List of Apollo astronauts

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Eugene Cernan operating the Lunar rover during Apollo 17

This is a list of all astronauts assigned to fly in NASA's Apollo program. A total of 41 astronauts were assigned to fly Apollo spacecraft, 32 of whom were part of the Apollo program, with the rest not flying until the subsequent Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz programs. Twenty-four of the Apollo program astronauts left Earth's orbit and flew around the Moon (Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 did not exceed low Earth orbit).

Twelve of those astronauts landed on the Moon and walked on its surface, and six of those drove a lunar rover on the Moon. While three astronauts had flown to the Moon twice, none of them landed on the Moon more than once. The nine Apollo missions to the moon all occurred between December 1968 and December 1972.

Apart from those 24 people who visited the Moon, no human being has ever gone beyond low Earth orbit. They have, therefore, been farther from the Earth than anyone else. They are also the only people to have viewed the far side of the Moon. The 12 who walked on the Moon are the only people ever to have set foot on an astronomical object other than the Earth.

Project Apollo fatalities

Apollo 1 Crew (L-R: Gus Grissom, Ed White, Roger Chaffee)

Although there were no in-flight fatalities in the Apollo program, three astronauts died in a training accident in what was later called Apollo 1.

1. Virgil "Gus" Grissom - According to Deke Slayton, who assigned crews to flights during most of Apollo, Grissom would have been his choice to be the first to walk on the moon.^[1][2]
2. Edward White
3. Roger B. Chaffee

Other related fatalities in the Apollo program

1. Edward Givens - Car accident near Houston, Texas on June 6, 1967; was on support crew of Apollo 7
2. Clifton Williams - Plane crash near Tallahassee, Florida on October 5, 1967; was chosen as backup lunar module pilot for Apollo 9

Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon

Twelve people have walked on the Moon. All human landings took place between July 1969 and December 1972, as part of the Apollo program.

Regarding "the last man to walk on the moon", Schmitt is the last person to arrive (as Cernan got out of the Apollo Lunar Module first), but Cernan is the last person to leave (after final EVA, Schmitt went inside the module first). Duke was the youngest, at age 36 (+6mo); Shepard was the oldest, at age 47 (+2mo).

James A. Lovell, John Young, and Eugene Cernan are the only three astronauts to fly more than one lunar mission (two each). Of these three, only Lovell did not walk on the lunar surface. Lovell and Fred Haise were prevented from walking on the Moon by the malfunction on Apollo 13 that resulted in the mission being aborted. Haise was scheduled to walk on the Moon as commander of Apollo 19 prior to that mission's cancellation on September 2, 1970.

Joe Engle had also trained to explore the Moon with Cernan as the backup crew for Apollo 14, but Engle was later replaced by geologist Harrison Schmitt when the primary crew for Apollo 17 was selected. Schmitt had been crewed with Dick Gordon in anticipation for Apollo 18. But when Apollo 18 was canceled, Schmitt bumped Engle, leaving Gordon as the last Apollo astronaut who had trained extensively for lunar exploration without ever getting a chance to fly a lunar landing.

Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing

Apollo 8 was the first manned mission to reach the Moon (Frank Borman, center)

On each of the missions listed above one astronaut orbited the Moon while the other two landed. In addition each of the Apollo 8, Apollo 10, and Apollo 13 missions had a three-person crew and closely encountered the Moon (entering orbit in the case of the former two missions, while Apollo 13 only passed around it). Jim Lovell is the only human to have flown to the Moon twice without landing on it. Thus twelve more people have been within a few hundred kilometres of the Moon (along with Young and Cernan who flew out to the Moon and back without landing, but landed on subsequent missions):

Other Apollo astronauts

Dave Scott observes from command module of Apollo 9

Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 orbited the Earth only; therefore these five Apollo astronauts never went to the Moon:

1. Walter Schirra - Apollo 7
2. Donn Eisele - Apollo 7 (was on backup-crew for Apollo 10)
3. Walter Cunningham - Apollo 7
4. James McDivitt - Apollo 9
5. Rusty Schweickart - Apollo 9 (was on backup-crew for Skylab 2)

David Scott from Apollo 9 went on to land on the Moon in Apollo 15.

Backup crewmembers who never flew an Apollo flight

Each Apollo flight had a backup crew who trained to carry out the mission if the original crew was unable to fly. Only one backup crew member was ever used: Jack Swigert switched places with Ken Mattingly after Mattingly had been exposed to German measles a few days prior to the launch of Apollo 13. (Mattingly later flew aboard Apollo 16). However, shortly before the launch of Apollo 17, Eugene Cernan badly injured his leg playing softball and only just recovered in time for the mission. Had he been unable to fly he would have been replaced by back-up commander John Young, who would have become the only person to walk on the moon twice and would have done so on consecutive missions.

1. Gordon Cooper - backup commander for Apollo 10 - lost the primary commander slot on Apollo 14 to Alan Shepard, and resigned from NASA in 1970.
2. Joe Henry Engle - backup lunar module pilot for Apollo 14 - lost the primary pilot slot on Apollo 17 to Harrison Schmitt after the cancellation of Apollo 18. Engle later flew on the Space Shuttle Enterprise and commanded STS-2 with astronaut Richard Truly in 1981. He also commanded Discovery on STS-51-I in 1985.

Astronauts who flew on Apollo, listed by class

A chart showing astronaut assignments leading up to and during the Apollo era.

From the Mercury Seven

• Walter Marty Schirra, Jr., USN – Apollo 7
• Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr., USN – Apollo 14

From Astronaut Group 2

• Neil Alden Armstrong^[4] – Apollo 11
• Frank Frederick Borman II, USAF – Apollo 8
• Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr., USN – Apollo 12, Skylab 2
• James Arthur Lovell, Jr., USN – Apollo 8, Apollo 13
• James Alton McDivitt, USAF – Apollo 9
• Thomas Patten Stafford, USAF – Apollo 10, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
• John Watts Young, USN – Apollo 10, Apollo 16

From Astronaut Group 3

• Buzz Aldrin, USAF – Apollo 11
• William Alison Anders, USAF – Apollo 8
• Alan LaVern Bean, USN – Apollo 12, Skylab 3
• Eugene Andrew Cernan, USN – Apollo 10, Apollo 17
• Michael Collins, USAF – Apollo 11
• Walter Cunningham – Apollo 7
• Donn Fulton Eisele, USAF – Apollo 7
• Richard Francis Gordon, Jr., USN – Apollo 12
• Russell Louis "Rusty" Schweickart, USAF – Apollo 9
• David Randolph Scott, USAF – Apollo 9, Apollo 15

From Astronaut Group 4

• Harrison Hagan "Jack" Schmitt – Apollo 17

From Astronaut Group 5

• Charles Moss Duke, Jr., USAF – Apollo 16
• Ronald Ellwin Evans, Jr., USN – Apollo 17
• Fred Wallace Haise, Jr., USMC – Apollo 13
• James Benson Irwin, USAF – Apollo 15
• Thomas Kenneth Mattingly II, USN – Apollo 16
• Edgar Dean Mitchell, USN – Apollo 14
• Stuart Allen Roosa, USAF – Apollo 14
• John Leonard "Jack" Swigert, Jr., USAF – Apollo 13
• Alfred Merrill Worden, USAF – Apollo 15

In addition, the following astronauts flew on post-Apollo missions using Apollo hardware:

From the Mercury Seven

• Donald Kent "Deke" Slayton, USAF – Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

From Astronaut Group 4

• Owen Kay Garriott – Skylab 3
• Edward George Gibson – Skylab 4
• Joseph Peter Kerwin, USN – Skylab 2

From Astronaut Group 5

• Vance DeVoe Brand, USMC – Skylab Rescue (never flown), Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
• Gerald Paul Carr, USMC (had been slated to land by Apollo 19) – Skylab 4
• Jack Robert Lousma USMC, (had been slated to land by Apollo 20) - Skylab 3
• William Reid Pogue, USAF – Skylab 4
• Paul Joseph Weitz, USN – Skylab 2

References

• "Human Space Flight - Apollo History". NASA. January 30, 2004. http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/apollo/. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
• One Giant Leap for Mankind: 35th Anniversary of Apollo 11, NASA, Michael Makara, accessed July 14, 2006