves and carries away Little Americas I - III
- 1987 — 1989 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.A.Kornilov, Yu.A.Khabarov
- 1987 — 1988 First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition — St. Kliment Ohridski Base established
- 1988 — 1990 34th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by S.M.Pryamikov, L.V.Bulatov
- 1989 — 1991 35th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.M.Piguzov
- 1991 — 1992 36th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Lev Savatyugin
- 1996 Lake Vostok discovered
2000s
- 2004 BELARE Expedition
- 2004 – 2005 Tangra 2004/05 created Camp Academia.
- 2005 BELARE 2005 Logistics Survey Expedition
- 2006 – 2007 Team n2i Kite Skiing expedition to the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility. Rupert Longsdon, Henry Cookson, Rory Sweet and guide Paul Landry.
- 2007 British Graham Land Expedition Independent Mountaineering expedition to the Antarctic Peninsula.
Agreements
- 1959 Antarctic Treaty System
- 1964 Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
- 1978 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
- 1982 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
- 1988 Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
- 1998 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
See also
- Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions
- History of Antarctica
- List of research stations in Antarctica
References
- Savatyugin, L.M., Preobrazhenskaya, M.A. Russian Exploration of Antarctica (Russian: Российские исследования в Антарктике), published by Gidrometeoizdat, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russian Federation (Roshydromet), in 3 volumes (vol.1:1st to 20th SAE;vol.2:21st to 30th SAE; vol.3:31st SAE to 40th RAE), Saint Petersburg, 1999, ISBN 5-286-01265-5
- Soviet Antarctic Expedition : information bulletin., Amsterdam: Elsevier Pub. Co. ; New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co., 1964-, ISSN 0038-5271
Further reading
- Headland, Robert K. (1990). Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30903-4
- Landis, Marilyn J. (2003). Antarctica: Exploring the Extreme: 400 Years of Adventure. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-480-3
External links
- Map of Antarctic Expeditions 1772 - 1931 at The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)
- Index to Antarctic Expeditions - at the Scott Polar Research Institute's website
- Antarctic Expeditions - information about some of them from the British Antarctic Survey
- Chronologies and Timelines of Antarctic Exploration
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