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A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture. The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from the successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed Poet Laureate office.
Most national poets are historical figures, although a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national" poets. Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single national poet is always an act of simplification.
There follows a list of nations. Note that this is not a list of sovereign states or countries, although many of the nations listed may also be states or countries. The words nation (cultural), country (geographical) and state (political) are not synonymous.
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List of national poets
- Afghanistan - Khushal Khan Khattak[1]
- Ancient Rome - Vergilius
- Albania - Naim Frashëri
- Argentina - José Hernández[2]
- Austria - Peter Rosegger, Franz Grillparzer, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy
- Australia - Adam Lindsay Gordon, Henry Lawson, Dorothea Mackellar, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson
- Azerbaijan - Nizami Gandjavi
- Bangladesh - Kazi Nazrul Islam[3]
- Belarus - Yakub Kolas, Yanka Kupala
- Brazil - Gonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade.
- Bulgaria - Hristo Botev,[4] Ivan Vazov
- Catalonia - Jacint Verdaguer
- Croatia - Marko Marulić, Miroslav Krleža
- Czech Republic - Jan Neruda, Alois Jirásek, Jaroslav Hasek
- Chile - Pablo Neruda
- Dagestan - Rasul Gamzatov
- Denmark - Adam Oehlenschläger
- England - William Shakespeare
- Finland - Johan Ludvig Runeberg
- France - Victor Hugo, Charles Baudelaire
- Galicia - Rosalía de Castro
- Georgia - Shota Rustaveli
- Germany - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller
- Guernsey - George Métivier
- Hungary - Sándor Petőfi
- Iceland - Hallgrímur Pétursson, Halldór Laxness
- India - Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Subramanya Bharathi, K. V. Puttappa,Kavi Pradeep
- Iran - Ferdowsi, Hafez, Nezami, Saadi, Khayyam, Rumi, Naser Khosrow, Adib Boroumand
- Ireland - Thomas Moore, William Butler Yeats
- Israel - Hayyim Nahman Bialik
- Italy - Dante Alighieri
- Jews - Yehuda Halevi
- Latvia - Rainis
- Lebanon - Gibran Khalil Gibran
- Luxembourg - Edmond de la Fontaine, known as 'Dicks'
- Malta - Dun Karm Psaila
- Moldova - Mihai Eminescu
- the Netherlands - Joost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats
- Nicaragua - Ruben Dario
- Ossetia - Kosta Xetagurov
- Pakistan - Hazrat Allama Sir Dr. Muhammad Iqbal (Muffakir-e-Pakistan , Shair-e-Mashriq , Hakeem-ul-Ummat , National poet of Pakistan )
- Palestine - Fadwa Toukan, (1917-2003) known as the poet of Palestine
- Panama - Ricardo Miró (1883-1940)[5]
- Peru - César Vallejo
- Philippines - Francisco Balagtas
- Poland - the Three Bards: Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński
- Portugal - Luís de Camões (especially because of the national epic The Lusiads), other counter the claim and present Fernando Pessoa and its epic-lyric poem Mensagem as the real national poet and national poem
- Quebec - Émile Nelligan, Gaston Miron, Octave Crémazie, Gilles Vigneault, Félix Leclerc
- Romania - Mihai Eminescu
- Russia - Alexander Pushkin,[6] Mikhail Lermontov, Fyodor Tyutchev
- Scotland - Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid, John Barbour, Edwin Morgan
- Serbia and Montenegro - Petar Petrović Njegoš
- Slovakia - Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav
- Slovenia - France Prešeren
- South Africa - Mazisi Kunene, poet laureate
- Spain - Miguel de Cervantes
- Turkey - Mehmet Akif Ersoy
- Ukraine - Taras Shevchenko
- United States - Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost
- Venezuela - Rómulo Gallegos
- Vietnam - Nguyen Du
- Wales - Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym
Sobriquets
The French language has a number of sobriquets to denote the origin of various literary languages. Many of these writers may be considered as the bard of their nation, even if they were primarily dramatists or prose writers.
- Dutch language: langue de Vondel
- English language: langue de Shakespeare
- Esperanto language: langue de Zamenhof
- French language: langue de Molière or langue de Voltaire
- German language: langue de Goethe
- Greek language: langue de Homère
- Italian language: langue de Dante
- Latin language: langue de Cicéron
- Norman language: langue de Wace
- Polish language: langue de Adam Mickiewicz
- Portuguese language: langue de Luís de Camões
- Provençal language: langue de Mistral
- Russian language: langue de Tolstoï or langue de Pouchkine
- Spanish language: langue de Cervantès
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See also
Notes
- ^ "Early Afghan literature" on culturalprofiles.net
- ^ James Woodall, Borges: A Life, Basic Books (1996). ISBN 0-465-04361-5. Relevant excerpt available on the New York Times web site, accessed 9 March 2007.
- ^ Aparna Chatterjee, Kaazi Nazrul Islam; The National Poet of Bangladesh : A Profile Study on The Literary Shelf, Boloji.com. Accessed 9 March 2007.
- ^ Hristo Botev’s birth anniversary, Radio Bulgaria History and Religion, posted January 6, 2007, updated on January 12, 2007, accessed 9 March 2007
- ^ Daniel Balderston, Mike (2004). Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900-2003. Routledge. p. 666. ISBN 0415306876. http://books.google.com/books?id=gamNThQUZvEC&pg=PA356&lpg=PA356&dq=ricardo+mir%C3%B3+poet&source=web&ots=oTAnsTKfUM&sig=kbZv1Hbd7zC2IvxkMfu7oP4RFQc.
- ^ Stephanie Sandler, Commemorating Pushkin: Russia's Myth of a National Poet, Stanford University Press (2004) ISBN 0804734488
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