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Philosophy articles |
Philosophy is an ongoing discussion about knowledge; it is a broad field of inquiry in which the definition of knowledge itself is one of the subjects investigated. Philosophy is the pursuit of wisdom, spans the nature of the universe and human nature (of the mind and the body), the relationships between these, and between people. It explores what and how people come to know, including existence itself, and how that knowledge is reliably and usefully represented, and communicated between and among humans, whether in thought, by language, or with mathematics. Philosophy is the predecessor and complement of science, and its foundation. It develops notions about the issues which underlie science, and ponders the nature of thought itself. In science, the scientific method, which involves repeated observations of the results of controlled experiments, is an available and highly successful philosophical methodology. Within fields of study that are concerned directly with humans (economics, psychology, sociology and so forth), in which experimental methodologies are not generally available, subdisciplines of philosophy may be developed to provide a rational basis of study in the respective fields.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the extensive field of philosophy.
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Essence of philosophy
- Main article: Philosophy
Subdivision
Branch
- Aesthetics - the study of beauty, judgments of sentiment, or taste. Aesthetics is closely associated with the philosophy of art. See also Axiology.
- Epistemology - studies the nature and scope of knowledge and belief.
- Ethics - study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics. See also Axiology.
- Logic - is the study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies.
- Metaphysics - studies the state of being and the nature of reality.
Area or subdiscipline
Movement
Philosophical movement of the ancient world
Philosophical movement of the modern world
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Doctrine, principle, and theory
Philosophy by region/era
History
Fundamental question
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General concept
- Below are basic terms of philosophy which are not covered above:
Western
General
deconstruction – dialectic – freethought – know thyself – life stance – meaning of life – perennial philosophy – philosopher – philosophy and literature – pragmatics – rationality – reason (practical, speculative, and theoretical) – semantics – semiotics – The Republic (Plato) – rhetoric – Thus Spoke Zarathustra – universals (problem of) – The Urantia Book – Vienna Circle – Weltanschauung – wisdom – women in philosophy – world view – Young Hegelians – Zeitgeist
Aesthetics
Epistemology
A priori – A posteriori – belief – certainty – Epistemological particularism - Five Ws – hypothesis – internalism and externalism – justification – justified true belief knowledge – prejudice – scientific method – truth – uncertainty – verification
Ethic
action – action theory – bioethics – business ethics – eudaimonia – evil – descriptive ethics – freedom of religion – genethics – good – happiness – the Happy Human – environmental ethics – human flourishing – euthanasia – freedom – human rights – intolerance – justice – justification of human rights – medical ethics – morality norm – normative ethics – original position personal value – quality of life – social contract – suffering – Symposium (by Plato) – tolerance – Universal Declaration of Human Rights – value theory – values – veil of ignorance – vice – violence – virtue – virtue ethics – virtue theory – voluntary euthanasia – war and philosophy – weakness of will – Welfare – welfare economics – well-being – wrong
Logic
abduction – ambiguity – analogy – argument – argument, logical – axiom – deduction – fallacy – induction – inference – non-contradiction, law of – reason – validity – Venn diagram – voting paradox – well-formed formula
Fallacy
- formal fallacy, examples:
- informal fallacy, examples:
Metaphysics
awareness – being – categories of the understanding – causality – Cogito, ergo sum – consciousness – cosmology – cosmogony – Creation myth - Dasein – essence – evolution – existence – free will human nature – irreligion – I think, therefore I am – nature – noumenon – object– ontology – creation myths – perception – perception, philosophy of – rational choice theory - reality – religion – self – sense data – spirituality – subject– substance – tabula rasa – thing in itself – understanding, categories of the – universal – veil of perception – volition – will – will to power – Zeno's paradoxes
Eastern
Wheel of life – yang – yin – yin and yang – Yoga – zen
Philosopher
Analytic
Classical philosopher
Deconstructionist
Eastern philosopher
Empiricist
Existentialist
German idealist
Logical positivist
Pessimist
Phenomenologist
Political philosopher
Pragmatist
Rationalist
Structuralist
Utilitarian
Philosophy list
- Main lists: Lists of philosophy topics and List of philosophy topics (index)
See also
Find more about Philosophy on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from WikiversityBook
Following are some introductory works about major philosophical issues:
- Blackwell Companion to Philosophy
- A History of Western Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell
- A History of Philosophy, by Frederick Copleston
External link
- Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names
- EpistemeLinks: Philosophy Resources on the Internet
- Guide to Philosophy on the Internet
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- The Ism Book
- Introducing Philosophy Series. By Paul Newall (for beginners)
- Philosophical positions (philosophy, movement, school, theory, etc.)
- The Problems of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell (links provided to full text)
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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