List of kings of Persia

History of Greater Iran
| until the rise of modern nation-states |
See also
Kings of Persia
Pre-modern
Pre-Islamic  BCE Prehistory Proto-Elamite civilization 3200–2800 Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Bactria-Margiana Complex 2200–1700 Kingdom of Mannai 10th–7th cent. Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire 550–330 Seleucid Empire 330–150 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 250-125 Parthian Empire 248–CE 224 CE Kushan Empire 30–275 Sassanid Empire 224–651 Hephthalite Empire 425–557 Kabul-Shahi dynasty 565–670
Islamic  Patriarchal Caliphate 637–651 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Alavid dynasty 864–928 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Samanid dynasty 819–999 Ziyarid dynasty 928–1043 Buyid dynasty 934–1055 Ghaznavid Empire 975–1187 Ghori dynasty 1149–1212 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarezmid dynasty 1077–1231 Kartids dynasty 1231-1389 Ilkhanate 1256–1353 Muzaffarid dynasty 1314–1393 Chupanid dynasty 1337–1357 Jalayerid dynasty 1339–1432 Timurid Empire 1370–1506 Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1407–1468 Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1378–1508 Safavid Empire 1501–1722* Mughal Empire 1526–1857 Hotaki dynasty 1722–1729 Afsharid dynasty 1736–1750 * or 1736

The following is a comprehensive list of kings of Persia, which includes all of the empires ruling over geographical Iran and their rulers.

Contents 1 Early realms in Iran 1.1 Elamite Kingdom, c. 3000–519 BC 1.1.1 Early Elamite Kings (c. 2700- c. 2600 BC) 1.1.2 Awan Dynasty[1] (c. 2600-2078 BC) 1.1.3 Hamazi Dynasty (c. 2530- c. 2030 BC) 1.1.4 Simashki Dynasty (c. 2100- c. 1928 BC) 1.1.5 Anshan Dynasty (c. 2350- c. 1970 BC) 1.1.6 Eparti[4] Dynasty (c. 1970- c. 1500 BC) 1.1.7 Kidinuid Dynasty (c. 1500- c. 1400 BC) 1.1.8 Igehalkid[6] Dynasty (c. 1400 – c. 1210 BC) 1.1.9 Shutrukid Dynasty (c. 1210 – c. 970 BC) 1.1.10 Humban-Tahrid (Neo-Elamite)[8] Dynasty (c. 830–521 BC) 2 Empires of Iran 2.1 Median Empire, 728–550 BC 2.2 Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC پادشاهان هخامنشی 3 Macedonian rulers 3.1 Argead Dynasty, 330–310 BC 3.2 Seleucid dynasty, 305–164 BC 4 Iranian Empires of Iran 4.1 Parthian Empire[9] (Arsacid Empire.), 247 BC – AD 228 4.2 Sassanid Empire, AD 224–651 5 Arab caliphs rule 6 post-Islamic Persian rulers 6.1 Tahirids in Khorasan, 821–872 6.2 Alavids, 864–928 6.3 Ziyarids, 928–1043 6.4 Buyyids, 932–1056 آل بویه 6.4.1 Diylamids of Fars دیلمیان 6.4.2 Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman 6.4.3 Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan 6.5 Saffarids in Seistan and beyond, 861–1002, صفاریان 6.6 Samanids (Proto-Tajiks), 892–998 سامانیان 6.7 Ghaznavids, 997–1186 غزنویان 6.8 Seljuks, 1029–1194 سلجوقیان 6.9 Khwarazmids, 1096–1230 خوارزمشاهیان 6.10 Ilkhans, 1256–1380 ایلخانان 6.11 Muzaffarid Dynasty, 1314–1393 مظفریان 6.12 Timurid dynasty, 1380–1507 7 Shahs of modern Iran 7.1 Safavid dynasty, 1502–1736 صفویه 7.2 Hotaki dynasty (Afghan rulers), 1722-1729 7.3 Afsharid dynasty, 1736–1797 دودمان افشار 7.4 Zand dynasty, 1750–1794 دودمان زند 7.5 Qajar dynasty, 1794–1925 دودمان قاجار 7.6 Pahlavi dynasty, 1925–1979 دودمان پهلوی 8 Notes 9 See also

Early realms in Iran

Elamite Kingdom, c. 3000–519 BC

The Elamites were a people located in Susa, in what is now Khuzestan province. Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, and they were the geographic precursors of the Persian/Median empire that later appeared. Some have offered evidence for a linguistic kinship between Elamite and the modern Dravidian languages of Southern India (see "Elamo-Dravidian languages") but this is not universally accepted. The proto-Elamites lived far back as 7,500 years ago in Iran. See remains here.

Early Elamite Kings (c. 2700- c. 2600 BC)

• The unnamed King of Elam (fl. c. 2700 BC contemporary with the first dynasty of Uruk & the first dynasty of Kish)
• Humban-Hapua I (or Humbaba) (fl. c. 2680 BC contemporary with Gilgamesh king of Uruk)
• Humban-Shutur (or Khumbastir) (precise dates unknown)
• Kutir-Lakamar (precise dates unknown) defeated & plundered mesopotamians

Awan Dynasty^[1] (c. 2600-2078 BC)

• The unnamed King of Awan (fl. c. 2580 BC contemporary with the last king of the first dynasty of Uruk)
• ...Lu (precise dates unknown)
• Kur-Ishshak (36 years fl. c. 2550 BC contemporary with Lugal-Anne-Mundu king of Adab & Ur-Nanshe king of Lagash)
• Peli (fl. c. 2500 BC)
• Tata I (precise dates unknown)
• Ukku-Tanhish (precise dates unknown)
• Hishutash (precise dates unknown)
• Shushun-Tarana (precise dates unknown)
• Napi-Ilhush (precise dates unknown)
• Autalummash (?) (fl. before 2350 BC)
• Kikku-Siwe-Temti (precise dates unknown)
• Hishep-Ratep I (precise dates unknown)
• Luh-Ishshan (until 2325 BC) son of Hishep-Ratep I
• Hishep-Ratep II (2325-after 2311 BC) son of Luh-Ishshan
• Helu (fl. c. 24th century)
• Hita (cont. Naram-Sin king of Akkad)
• Shinpi-hish-huk (precise dates unknown)
• Kutik-Inshushinak (cont. Ur-Nammu king of Ur) son of Shinpi-hish-huk
• The unnamed King of Awan (?) (until 2078 BC that Susa conquered by Ur troops)

Hamazi Dynasty (c. 2530- c. 2030 BC)

• Hatanish (7 years fl. c. 2530 BC) ^[2]
• Zizi (precise dates unknown)
• Ur-Adad (precise dates unknown)
• Ur-Ishkur (before 2041- after 2037 BC)
• Warad-Nannar (after 2037 BC)

Simashki Dynasty (c. 2100- c. 1928 BC)

• The unnamed king of Simashki (cont. Kutik-Inshushinak king of Awan)
• Gir-Namme I^[3] (precise dates unknown)
• Tazitta I (precise dates unknown)
• Eparti I (precise dates unknown)
• Tazitta II (precise dates unknown)
• Gir-Namme II (fl. c. 2033)
• Lurak-Luhhan (before 2028 until 2022)
• Tan-Ruhuratir I (precise dates unknown)
• Kindattu (precise dates unknown) son of Tan-Ruhuratir I
• Hutran-Temti (fl. c. 2006) conqueror of Ur
• Pepi (precise dates unknown)
• Indattu-Inshushinak I (cont. Shu-ilishu king of Isin & Bilalama king of Eshnunna) son of Pepi
• Tan-Ruhuratir II (cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin) son of Indattu-Inshushinnak I
• Indattu-Inshushinak II (more than 3 years. precise dates unknown) son of Tan-Ruhuratir II
• Indattu-Napir (precise dates unknown)
• Indattu-Temti (until 1928? BC)

Anshan Dynasty (c. 2350- c. 1970 BC)

• The unnamed king of Anshan (until 2305 BC) king of Sherihum & Anshan. Defeated & sent to Akkad.
• Shalabum (before 2068 until 2064 BC) married with a daughter of Shulgi king of Ur
• Libum (from 2064 BC) made some wars against Ur
• The unnamed king of Anshan (c. 2041-2037 BC) married with a daughter of Shu-Sin king of Ur
• The unnamed king of Anshan (until 2017 BC) married with a daughter of Ibbi-Sin king of Ur
• Kutir-Nahhunte I (fl. c. 2006 BC) conqueror of Ur in union with Hutran-Temti king of Simashki. He took statue of Nannar from Ur to Anshan.
• The unnamed king of Anshan (cont. Shu-ilishu king of Isin) restored statue of Nannar to Isin
• Eparti II (cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin) (Sukkalmah & king of Anshan & Susa). Married with a daughter of Iddin-Dagan king of Isin in 1973 BC.

Eparti^[4] Dynasty (c. 1970- c. 1500 BC)

• Eparti II (cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin) (Sukkalmah & king of Anshan & Susa). Married with a daughter of Iddin-Dagan king of Isin in 1973 BC.
• Shilhaha (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Eparti II
• Palar-Ishshan (until 1928? BC) (Sukkalmah) (precise dates unknown) son (ruhushak)^[5] of Shilhaha
• Kuk-Sanit
• Atta-hushu (?1928- after 1894 BC) (Shepherd of the people of Susa) son of Shilhaha
• Tetep-Mada (after c. 1890 BC) (Shepherd of the people of Susa)
• Kuk-Kirwash (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Elam, Sukkal of Simashki, Sukkal of Susa) son of Lan-Kuku & nephew of Palar-Ishshan
• Tem-Sanit (precise dates unknown) son of Kuk-Kirwash
• Kuk-Nahhunte (precise dates unknown) son of Kuk-Kirwash
• Kuk-Nashur I (precise dates unknown)
• Shirukduh (cont. Shamshi-Adad I king of Assyria) (Sukkalmah) son of Kuk-Nashur I
• Shimut-Wartash I (precise dates unknown)
• Siwe-Palar-Hupak (fl. c. 1765 BC) (Sukkalmah) son of Shirukduh
• Kuduzulush I (precise dates unknown) son of Shirukduh
• Kutir-Nahhunte II (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Kuduzulush I
• Atta-Merra-Halki (precise dates unknown)
• Tata II (precise dates unknown) brother of Atta-Merra-Halki
• Lila-Irtash (precise dates unknown) son of Kuduzulush I
• Temti-Agun (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Kutir-Nahhunte II
• Kutir-Shilhaha (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Temti-Agun
• Kuk-Nashur II (fl. c. 1646 BC) (Sukkalmah & Sukkal of Simashki & Susa) son of Kutir-Shilhaha
• Temti-Raptash (precise dates unknown) son of Kutir-Shilhaha
• Shimut-Wartash II (precise dates unknown) son of Kutir-Shilhaha
• Shirtuh (precise dates unknown) son of Kuk-Nashur II
• Kuduzulush II (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Shimut-Wartash II
• Tan-Uli (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah)
• Temti-Halki (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah of Elam & Simashki) son of Tan-Uli
• Kuk-Nashur III (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Tan-Uli
• Kutik-Matlat (c. 1500 BC) son of Tan-Uli

Kidinuid Dynasty (c. 1500- c. 1400 BC)

• Kidinu (15th century BC) King of Anshan & Susa
• Inshushinak-Sunkir-Nappipir (precise dates unknown) King of Anshan & Susa
• Tan-Ruhuratir III (15th century BC) King of Anshan & Susa
• Shalla King of Anshan & Susa
• Temti-Ahar (cont. Kadashman-Enlil I Kassite king of Babylon) King of Anshan & Susa

Igehalkid^[6] Dynasty (c. 1400 – c. 1210 BC)

• Ata-Halki (precise dates unknown)
• Attar-Kittah I (precise dates unknown) son of Ata-Halki
• Ige-Halki (precise dates unknown)
• Pahir-Ishshan I (cont. Kurigalzu I Kassite king of Babylon) son of Ige-Halki
• Kidin-Hutran I (precise dates unknown) son of Pahir-Ishshan I
• Attar-Kittah II (precise dates unknown) son of Ige-Halki
• Humban-Numena I (cont. Burna-Buriash II Kassite king of Babylon) son of Attar-Kittah II
• Untash-Napirisha (precise dates unknown) or Untash-Humban son of Humban-Numena I
• Kidin-Hutran II (precise dates unknown) son of Untash-Naprisha
• Napirisha-Untash (precise dates unknown) or Humban-Untash son of Kidin-Hutran II
• Pahir-Ishshan II (precise dates unknown)
• Unpatar-Napirisha (precise dates unknown) or Unpatar-Humban son of Pahir-Ishshan II
• Kidin-Hutran III (cont. Enlil-nadin-shumi & Adad-shuma-iddina Kassite kings of Babylon) son of Pahir-Ishshan II

Shutrukid Dynasty (c. 1210 – c. 970 BC)

• Hallutush-Inshushinak (from c. 1210)
• Shutruk-Nahhunte I (fl. c. 1158)
• Kutir-Nahhunte III (fl. c. 1155)
• Shilhak-Inshushinak I (precise dates unknown)
• Hutelutush-Inshushinak (fl. c. 1110)
• Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar (after 1110 BC)
• Humban-Nimena II (early 11th century BC)
• Shutruk-Nahhunte II (early 11th century BC)
• Akshir-Shimut (precise dates unknown)
• Akshir-Nahhunte (precise dates unknown)
• Kara-Indash (precise dates unknown)
• Mar-biti-apla-usur (before 983- after 978 BC) ^[7]

Humban-Tahrid (Neo-Elamite)^[8] Dynasty (c. 830–521 BC)

• The unnamed king of Elam (c. 821 BC cont. Shamshi-Adad V king of Assyria)
• Hallushu-Inshushinak I (more than 15 years. precise dates unknown)
• Humban-Tahrah I (until 742 BC)
• Humban-Nikash I (742–717) son of Humban-Tahrah I
• Shutur-Nahhunte I (717–699) son (Ruhushak) of Humban-Nikash I
• Hallushu-Inshushinak II (699–oct. 693) brother of Shutur-Nahhunte I
• Kutir-Nahhunte IV (oct. 693–july 692) son of Hallushu-Inshushinak II
• Humban-Nimena III (july 692–feb. 688) son of Hallushu-Inshushinak II
• Shutur-Nahhunte II ? (from feb. 688) son of Humban-Nimena III
• Humban-Haltash I (until oct. 681)
• Humban-Haltash II (oct. 681–sept. 675) son of Humban-Haltash I
• Urtak-Inshushinak (sept. 675- 663) brother of Humban-Haltash II
• Temti-Humban-Inshushinak I (663–sept. 653) brother of Urtak-Inshushinak
• Humban-Nikash II (sept. 653–651) son of Urtak-Inshushinak
• Tammaritu (652–649 & 647) son of Humban-Nikash son of Humban-Haltash I
• Indabibi (649–after july 648)
• Humban-Haltash III (after july 648–645/4)
• Humban-Nikash III (647) son of Atta-Merra-Halki
• Umhuluma (647)
• Indattu-Inshushinak III (647–after autumn 646)
• Humban-Hapua II (647)
• Pa'e (after autumn 646-645/4)
• Shutur-Nahhunte III (after autumn 646) son of Indattu-Inshushinak III
• Humban-Kitin (precise dates unknown) son of Shutur-Nahhunte III
• Humban-Tahrah II (precise dates unknown)
• Hallutash-Inshushinak (precise dates unknown) son of Humban-Tahrah II
• Ummanunu (precise dates unknown)
• Shilhak-Inshushinak II (precise dates unknown) son of Ummanunu
• Temti-Humban-Inshushinak II (before 550 BC) son of Shilhak-Inshushinak II
• Halkatash (c. 549/8 BC)
• Acina (oct.-10 dec. 522 BC) son of Upadrama
• Humban-Nikash IV or Ummanunu II (Imanish) (dec. 522-feb. 521 BC)
• Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak (until 520/19 BC

Empires of Iran

Median Empire, 728–550 BC

• Deioces, 728–675
• Phraortes, 675–653
• Madius the Scythian, 653–625
• Cyaxares, 625–585
• Astyages, 585–550

The Medes were an Iranian people. The Persians, a closely related and subject people, revolted against the Median empire during the 6th century BC.

Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC پادشاهان هخامنشی

• Achaemenes, founder of the dynasty.
• Teispes (I) (?) son of Achaemenes
• Cambyses (I) (?) son of Teispes (I) (?)
• Cyrus (I) (?) son of Cambyses (I) (?)
• Teispes of Anshan, or Teispes (II) (?) son of Achaemenes or Cyrus (I) (?), king of Persia, king of Anshan, died 640(?).

Line of Cyrus	Line of Ariaramnes
Cyrus I of Anshan (or Cyrus II), son of Teispes, king of Anshan 640–580. Cambyses I of Anshan (or Cambyses II), his son, king of Anshan 580–559. Cyrus II the Great (or Cyrus III), his son, king of Anshan 559–529. He conquered the Median Empire in 550 and established the Persian Empire.	Ariaramnes of Persia, son of Teispes, king of Persia. His reign is doubtful. Arsames of Persia, son of Ariaramnes, king of Persia until 550, died after 520. His reign is doubtful. His son Hystaspes was Satrap of Parthia under Cambyses II, Smerdis and his son Darius.

• Cyrus II the Great (or Cyrus III), established the Persian Empire and ruled it from 550–530.
• Cambyses II (or Cambyses III), his son, ruled 530–522.
• Smerdis, his alleged brother, ruled 522.
• Darius I the Great, son of Hystaspes, ruled 521–486.
• Xerxes the Great, his son, ruled 486–465.
• Artaxerxes I Longimanus, his son, ruled 464–424.
• Xerxes II, his son, ruled 424.
• Sogdianus, his half-brother, ruled 424–423.
• Darius II Nothus, his half-brother and rival, ruled 423–404.
• Artaxerxes II Memnon, his son, ruled 404–358 (see also Xenophon).
• Artaxerxes III Ochus, his son, ruled 358–338.
• Artaxerxes IV Arses, his son, ruled 338–336.
• Darius III Codomannus, great-grandson of Darius II, ruled 336–330.
• Artaxerxes V Bessus, a usurper who murdered Darius and continued the resistance against Alexander III the Great from 330–329.

The epigraphic evidence for ancestors of Darius I the Great is highly suspect and might have been invented by that king.

Macedonian rulers

Argead Dynasty, 330–310 BC

• Alexander III the Great (330 BC–323)
• Philip III Arrhideus (323 BC–317)
• Alexander IV (323 BC–310)

Seleucid dynasty, 305–164 BC

• Seleucus I Nicator (312/305–281)
• Antiochus I Soter (co-ruler from 291, ruled 281–261)
• Antiochus II Theos (261–246)
• Seleucus II Callinicus (246–225)
• Seleucus III Ceraunus (225–223)
• Antiochus III the Great (223–187)
• Seleucus IV Philopator (187–175)
• Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175–164)
• Antiochus V Eupator (164–162)
• Demetrius I Soter (162–150)
• Alexander Balas (150–145)
• Demetrius II Nicator (145–139)

The Seleucid Dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid Dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid 2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. There were more Seleucid rulers of Syria and, for a time, Babylonia, after Antiochus IV, but none had any effective power in Persia).

Iranian Empires of Iran

Parthian Empire^[9] (Arsacid Empire.), 247 BC – AD 228

• Arsaces I c. 247–211 BC
  • (In some histories, Arsaces's brother Tiridates I is said to have ruled c. 246–211 BC.)
• Arsaces II c. 211–185 BC (frequently called Artabanus by early scholars)
• Phriapatius c. 185–170 BC
• Unknown king (probably the same Phraates I) c. 170–168 BC^[10]
• Phraates I c. 170–167 BC
• Mithridates I c. 167–132 BC^[11]
• Phraates II c. 132–127 BC
• Artabanus I c. 127–126 BC
• Unknown king (probably Vologases (I)) c. 126–122 BC^[12]
• Unknown king (probably Artabanus (II)) c. 122–121 BC^[13]
• Mithridates II c. 121–91 BC
• Gotarzes I c. 91–87 BC
  • Unknown king (probably Artabanus (III)) c. 91–77 BC^[14]
• Mithridates (III) c. 88–67 BC
  • Orodes I c. 80–75 BC
  • Sanatruces c. 77–70 BC
  • Unknown king (probably Vardanes (I)) c. 77–66 BC^[15]
• Phraates III c. 70–57 BC
  • Unknown king c. 66–63 BC^[16]
  • Mithridates III or Mithridates (IV) c. 65–54 BC
• Orodes II c. 57–38 BC
  • Pacorus I c. 39–38 BC (co-ruler with his father Orodes II)
• Phraates IV c. 38–2 BC
  • Tiridates II c. 30–26 BC
  • Mithridates (V) c. 12–9 BC ^[17]
• Phraates V (Phraataces) c. 2 BC–4 AD
  • Musa c. 2 BC–4 AD (co-ruler with her son Phraates V)
• Orodes III c. 6 AD
• Vonones I c. 8–12
• Artabanus II or Artabanus (IV) c. 10–38
  • Tiridates III c. 35–36
  • Cinnamus c. 37
• Gotarzes II c. 40–51
  • Vardanes I c. 40–47
  • Vonones II c. 45–51
  • Mithridates (VI) c. 49–50 ^[18]
  • Sanabares c. 50–65
• Vologases I c. 51–78
  • Vardanes II c. 55–58
  • Vologases II c. 77–80
• Pacorus II c. 78–115
  • Artabanus III or Artabanus (V) c. 80–90
• Vologases III c. 105–147
  • Osroes I c. 109–129
  • Mithridates (VII) c. 115–116 killed in battle with Trajanus's troops
  • Sanatruces II c. 116 killed in battle with Parthamaspates's troops
  • Parthamaspates c. 116
  • Mithridates IV or Mithridates (VIII) c. 129–140
  • Unknown king c. 140
• Vologases IV c. 147–191
  • Osroes II c. 190 (rival claimant)
• Vologases V c. 191–208
  • Tiridates IV c. 200
• Vologases VI c. 208–228
  • Artabanus IV or or Artabanus (VI) c. 216–224

There were various regional client dynasties, often with significant autonomy. Like the Elymais client Kingdom that occupied the area of ancient Elam, and kingdoms of Mesene in Lower Mesopotamia and Persis (Fars) in Central Iran, as well as Adiabene in Northern Mesopotamia..

Sassanid Empire, AD 224–651

• Ardashir I, 224 to 241
• Shapur I, 241–272, the first to claim universal rule: King of Iran and Aniran, (Aniran means the world of non-Iranians)
• Hormizd I, 272–273
• Bahram I, 273–276
• Bahram II, 276–293
• Bahram III year 293
• Narseh, 293–302
• Hormizd II, 302–310
• Shapur II, 310–379
• Ardashir II, 379–383
• Shapur III, 383–388
• Bahram IV, 388–399
• Yazdegerd I, 399–420
• Bahram V, 420–438
• Yazdegerd II, 438–457
• Hormizd III, 457–459
• Peroz I, 457–484
• Balash, 484–488
• Kavadh I, 488–531
  • Djamasp, 496–498
• Khosrau I, 531–579
• Hormizd IV, 579–590
• Khosrau II, 590–628
  • Bahram VI, 590–591
  • Bistam, 591–592
  • Hormizd V year 593
• Kavadh II, 628
• Ardashir III, 628–630
  • Peroz II, 629
• Shahrbaraz, 630
• Boran (Purandokht) and others, 630–631
• Hormizd VI (or V), 631–632
• Yazdegerd III, 632–651

Arab caliphs rule

All Persian provinces served under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867.

• Umayyad dynasty, 661–750
• Abbasid dynasty, 750–867

divided, 867–1029

post-Islamic Persian rulers

Tahirids in Khorasan, 821–872

• Taher I, Emir 821–822
• Talheh, 822–828
• Abdollah, 828–844
• Taher II, 844–862
• Mohammad, 862–872

Alavids, 864–928

• Hasan ebne Zeid Hasani, Emir 864–884
• Mohammad ebne Zeid, 884–900
• Hasan ebne Ali Hoseini, 913–916
• Hasan ebne Ghasem Hasani, 916–928

Ziyarids, 928–1043

• Mardavij, Emir 928–934
• Voshmgir, 934–967
• Bisotoon, 967–976
• Qabus, 976–1012
• Manuchehr, 1012–1031
• Anushiravan, 1031–1043
• Keykavoos
• Gilanshah

Buyyids, 932–1056 آل بویه

Diylamids of Fars دیلمیان

• Emad o-dowleh Abol Hasan, Emir 932–939
• Azad o-dowleh, 939–982
• Sharaf o-dowleh, 982–989
• Samsam o-dowleh, 989–998
• Baha o-dowleh, 998–1012
• Soltan o-dowleh, 1012–1024
• Emad o-dowleh Abu Kalijar, 1024–1048
• Malek Rahim Abu Nasr Khosrow Firuz, 1048–1055

Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman

• Mo'ez o-dowleh, 932–966
• Azad o-dowleh, Bakhtiar 966–977
• Azado o-dowleh Abu Shoja', 977–982
• Baha o-dowleh, 989–1012
• Soltan o-dowleh, 1012–1021
• Abu Kalijar Marzban, 1043–1048
• Ghavam o-dowleh, 1012–1028
• Abu Mansur Fulad sotoon, 1048–1056

Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan

• Rokn o-dowleh, Sultan 932–976
• Mo'ayyed o-dowleh, 976–983
• Fakhr o-dowleh, 976–997
• Majd o-dowleh, 997–1029
• Shams o-dowleh, 997–1021
• Sama o-dowleh, 1021–1023

Saffarids in Seistan and beyond, 861–1002, صفاریان

• Yagub Leith Saffar
• Abu Yusef Yaqub ebne Lais, surnamed "the coppersmith", Emir 861–878
• Amr o ebne Lais, 878–900
• Abol Hasan Taher ebne Mohammad ebne Amro ebne Lais, 900–908
• Lais ebne Ali ebne Lais, 908–910
• Abu Ali Mohammad ebne Ali ebne Lais, 910–910
• Abu Jafar Ahmad ebne Mohammad ebne Khalf, 923–963
• Abu Ahmad Khalf ebne Ahmad, 963–1002

Samanids (Proto-Tajiks), 892–998 سامانیان

• Adel; Esmail I, Emir 892–907
• Shaheed; Ahmad, 907–913
• Saeed; Nasr, 913–942
• Hamid; Nuh I, 942–954
• Rashid; Abdolmalek I, 954–961
• Mo'ayyed; Mansoor I, 961–976
• Radhi; Nuh II, 976–996
• Abol Hareth; Mansoor II, 996–998
• Abol Favares; Abdolmalek II, 998–998
• Montaser; Esmail II

Ghaznavids, 997–1186 غزنویان

• Yameen o-dowleh AbolQasem Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, Sultan 997–1030
• Jalal o-dowleh Abu Ahmad Mohammad ebne Mahmud, 1030–1030
• Shahab o-dowleh Abu Sa'd Masud ebne Mahmud, 1030–1040
• Shahab o-dowleh Abolfath Modud ebne Masud, 1040–1049
• Baha o-dowleh Abol Hasan Ali ebne Masud, 1049–1049
• Azad o-dowleh Abu Mansur Abdol Rashid ebne Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, 1049–1052
• Jamal o-dowleh Abolfazl Farrokhzaad ebne Masud ebne Mahmud, 1052–1059
• Zaheer o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Ebrahim, 1059–1098
• Ala o-dowleh Abu Saeed Masud ebne Ebrahim, 1098–1115
• Soltan o-dowleh Abol-fath Arsalan Shah, 1115–1117
• Yameen o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Baharm Shah ebne Masud, 1117–1153
• Taj o-dowleh Abol Shoja Khosro Shah ebne Bahram Shah, 1153–1160
• Saraj o-dowleh Abolmolook Khosrow Malek ebne Khosro Shah, 1160–1186

Seljuks, 1029–1194 سلجوقیان

• Toğrül bin Mikail (Tughril Beg), Sultan 1037–1063
• Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063–1072
• Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072–1092
• Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092–1094
• Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1094–1105
• Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
• Ghiyath ad-Din Mehmed I Tapar (Muhammad) 1105–1118
• Mu'izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1097–1157
• Mahmud II 1118–1131
• Dawud (David) 1131–1132
• Toğrül II (Tughril Beg) 1132–1134
• Mesud I 1134–1152
• Malik Shah III 1152–1153
• Mehmed II (Muhammad II) 1153–1160
• Süleyman Shah (Sulaiman Shah) 1160–1161
• Arslan Shah 1161–1176
• Toğrül III (Tughril Beg III) 1176–1194

divided, 1194–1256

Khwarazmids, 1096–1230 خوارزمشاهیان

An empire built from Azerbaidjan, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.

• Ghotb-al-Din Muhammad I of Khwarazm ebne Anushtekeen Gharajeh, Shah (1096–1128)
• Ala-al-Din Abol Mozaffar Aziz ebne Ghotb-al-Din ebne Mohammad (1128–1156)
• Taj-al-Din Abolfath IlIl-Arslan (1156–1171)
• Jalal-al-Din Mahmud Soltanshah ebne Il Arsalan (1171–1172)
• Muhammad II of Khwarezm (Ala-al-Din Takesh ebne Il Arsalan) (1172–1199)
• Soltan Jalal-al-Din Mohammad ebne Aladdin Takesh (1199–1220)
• Jalal-al-Din Mingburnu ebne Ala-al-Din Mohammad (1220–1230)

Permanently destroyed by Mongol empire.

Ilkhans, 1256–1380 ایلخانان

The preceding era of disunity, also called First era of fragmentation, was ended through conquest by the Ilkhans, a Mongol khanate, nominally subject to the Great Khan. (Ilkhan means governor of an il, i.e. province).

• Hülëgü Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265
• Abaqa Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282
• Sultan Ahmad Tekuder ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284
• Arghun Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284-1291
• Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa, 1291–1295
• Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu, 1295
• Ghazan Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304
• Öljeitü Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316
• Abu Sa'id Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans)
• Arpa Ke'un, 1335–1336
• Musa Khan ebne Ali, 1336–1353
• Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu, 1337–1338
• Sati beg, daughter of Oljeitu, 1338–1340
• Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang, 1338–1339
• Soleiman Khan, 1340–1344
• Togha Teimoor Khan, 1335–1352
• Anushiravan e Adel, 1343–1355

The Second era of fragmentation begins in 1343, as remnants of the Hordes competed with local dynasts for authority. This era ends with the conquests by Timur, around 1380

Muzaffarid Dynasty, 1314–1393 مظفریان

• Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358
• Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), 1335–1364 with...
• Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366
• Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), 1366–1384
• Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387

In 1387 Timur captured Isfahan.

• Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with...
• Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and...
• Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391
• Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393

Timurid dynasty, 1380–1507

• Timur ("Tamerlane"), 1369–1405, nominally under the authority of the Chagatai Khanate

The third era of fragmentation follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other.

• Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, 1392-1407, effectively ruled from Qandahar
• Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled Azerbaijan
• Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled Arabistan
• Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
• Shah Rukh, son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in Transoxiana
  • Ayyal, 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
  • Ailankar, 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
• Bayqara, 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
• Iskandar, 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan

In 1410 the Turcoman horde Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their leaders ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana and Fars.

• Ulugh Beg, son of Shah Rukh, 1447–1449

Rulers in Transoxiana:

• 'Abd al-Latif, son of Ulugh Beg, 1449–1450
• ‘Abdullah Mirza, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1450–1451
• Abu Sa'id ibn Muhammad, grandson of Miran Shah, 1451–1469, conquered Khurasan in 1459

Rulers in Khurasan:

• Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, grandson of Shah Rukh, 1449–1457
• Shah Mahmud, son of Babur, 1457
• Ibrahim, 1457
• Jahan Shah, leader of the Black Sheep Turcomans, 1457–1458

Abu Sa'id, agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turcomans under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turcomans under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.

After Abu Sa'id's death a fourth era of fragmentation follows. While the White Sheep Turcomans dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the Safavid dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in Samarkand and Herat.

Rulers in Samarkand:

• Sultan Ahmad, son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494
• Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495
• Masud, 1495
• Sultan Baysunghur, 1495–1497
• Sultan Ali Mirza 1495–1500

conquered by the Uzbeks

Rulers in Herat:

• Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1469
• Husayn Bayqarah, 1469–1506
• Badi' al-Zaman, son of Husayn, 1506–1507, fled to the court of Ismail I

conquered by the Uzbeks, later recaptured by the Safavids

Shahs of modern Iran

The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation.

Safavid dynasty, 1502–1736 صفویه

Safavi Line

• Ismail I 1501–1524
• Tahmasp I 1524–1576
• Ismail II 1576–1578
• Mohammed Khodabanda 1578–1587
• Abbas I 1587–1629
• Safi 1629–1642
• Abbas II 1642–1666
• Suleiman I 1666–1694
• Sultan Hoseyn I 1694–1722
• Tahmasp II 1722–1726 First Time

Marashi-Safavi Line

• Shah Ahmad Marashi 1726–1728

Safavi Line

• Tahmasp II 1728–1732
• Abbas III 1732–1736

Marashi-Safavi Line

• Suleiman II 1749–1750

Sultani-Safavi Line

• Ismail III 1750 First Time

Unknown House

• Mohammad Hossain Shah III 1750 –175] in Mazandaran. Deposed 1757.

Sultani-Safavi Line

• Ismail III 1752–1761 Second Time

Unknown-Sultani-Safavi Line

• Mohammad Shah 1786 He married the daughter of Ismail III and was installed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar Quyunlu. From his descendants come the Beys of Tunisia (through his daughter).

Hotaki dynasty (Afghan rulers), 1722-1729

• Mir Mahmud Hotaki 1722–1725
• Ashraf Khan Hotaki 1725–1729

Afsharid dynasty, 1736–1797 دودمان افشار

• Nader Shah, 1736–1747
• Adil Shah, 1747–1748
• Ebrahim Afshar, 1748
• Shah Rukh, 1748–1797, he lost power in 1750 but nominally remained Shah.

Zand dynasty, 1750–1794 دودمان زند

Here begins the modern history of the nation-state Iran. After the fall of the Afsharids, the eastern lands of Persia were lost to Pashtun tribes who created their own independent kingdom, which later became known as Afghanistan, however still a great portion of Afghanistan was a part of Persia, which was separated from Persia at the time of Qajars. For more information, see History of Afghanistan. The Zand kings never styled himself as "shah" or king, and instead used the title President (Vakil ar-Ra'aayaa وکیل الرعایا).

• Karim Khan, 1750–1779
• Abol Fath Khan, 1779
• Mohammad Ali Khan, 1779
• Sadiq Khan, 1779–1782
• Ali Murad Khan, 1782–1785
• Jafar Khan, 1785–1789
• Lotf Ali Khan, 1789–1794

Qajar dynasty, 1794–1925 دودمان قاجار

• Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, 1794–1797
• Fath Ali Shah, 17 June 1797–23 October 1834
  • Adel Ali Shah, 16 November 1834-16 December 1834, Ruled in Tehran
  • Hossein Ali Shah, 5 December 1834-April 1835, Ruled in Shiraz
• Mohammad Shah Qajar, 1834–1848
• Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848–1896
• Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907
• Mohammad Ali Shah, 1907–1909
• Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar 1909–1925

Pahlavi dynasty, 1925–1979 دودمان پهلوی

• Reza Shah Pahlavi, 15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 (crowned 25 April 1926)
• Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 (crowned 26 October 1967) and his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi (born 14 October 1938).

In 1979 a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.

Notes

1. ^ The first three kings of Awan were also kings of Mesopotamia.
2. ^ He was also king of Mesopotamia.
3. ^ He and his three successors are known only from the king lists.
4. ^ Orders & dates of the kings of the Epartid dynasty are prepared based on Vallat , Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica , vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York , 1998.
5. ^ "Ruhushak" means son of sister but probably it refers to a dynastical marriage between siblings.
6. ^ Orders & dates of the kings of the Igehalkid dynasty are prepared based on Vallat , Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica , vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York , 1998.
7. ^ He was also king of Babylon.
8. ^ Orders & dates of the kings of the Humban-Tahrid dynasty are prepared based on these articles: Henkelman , wouter. Defining Neo-Elamite History. ARTA , 2003. Reade , Julian E. Elam after the Assyrian Sack of Susa in 647 B.C. NABU , 2000. Tavernier , Jan. Some Thoughts on Neo-Elamite Chronology. ARTA , 2004 The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. I.2. Vallat , Francois. Shutruk-Nahunte , Shutur-Nahunte et l'imbroglio neo-elamite. NABU , 1995. Vallat , Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica , vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York , 1998.
9. ^ The dates of early Arsacids here is based on these articles: Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers. I", Parthica, 6, 2004, pp. 69-93. Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers, II a revised stemma", Parthica, 7, 2005, pp.29-63. Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91-55 B.C.", Parthica, 8, 2006, pp. 55-104. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
10. ^ Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers. I", Parthica, 6, 2004, pp. 69-93.
11. ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
12. ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
13. ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
14. ^ Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
15. ^ Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
16. ^ Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
17. ^ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
18. ^ Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10

See also

• History of Iran
• Persian Empire
• List of ancient Persians
• Shahzada