This article is a list of major epidemics.
Contents |
Worldwide pandemics
The following are epidemics which spread across several continents.
- 165 – 180: Antonine Plague, perhaps smallpox
- 251 – 266: Plague of Cyprian
- 541: the Plague of Justinian[1]
- 1300s: the Black Death
- 1501 – 1587: typhus
- 1732 – 1733: influenza
- 1775 – 1776: influenza
- 1816 – 1826: cholera
- 1829 – 1851: cholera
- 1847 – 1848: influenza
- 1852 – 1860: cholera
- 1855 – 1950s: bubonic plague: Third Pandemic
- 1857 – 1859: influenza
- 1863 – 1875: cholera
- 1889 – 1892: influenza
- 1899 – 1923: cholera
- 1918 – 1920: influenza: Spanish flu: more people were hospitalized in World War I from this epidemic than wounds. Estimates of the dead range from 20 to 100 million worldwide[2]
- 1957 – 1958: influenza: Asian flu
- 1968 – 1969: influenza: Hong Kong flu
- 1960s: cholera called El Tor
- 1980s – present: HIV
- 2009 – influenza: 2009 swine flu pandemic
Regional
Asia
- 1334: Black Death – China[3]
- 1349: Black Death – Mecca[4]
- 1353 – 1354: Black Death – China
- 1801: plague – Baghdad
- 1829 – 1835: plague – Persia
- 1853: plague – Yemen
- 1867: plague – Iraq
- 1877: plague – Baku, Russian Empire[5]
- 1903: plague – India[6]
- 1946: Beaubonic Plague - Manchuria, China.
- 1974: Smallpox epidemic of India
- 1994: Plague epidemic in Surat, India
- 2002 – 2003: SARS
- 2004: dengue fever – Indonesia
- 2004: cholera – Bangladesh[7]
- 2004: leishmaniasis: Afghanistan[8]
- 2005: Dengue outbreak in Singapore
- 2006: malaria – India[9]
- 2006: Dengue outbreak in India[10]
- 2006: dengue fever – Philippines
- 2006: Dengue outbreak in Pakistan
- 2006: Chikungunya outbreaks in India[11]
- 2007: Iraq cholera outbreak[12]
- 2007: cholera – India[13]
- 2007: cholera – Vietnam[14]
- 2008: dengue fever – Cambodia[15]
- 2008: hand, foot and mouth disease – China
- 2008: dengue fever – Philippines[16]
- 2008: cholera – Vietnam[17]
- 2009: hepatitis B - India (2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak)
- 2009: Swine Flu - India
Africa
- 542: Plague of Justinian – Pelusium, Egypt[18]
- 1347 – 1349: Black Death – North Africa[19]
- 1609: plague – Egypt
- 1812: plague – Egypt
- 1840: smallpox – Cape Town
- 1896 – 1906: sleeping sickness – Congo basin[20]
- 1900 - yellow fever - West Africa
- 1900 – 1920: sleeping sickness – Uganda[21]
- 1980s – present: HIV/AIDS in Africa[22]
- 1996: menigitis - West Africa
- 2001: cholera – Nigeria[23]
- 2001: cholera – South Africa[24]
- 2003: plague – Algeria[25]
- 2004: ebola – Sudan
- 2004: cholera – Senegal[26]
- 2005 yellow fever – Mali[27]
- 2006: plague – Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- 2006: cholera – Luanda, Angola[28]
- 2007: ebola – Mweka, Democratic Republic of the Congo[29]
- 2007: cholera – Ethiopia[30]
- 2007: ebola – Uganda
- 2007: infantile paralysis – Nigeria[31]
- 2007: cholera – Somalia[32]
- 2008: plague – Madagascar[33]
- 2008: cholera – Chad[34]
- 2008 – 2009: Zimbabwean cholera outbreak
- 2009: West African meningitis outbreak[35]
- Egypt[36]
- 1801: Bubonic plague
- 1831: cholera
- 1834 – 1836: Bubonic plague
- 1848: cholera
- 1865: cholera
- 1881: cholera
- 1902: cholera
- 1942 – 1944: falciparum malaria
- 1946: relapsing fever
- 1947: cholera
Australia
- 1789 – 1790: smallpox – Aborigines of New South Wales[37]
- 1828: smallpox – Aborigines of New South Wales[38]
- 1829: smallpox – South Australia[39]
- 1857: smallpox – Victoria[40]
- 1867: measles – Sydney
- 2009: dengue fever - Queensland[41]
- 2009:swine flu-Melbourne
Central and South America
- 1493: influenza – Hispaniola
- 1507: smallpox – Hispaniola[42]
- 1515: smallpox – Puerto Rico
- 1518: smallpox – Hispaniola
- 1527 – 1530: smallpox – Peru
- 1530 – 1531: measles – Mexico, Peru
- 1546: typhus – Mexico, Peru
- 1555: smallpox – Brazil
- 1558 – 1559: influenza – Mexico, Peru
- 1561: smallpox – Chile
- early 1600s: malaria
- 1648: yellow fever
- 1980s – present: HIV/AIDS in Haiti[43]
- 1990s: cholera
- 2000: dengue fever – Central America[44]
- 2007: dengue fever – Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico[45]
- 2008: dengue fever – Brazil
- 2009: Bolivian dengue fever epidemic
Europe
- 1400 BC: European plague killed 90% of the population[46]
- 430 BC: Plague of Athens
- 1347 – 1351: Black Death
- 1426: Black Death in England – London[47]
- 1466: plague (disease) – Paris, France[48]
- 1489: typhus – Granada, Spain
- 1485: sweating sickness – England
- 1494 – 1495: plague – Iceland
- 1498: plague – England[49]
- 1509 – 1510: plague – England
- 1527: plague – Germany
- 1528: English sweate - England
- 1557: plague – Valencia, Spain
- 1560: plague – Istanbul, the Ottoman capital
- 1563 – 1564: plague – England
- 1570: plague – Moscow, Russia
- 1574: plague – Edinburgh, Scotland
- 1596 – 1602: plague – Spain[50]
- 1603: plague – London, England
- 1630: Great Plague of Milan – Milan, Italy
- 1630 – 1631: plague – Venice, Italy
- 1636: plague – Newcastle, England
- 1647 – 1652: Great Plague of Seville – Spain
- 1656: plague – Naples, Italy
- 1663 – 1664: plague – Amsterdam, Netherlands
- 1665: Great Plague of London – London, England
- 1668: plague – France
- 1676 – 1685: plague – Spain
- 1679: Great Plague of Vienna – Vienna, Austria
- 1710 – 1711: plague – Stockholm, Sweden
- 1720 – 1722: Great Plague of Marseille – France
- 1730: yellow fever - Cadiz, Spain
- 1738: Great Plague of 1738 - Balkans
- 1743: plague – Messina, Italy
- 1770 – 1772: Russia (Russian plague of 1770-1772)
- 1778: dengue fever - Cadiz, Spain
- 1800 – 1803: yellow fever - Spain[51]
- 1812: plague – Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
- 1813: plague – Malta
- 1813: plague – Bucharest, Romania
- 1816 – 1819: typhus – Ireland
- 1821: yellow fever - Barcelona, Spain[52]
- 1829: malaria - Groningen epidemic in Netherlands
- 1832: cholera – London, Paris
- 1840: plague – Dalmatia
- 1857: yellow fever - Lisbon, Portugal
- 1866 – 1867: cholera – Russia, Germany
- 1870 – 1871: smallpox – Germany
- 1881 – 1896: cholera – Hamburg, Germany
- 1918 – 1922: typhus – Russia
- 1972: Smallpox outbreak in Yugoslavia
- 2009: mumps - Ireland (Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s)
- 2009 – present: swine influenza Britain
North America
- 1520: smallpox – Mexico[53]
- 1576: haemorrhagic fever – Mexico[54]
- 1592 – 1596: measles – Seneca Indians[55]
- 1617 – 1619: smallpox – Massachusetts Bay area[56]
- 1630: smallpox – Hurons of Ontario
- 1634: smallpox – Indians living along the Connecticut River
- 1633: smallpox – Plymouth Colony
- 1657: measles – Boston, Massachusetts
- 1687: measles – Boston, Massachusetts
- 1690: yellow fever – New York, New York
- 1713: measles – Boston, Massachusetts
- 1713 – 1715: measles – Indians of New England and the Great Lakes
- 1721 – 1722: smallpox – Boston, Massachusetts[57]
- 1729: measles – Boston, Massachusetts
- 1738: smallpox – South Carolina
- 1739 – 1740: measles – Boston, Massachusetts
- 1747: measles – Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina
- 1755 – 1756: smallpox – North America
- 1759: measles – North America
- 1761: influenza – North America and West Indies
- 1770s: smallpox – Northwest Coast Indians[58]
- 1772: measles – North America
- 1775: unknown cause – North America, particularly in the northeast
- 1780 – 1782: North American smallpox epidemic – Plains Indians[59]
- 1783: bilious disorder – Dover, Delaware
- 1788: measles – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York
- 1788: smallpox – Pueblo Indians
- 1793: influenza and "putrid fever" – Vermont
- 1793: influenza – Virginia
- 1793: yellow fever – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793)[60]
- 1793: unknown – Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
- 1793: unknown – Middletown, Pennsylvania
- 1794: yellow fever – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1796 – 1797: yellow fever – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1798: yellow fever – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1803: yellow fever – New York
- 1820 – 1823: fever – United States spreading from the Schuylkill River
- 1831 – 1832: Asiatic cholera – United States (brought by English immigrants)
- 1831 – 1834: smallpox – Plains Indians
- 1832: cholera – New York City, Montreal and other major cities
- 1833: cholera – Columbus, Ohio
- 1834: cholera – New York City
- 1837: typhus – Philadelphia
- 1837 – 1838: smallpox – Great Plains (1837-38 smallpox epidemic)
- 1841: yellow fever – United States (especially severe in the South)
- 1847: yellow fever New Orleans
- 1848 – 1849: cholera – North America
- 1849: cholera New York
- 1850: yellow fever – United States
- 1850 – 1851: influenza – North America
- 1851: cholera Coles County, Illinois, The Great Plains, and Missouri
- 1852: yellow fever – United States (New Orleans-8,000 die in summer)
- 1855: yellow fever – United States
- 1860 – 1861: smallpox – Pennsylvania
- 1862, smallpox - Pacific Northwest, particularly the British Columbia Coast and Interior
- 1865 – 1873: smallpox – Philadelphia, New York City, Boston, New Orleans
- 1865 – 1873: cholera – Baltimore, Maryland, Memphis, Washington, DC
- 1865 – 1873: recurring epidemics of typhus, typhoid, scarlet fever, and yellow fever
- 1873 – 1875: influenza – North America and Europe
- 1876: smallpox – Deadwood, South Dakota[61]
- 1878: yellow fever – Memphis, New Orleans[62]
- 1885: typhoid – Plymouth, Pennsylvania
- 1886: yellow fever – Jacksonville, Florida
- 1900 – 1904: "Third Pandemic" – San Francisco[63]
- 1916: poliomyelitis – United States
- 1918 – 1920: Spanish flu – United States, Canada, Mexico and Dominican Republic (Worldwide)
- 1980 – present: HIV/AIDS (Worldwide) [64]
- 1981 Dengue Fever – Cuba
- 2009 - present: Influenza, H1N1 epidemic (swine flu)
See also
- Pandemic
- List of historical plagues
- List of natural disasters by death toll
- Globalization and disease
- Infectious diseases
- Tropical diseases
- Diseases of poverty
- 2009- H1N1 epidemic
Notes
- ^ The History of the Bubonic Plague
- ^ Patterson, KD; Pyle GF (Spring 1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic". Bull Hist Med. 65 (1): 4–21. PMID 2021692.
- ^ On the trail of the Black Death
- ^ The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)
- ^ Plague - LoveToKnow 1911
- ^ Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague
- ^ Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage
- ^ World Health Organization action in Afghanistan aims to control debilitating leishmaniasis
- ^ Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India
- ^ Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital
- ^ WHO | Chikungunya in India
- ^ Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing, Associated Press
- ^ Cholera death toll in India rises, BBC News
- ^ Cholera epidemic losing its sting
- ^ Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead, Reuters
- ^ Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government
- ^ Vietnam PM urges action against diarrhea outbreak, Thanh Nien Daily
- ^ Plague - LoveToKnow 1911
- ^ "Black Death". Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5kx7NYQbm.
- ^ African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), WHO
- ^ Reanalyzing the 1900-1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda
- ^ Dual epidemic threatening Africa, BBC News
- ^ Nigeria cholera outbreak kills 400
- ^ Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships
- ^ Plague reappearance in Algeria after 50 years, 2003.
- ^ Cholera epidemic takes hold in Senegal
- ^ MALI: Yellow fever epidemic in Kayes,
- ^ Worst cholera outbreak in Angola, BBC
- ^ "Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007
- ^ Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia
- ^ Vaccine-linked polio hits Nigeria, BBC News
- ^ Somalia cholera death fears grow
- ^ Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008
- ^ Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123
- ^ "West Africa has worst meningitis epidemic for 10 years". bmj.com. April 21, 2009.
- ^ Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt.[1] Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
- Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5
- ^ BC [Before Cook and Colonisation]
- ^ Aboriginal Health History
- ^ South Australian History Timeline (19th Century)
- ^ Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life
- ^ "Dengue fever epidemic hits northern Australia". bmj.com. March 9, 2009.
- ^ Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Smallpox
- ^ HIV and AIDS statistics and features
- ^ Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000
- ^ Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America, Reuters
- ^ 3,400-year-old epidemic still plagues humans today: study
- ^ "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348-1665"
- ^ Plague – LoveToKnow 1911
- ^ Plague in Tudor and Stuart England
- ^ A History of Spain and Portugal
- ^ Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain
- ^ Yellow Fever - LoveToKnow 1911
- ^ Guns Germs & Steel: Variables. Smallpox
- ^ American plague, New Scientist
- ^ American Indian Epidemics
- ^ The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge
- ^ Zabdiel Boylston and innoculation
- ^ Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s", 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008
- ^ "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words", National Institutes of Health
- ^ Epidemics
- ^ {{cite book
- 2009: H1N1 (Swine Flu)
- ^ Alabama mass grave may contain bodies from 1870s epidemic. CNN.com. March 31, 2009.
- ^ History of Plague
- ^ HIV's Path Out Of Africa: Haiti, The US Then The World
63. ISBN 9783211808924 The Influenza Viruses Hoyle L 1968 Springer Verlag
References
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