Following is a list of antibiotics, sorted by class. The highest division is between antibiotics which are bactericidal and those which are bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly where bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior; in practice, both of these are capable of ending a bacterial infection.[1]
See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.
| Generic name | Brand names | Common uses[2] | Possible side effects[2] | Mechanism of action | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoglycosides | |||||
| Amikacin | Amikin | Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. | Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. | ||
| Gentamicin | Garamycin | ||||
| Kanamycin | Kantrex | ||||
| Neomycin | Mycifradin | ||||
| Netilmicin | Netromycin | ||||
| Streptomycin | |||||
| Tobramycin | Nebcin | ||||
| Paromomycin | Humatin | ||||
| Ansamycins | |||||
| Geldanamycin | Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics | ||||
| Herbimycin | |||||
| Carbacephem | |||||
| Loracarbef | Lorabid | prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. | |||
| Carbapenems | |||||
| Ertapenem | Invanz | Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.) |
|
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis | |
| Doripenem | Finibax | ||||
| Imipenem/Cilastatin | Primaxin | ||||
| Meropenem | Merrem | ||||
| Cephalosporins (First generation) | |||||
| Cefadroxil | Duricef |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. | ||
| Cefazolin | Ancef | ||||
| Cefalotin or Cefalothin | Keflin | ||||
| Cefalexin | Keflex | ||||
| Cephalosporins (Second generation) | |||||
| Cefaclor | Ceclor |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. | ||
| Cefamandole | Mandole | ||||
| Cefoxitin | Mefoxin | ||||
| Cefprozil | Cefzil | ||||
| Cefuroxime | Ceftin, Zinnat | ||||
| Cephalosporins (Third generation) | |||||
| Cefixime | Suprax |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. | ||
| Cefdinir | Omnicef, Cefdiel | ||||
| Cefditoren | Spectracef | ||||
| Cefoperazone | Cefobid | ||||
| Cefotaxime | Claforan | ||||
| Cefpodoxime | Vantin | ||||
| Ceftazidime | Fortaz | ||||
| Ceftibuten | Cedax | ||||
| Ceftizoxime | |||||
| Ceftriaxone | Rocephin | ||||
| Cephalosporins (Fourth generation) | |||||
| Cefepime | Maxipime |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. | ||
| Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) | |||||
| Ceftobiprole | Used to treat MRSA |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. | ||
| Glycopeptides | |||||
| Teicoplanin | inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis | ||||
| Vancomycin | Vancocin | ||||
| Macrolides | |||||
| Azithromycin | Zithromax, Sumamed, Zitrocin | Streptococcal infections, syphilis, respiratory infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease |
|
inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding irreversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA. | |
| Clarithromycin | Biaxin | ||||
| Dirithromycin | Dynabac | ||||
| Erythromycin | Erythocin, Erythroped | ||||
| Roxithromycin | |||||
| Troleandomycin | TAO | ||||
| Telithromycin | Ketek | Pneumonia | Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[3] | ||
| Spectinomycin | Antimetabolite, Anticancer | ||||
| Monobactams | |||||
| Aztreonam | Azactam | Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. | |||
| Penicillins | |||||
| Amoxicillin | Novamox, Amoxil | Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. | |
| Ampicillin | Principen | ||||
| Azlocillin | |||||
| Carbenicillin | |||||
| Cloxacillin | Tegopen | ||||
| Dicloxacillin | Dynapen | ||||
| Flucloxacillin | Floxapen | ||||
| Mezlocillin | |||||
| Meticillin | |||||
| Nafcillin | |||||
| Oxacillin | |||||
| Penicillin | |||||
| Piperacillin | |||||
| Ticarcillin | |||||
| Polypeptides | |||||
| Bacitracin | Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection | Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection) | Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule which carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane [4] | ||
| Colistin | Interact with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, changing its permeability. | ||||
| Polymyxin B | |||||
| Quinolones | |||||
| Ciprofloxacin | Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay | Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea | Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system (uncommon), tendinosis (rare) | inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. | |
| Enoxacin | Penetrex | ||||
| Gatifloxacin | Tequin | ||||
| Levofloxacin | Levaquin | ||||
| Lomefloxacin | Maxaquin | ||||
| Moxifloxacin | Avelox | ||||
| Norfloxacin | Noroxin | ||||
| Ofloxacin | Floxin, Ocuflox | ||||
| Trovafloxacin | Trovan | Withdrawn | |||
| Grepafloxacin | Raxar | Withdrawn | |||
| Sparfloxacin | Zagam | Withdrawn | |||
| Temafloxacin | Omniflox | Withdrawn | |||
| Sulfonamides | |||||
| Mafenide | Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide and mafenide); mafenide is used topically for burns |
|
Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells will be unable to divide. | ||
| Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic) | Prontosil | ||||
| Sulfacetamide | |||||
| Sulfadiazine | Micro-Sulfon | ||||
| Sulfamethizole | |||||
| Sulfanilimide (archaic) | |||||
| Sulfasalazine | Azulfidine | ||||
| Sulfisoxazole | |||||
| Trimethoprim | Trimpex | ||||
| Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) | Bactrim, Septra | ||||
| Tetracyclines | |||||
| Demeclocycline | Declomycin | Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium. |
|
inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex. | |
| Doxycycline | Vibramycin | ||||
| Minocycline | Minocin | ||||
| Oxytetracycline | Terramycin | ||||
| Tetracycline | Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin | ||||
| Others | |||||
| Arsphenamine | Salvarsan | Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) | |||
| Chloramphenicol | Chloromycetin | meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal treatment. Historic: typhus, cholera. gram negative, gram positive, anaerobes | Rarely: aplastic anemia. | Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome | |
| Clindamycin | Cleocin | acne infections, prophylaxis before surgery | |||
| Lincomycin | Lincocin | acne infections, prophylaxis before surgery | |||
| Ethambutol | Myambutol | Antituberculosis | |||
| Fosfomycin | Monurol | ||||
| Fusidic acid | Fucidin | ||||
| Furazolidone | |||||
| Isoniazid | I.N.H. | Antituberculosis | |||
| Linezolid | Zyvox | VRSA | |||
| Metronidazole | Flagyl | Giardia | |||
| Mupirocin | Bactroban | ||||
| Nitrofurantoin | Macrodantin, Macrobid | ||||
| Platensimycin | |||||
| Pyrazinamide | Antituberculosis | ||||
| Quinupristin/Dalfopristin | Syncercid | ||||
| Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) | mostly Gram-positive and mycobacteria | Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine | Binds to the β subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription | ||
| Thiamphenicol | Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes. widely used in veterinary medicine. | Lacks known anemic side-effects. | A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome | ||
| Tinidazole | |||||
| Dapsone | Avlosulfon | Antileprotic | |||
| Clofazimine | Lamprene | Antileprotic | |||
| Generic Name | Brand Names | Common Uses[2] | Possible Side Effects[2] | Mechanism of action | |
References
- ^ Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1999) “Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance”, In: Microbiology Conceptsand Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, U.S.A. pp. 478-479.
- ^ a b c d For common Uses and possible side effects reference is: Robert Berkow (ed.) The Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition. Pocket (September 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-1.
- ^ Splete, Heidi; Kerri Wachter (March 2006). "Liver toxicity reported with Ketek". Internal Medicine News.
- ^ Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate K. John Stone and Jack L. Strominger
T2 -L3
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