| It has been suggested that National Football League lore be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) |
The following are nicknames throughout the history of the NFL.
Contents |
Teams
Nicknames for entire teams, or whole offensive or defensive units.
- Ain'ts[1]— Nickname given to the New Orleans Saints after their 1980 season of 14 consecutive losses. The name persisted somewhat as, although they would later qualify for the playoffs several times since then, they did not win a playoff game until their defeat of the defending Super Bowl champion Rams in the Wild Card round of the 2000-01 playoffs. (The franchise has since won one additional playoff game, defeating the Philadelphia Eagles in the 2007 Divisional Playoffs.)
- Air Coryell[2] — Nickname given to the high powered passing offenses of the early 1980s San Diego Chargers, led by quarterback Dan Fouts and coached by Don Coryell.
- America's Team[3] — Nickname given to the Dallas Cowboys due to having a large number of fans outside its immediate local area. (The term itself is likely derived from the title of the team's 1978 highlight film).
- Bay of Pigs[4] — Nickname given to matchups of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Green Bay Packers by ESPN anchor Chris Berman from the mid-1980s through the early 1990s, when both teams hovered at the bottom of the NFC Central division. (The term is derived from the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961.)
- Bickering Bills[5] — Name given to the Buffalo Bills the year before their Super Bowl runs, 1989, due to their underachievement that year, which many attributed to locker room disagreements.[citation needed]
- Big Blue Wrecking Crew[6] — Name of the New York Giants defensive team during their 1986 championship season.
- Bills West[7][8] — The 2001 San Diego Chargers, so named due to the signing of the Buffalo Bills' former general manager, John Butler, along with several Buffalo Bills players, including quarterback Doug Flutie.
- Blitz, Inc.[9] — Name of the Philadelphia Eagles defensive team from 1999-2004 seasons.
- Blitzburgh[10] — Name of the Pittsburgh Steelers defensive unit since the mid-1990s and their tendency to relentlessly attack opposing quarterbacks.
- Bull Elephant backfield[11] — running backs of the 1950s Rams: Dick Hoerner, Paul "Tank" Younger, and "Deacon" Dan Towler.
- Bungles[12] — Name referring to the Cincinnati Bengals teams of the 1990s, whose string of losing seasons with records 8-8 or worse spanned 14 consecutive years. Name also used for any failing Cincinnati Bengals team thereafter.
- Cardiac Cardinals (Cards)[13] — the St. Louis Cardinals NFC East championship teams of 1974 (10-4) and '75 (11-3). Noted for their come-from-behind wins under their head coach, Don Coryell. The name was resurrected for the 1998 team that upset Dallas in the wild card game.[14]
- Cardiac Cats[15] — the Carolina Panthers of the late 1990s and early 2000s, known for close games often decided in the final minutes or the final play, thus giving their fans heart attacks. The Jacksonville Jaguars also earned this nickname in the late '90s after pulling off last minute wins, especially during the 1996 season.
- Cardiac Jags[16] — the Jacksonville Jaguars earned this nickname due to making several comeback wins and/or winning nail-biters.
- Da Bears[17] — Slang nickname given to the Chicago Bears made popular by the Bill Swerski's Superfans sketches of the early 1990s on Saturday Night Live.
- Dirty Birds[18] — The 1998 Atlanta Falcons (but is still used to this day to describe the Falcons). The name originates from an endzone dance started by Jamal Anderson that was adopted by all the players upon scoring.
- Dome Patrol[19] — The 1980s Saints linebacking corps, rated as #1 by NFL Network. This all star group included Rickey Jackson, Sam Mills, Pat Swilling, and Vaughan Johnson. The linebacker corps made NFL history as having all four elected to the same Pro Bowl.
- Dolts - Given whenever the Indianapolis Colts had a bad team.
- Doomsday Defense[20] — The 1970s Dallas Cowboys defensive team. Doomsday I, the unit that led the Cowboys to victory in Super Bowl VI, was anchored by future Pro Football Hall of Fame members Herb Adderley, Bob Lilly, and Mel Renfro, while Doomsday II, which spearheaded the drive to the title in Super Bowl XII, featured Hall of Famer Randy White and fellow defensive linemen Harvey Martin and Ed "Too Tall" Jones.
- Earth, Wind, and Fire — 2008 New York Giants running back trio of Brandon Jacobs, Derrick Ward, and Ahmad Bradshaw
- Electric Company[21] — The 1970s Buffalo Bills offensive line. They were given that name because they "turned on the 'Juice'" by paving the way for star halfback O.J. Simpson, who was nicknamed "Juice", because a common nickname for orange juice is also O.J.
- Evil Empire.[22] — Name associating the New England Patriots dynasty of the 2000s. Coach Bill Bellichick deemed "evil" after the Spygate scandal.[23]
- Fearsome Foursome[24] — The 1960s Los Angeles Rams defensive line.
- Fort Knox - name given to the pass pocket created by the 1981 Buffalo Bills offensive line that allowed quarterback Joe Ferguson to throw deep; the name was a play on the name of Bills head coach Chuck Knox.
- G Men[25] — Nickname of the New York Giants frequently used by Chris Berman.
- Gang Green[26] — Name of the Philadelphia Eagles defensive team from 1987 to 1990, when the team was coached by Buddy Ryan. Now more likely to refer to the New York Jets.[27]
- Greatest Show on Turf[28] — The 1999-2001 St. Louis Rams offensive team. (Note: The first team referred to as "The Greatest Show on Turf" was the 1992 Houston Oilers, the title of their 1993 NFL Films highlight film. The Oilers employed the wide-open run-and-shoot offense.)[29]
- Gritz Blitz[18] — Nickname for the 1977 Atlanta Falcons defense.
- Homeland Defense[30] - Nickname for the New England Patriots defense during their runs to Super Bowl XXXVIII and XXXIX.
- Jet Favre - due to the Green Bay Packers giving Brett Favre to the New York Jets in 2008 (also known as the New York Bretts).
- Hogs - Washington Redskins large and powerful offensive line originally consisting of Joe Jacoby, Russ Grimm, Mark May, George Starke and Jeff Bostic.
- Kardiac Kids[31] — The 1980 Cleveland Browns, who had a penchant for having games decided in the final moments.
- The Killer Bees[32] — The 1982 Miami Dolphins defensive team; 6 of their 11 starters had last names that began with the letter "B". They allowed only 131 points in the strike-shortened, nine-game regular season.
- Monsters of the Midway[33] — Originally applied to the Chicago Bears of the early 1940s, but revived for the 1980s Bears and subsequent successful Bears defensive teams. Originally used for the University of Chicago Maroons college football team. "Midway" was the name of the park on campus ("Wall Street Journal" 31 October 2009)
- New York Sack Exchange[34] — The New York Jets defense of the early 1980s, comprising defensive ends Mark Gastineau and Joe Klecko, and interior linemen Marty Lyons and Abdul Salaam.
- No-Name Defense[35] — The 1970s Miami Dolphins defensive team, especially that of its undefeated 1972 season, which performed excellently despite a lack of recognizable stars. They earned their nickname the previous year when Dallas coach Tom Landry said in an interview prior to Super Bowl VI that he could not remember the names of the Miami defensive players.
- Orange Crush[36] — The 1970s Denver Broncos defensive team, led by defensive end Lyle Alzado and linebacker Randy Gradishar.
- Over-the-Hill Gang[37] — The George Allen-coached Washington Redskins of the early 1970s, so named due to the large number of veteran players on the team. Many of those players also played for Allen when he coached the Los Angeles Rams from 1966-1970.
- Patsies[38] — Poorly performing New England Patriots squads, a play on the nickname "The Pats."
- Pewter Pirates[39] — The Tampa Bay Buccaneers, after changing team logo and colors in 1997.
- Purple People Eaters[40] — The 1970s Minnesota Vikings defensive line, specifically the combination of Alan Page, Jim Marshall, Carl Eller, and Gary Larsen.
- San Diego Superchargers[41] — Nickname given to the San Diego Chargers from a 1970s disco song.[42][43] The song is often cited by Chris Berman and Tom Jackson.
- Steel Curtain[44] — The 1970s Pittsburgh Steelers defensive team considered to be one of the most dominant defenses in the history of the NFL, primarily because in 1978 the league had to make rule changes for offenses to be able to combat the Steel Curtain. These rules included allowing offensive linemen to use their hands to block pass rushers like "Mean" Joe Greene, and restricting defensive backs like Mel Blount from being able to bump receivers more than 5 yards past the line of scrimmage (as DB's had been allowed to do before). In 1976 during a 9 game stretch, the Steel Curtain allowed only 28 points, including 5 shut-outs.[45] The Steel Curtain of the '70s produced 4 Hall of Fame players (more than any of the vaunted defensive units of the time): Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Joe Greene, and Mel Blount. LC Greenwood and Donnie Shell have both been Hall of Fame finalists several times.
- Seagulls[46] - Name that is often uttered by various articles when referring to the Seahawks in a derogatory way. Also, fans sometimes might call the team this nickname when they do poorly during games.
- Seasquawks or Squawks - used by Seahawk fans endearingly. It denotes the feeling of pride Seahawks fans have for the team despite their history of mediocrity. It is a play on the name; replacing the hawk in Seahawk with squawk: a grating noise made by a bird in distress, or a harsh abrubt scream [47]
- SWAT team[48] - Name of the Bengals Secondary of David Fulcher, Solomon Wilcots, Eric Thomas, and Lewis Billups during the 1988 season. The name was given to the unit by their Left Cornerback Luis Billups. The Defensive Coordinator at the time, Dick LeBeau, used an attacking style of defense that not only blitzed, but used an array of disguises designed to exploit the abilities of their Pro Bowl safety, David Fulcher.
- Yucks[49] — (or "Yuccaneers") The Tampa Bay Buccaneers from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s when the team commonly posted double-digit losses during the regular season. On November 17, 1996, The "Yuccaneers" term was used during the ESPN pregame show prior to a game at the Chargers. Tampa Bay erased a 0-14 deficit to win 25-17.[50]
Players
Nicknames for individual players, or small groups of individual players.
| Nickname | Player(s) | Reference To | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A-Train[51] | Mike Alstott | How he was as difficult to tackle as a freight train; "A" is a reference to his surname initial | |
| Ageless Wonder[52][53] | Darrell Green | His remarkable ability to maintain a high level of play during the latter years of his 20 year career. | |
| All Day[54] or AD | Adrian Peterson | Given to him by his parents because he would run "all day". | |
| Anytime}[55] | Devin Hester | His ability to return kicks and punts for touchdowns any time. Inspired from his mentor Deion "PrimeTime" Sanders. | |
| Big Ben[56] | Ben Roethlisberger | His imposing size | |
| Big Game[57] | Torry Holt | ||
| Big Snack[58] | Casey Hampton | Apparent reference to his large size and penchant for eating | |
| Bird Legs[citation needed] | Joe Montana | His skinny stature. | |
| Blonde Bomber[citation needed] | Terry Bradshaw | His blonde hair combined with his tendencies to throw the ball down the field, hence "bomber" | |
| Broadway Joe[citation needed] | Joe Namath | Reference to the wide avenue that ran through New York - the city where he played QB with the New York Jets | |
| Burner[citation needed] | Michael Turner | Given both because of his ability to break long runs and because it rhymes with his last name. Got the name in college. | |
| Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid[citation needed] | Larry Csonka & Jim Kiick | Miami Dolphins running back duo from 1968–1974; named after the movie about the famous outlaws. | |
| Bus[59] | Jerome Bettis | Due to his ability to carry tacklers on his back like a "bus" | |
| Bus Driver[citation needed] | Tim Lester | Because he would clear the path for the 'Bus', Jerome Bettis. | |
| Comeback Kid[citation needed] | multiple | Nickname given to any player, particularly quarterbacks such as Roger Staubach, John Elway,Joe Montana,and Tom Brady, for leading teams in comebacks. | |
| Concrete Charlie[citation needed] | Chuck Bednarik | Due to missing only 3 games in his 13 season of playing. | |
| Crazy Legs[citation needed] | Elroy Hirsch | ||
| Crystal Chandelier[citation needed] | Chris Chandler | Was plagued by concussions and injuries, referencing his presumed fragility | |
| Crunch Bunch[citation needed] | Harry Carson, Brian Kelley, Lawrence Taylor and Brad Van Pelt | The 1981–83 New York Giants linebacking corps noted for their hard-hitting play and for generating many quarterback sacks, Taylor in particular. Mario Sestito of Troy, New York is credited with coining the name after a NY Giants newsletter at the time called 'Inside Football' held a contest to name this defensive unit. | |
| Curtis "My Favorite" Martin[citation needed] | Curtis Martin | Pun on the television show My Favorite Martian; bestowed by ESPN's Chris Berman | |
| Deebo[60] | James Harrison | His similarity in appearance and demeanor to the character in the movie Friday played by Tom Lister, Jr. | |
| Diesel[61] | John Riggins | Due to his powerback style of play - compared to a truck that ran on diesel. | |
| Double Trouble[citation needed] | DeAngelo Williams & Jonathan Stewart | Carolina Panthers running back duo from 2008–present | |
| D.T. or D.D.T.[citation needed] | Derrick Thomas | His initials. Also went by D.D.T. (bestowed by fans) which stood for "Dangerous Derrick Thomas" and after the toxic synthetic pesticide | |
| Dump Truck[62] | Najeh Davenport | Allusion to an incident which allegedly occurred when he was in college as well as a take on one-time teammate Jerome Bettis' nickname, "The Bus" | |
| Dwight Hicks and the Hot Licks[citation needed] | 1984 San Francisco 49ers defensive secondary led by Dwight Hicks | ||
| Edge[citation needed] | Edgerrin James | Shortening of his first name | |
| Earth, Wind and Fire[63] | Brandon Jacobs, Derrick Ward& Ahmad Bradshaw | 2008 NY Giants running backs; Jacobs = Earth, Ward = Wind, Bradshaw = Fire | |
| Fast Willie[citation needed] | Willie Parker | His speed | |
| Fatso[citation needed] | Art Donovan | ||
| Flash 80[citation needed] | Jerry Rice | His stunning plays combined with his number, 80 | |
| Fragile Fred[citation needed] | Fred Taylor | Perception of being injured constantly | |
| Freak[citation needed] | Randy Moss | His freakish athletic abilities | |
| Fun Bunch[64] | Early 1980s Washington Redskins wide receivers and tight ends | This groups choreographed touchdown celebrations led to a league-wide ban of "excessive celebration" in 1984. | |
| Galloping Ghost[65] | Harold "Red" Grange | Because no one could catch him | |
| Golden Boy[citation needed] | Paul Hornung | ||
| Hacksaw[citation needed] | Jack Reynolds | Earned his nickname in 1969 by cutting an abandoned 1953 Chevrolet Bel Air in half with a hacksaw after his previously unbeaten University of Tennessee team returned from an embarrassing 38-0 road loss to Ole Miss. | |
| Hefty Lefty[citation needed] | Jared Lorenzen | His size and left-handed throwing motion | |
| Hit and Run[citation needed] | Thomas Jones and Leon Washington | New York Jets running back duo from 2008–2009 | |
| Hotel[citation needed] | Flozell Adams | ||
| Housh[citation needed] | T.J. Houshmandzadeh | ||
| Hogs[66] | 1980s and early 1990s Washington Redskins offensive line | Name first used by offensive line coach Joe Bugel during the team's 1982 training camp prior to winning Super Bowl XVII. | |
| Iron Head[citation needed] | Craig Heyward | His hard-nosed straight-ahead, bruising running style. | |
| Iron Man of the NFL[67] | Brett Favre | For his legendary toughness and ability to come back from and play through many injuries and particularly his record streak of consecutive games started | |
| Iron Mike[citation needed] | Mike Ditka | ||
| Joe Cool[citation needed] | Joe Montana | His ability to remain calm in pressure situations | |
| Juice[citation needed] | O. J. Simpson | His initials (which also are used to refer to orange juice) | |
| K.G.B.[citation needed] | Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila | His initials | |
| Kansas Comet[citation needed] | Gale Sayers | ||
| L.J.[citation needed] | Larry Johnson | His initials | |
| L.T.[citation needed] | Lawrence Taylor | His initials | |
| LT2[citation needed] | LaDainian Tomlinson | His initials (with the 2 added to distinguish from Lawrence Taylor) | |
| Light Blue Jesus or LBJ[68] | Chris Johnson | His Titans uniform color, also a nod to Adrian Peterson's nickname, Purple Jesus | |
| Lights Out[citation needed] | Shawne Merriman | Due to his reputation of being a hard hitter; has been shortened to "Lights" by teammates in interviews | |
| Long Gone[citation needed] | L.G. Dupre | An alternate take on his initials, and a reference to his ability to run away from competitors | |
| Mad Stork[citation needed] | Ted Hendricks | ||
| Marion the Barbarian[69] | Marion Barber III | Due to his physical running style and reputation for repeatedly breaking tackles | |
| Marks Brothers[70] | Mark Clayton and Mark Duper | Prolific Miami Dolphins wide receiver duo of the 1980s who shared the same first name (also a reference to the Marx Brothers) | |
| Matty Ice[citation needed] | Matt Ryan | A play on the nickname for Natural Ice beer, "Natty Ice" which also refers to his ability to remain cool under pressure | |
| Mean Joe[citation needed] | Joe Greene | ||
| Meast[citation needed] | Sean Taylor | Half Man, half beast | |
| Megatron[citation needed] | Calvin Johnson | A reference to his size, comparing him to a Transformers character | |
| Mercury[citation needed] | Eugene Morris | ||
| Missile[citation needed] | Qadry Ismail | His speed (particularly as a kick returner), and also a play on his brother Raghib Ismail's nickname, Rocket | |
| The Mossiah[citation needed] | Randy Moss | The Savior for the Vikings. In his rookie year, Moss led the Vikings towards one of the most powerful offenses in the NFL. | |
| Neon[citation needed] | Deion Sanders | His flashy play and the rhyme with his first name | |
| Nigerian Nightmare[citation needed] | Christian Okoye | To his homeland as well as to the difficulty he posed to defenses | |
| Night Train[citation needed] | Dick Lane | Rumored that due to his race he had to ride a night train to games instead of traveling with his white teammates during the day. | |
| Ocho Cinco[citation needed] | Chad Ochocinco | Self-bestowed pidgin Spanish reference to his uniform number (85); originally named Chad Johnson, legally changed name to "Chad Ochocinco" in 2008. Also self-refers as "Esteban Ochocinco" | |
| Papa Bear[citation needed] | George Halas | ||
| Peezy[citation needed] | Joey Porter | Self-bestowed | |
| Playmaker[71] | Michael Irvin | For his ability to defeat tight coverage, even double coverage, and make big plays.; possibly self-bestowed | |
| Porcelain Pennington[citation needed] | Chad Pennington | Derogatory reference to his repeated season-ending injuries | |
| Pork Chop[citation needed] | Floyd Womack | ||
| Posse[72] | Art Monk, Gary Clark and Ricky Sanders | Trio of wide receivers on the Washington Redskins of the late 1980s through the early 1990s: | |
| Prime Time[73] | Deion Sanders | His ability to step up at critical moments and make big plays; possibly self-bestowed | |
| Pudge[citation needed] | William Heffelfinger | ||
| Purple Jesus[citation needed] | Adrian Peterson | His Vikings uniform color; see also Chris Johnson's nickname, "Light Blue Jesus" | |
| Refrigerator or Fridge[74] | William Perry | His immense size in comparison to other defensive linemen | |
| Rocket[citation needed] | Raghib Ismail | His speed; given to him while he was at Notre Dame | |
| Roger the Dodger[citation needed] | Roger Staubach | His ability to avoid the pass rush; given to him while at Navy | |
| Scramblin' Fran[citation needed] | Fran Tarkenton | His ability to avoid defenders in the backfield and penchant for running with the ball if the pass play broke down | |
| Silverback[58] | James Harrison | His strength, which is likened to that of a silverback gorilla | |
| Sixty Minute Man[75] | Chuck Bednarik | Playing on both offense and defense (and thus playing all sixty minutes of the game); is sometimes applied generally to any player that does this | |
| Slingin' Sammy[citation needed] | Sammy Baugh | His affinity for passing the ball, particularly deep downfield | |
| Slot Machine[citation needed] | Wes Welker | His effectiveness lining up between the split end/flanker and the linemen (i.e. "the slot") | |
| Smash and Dash[76] | Chris Johnson & LenDale White | Running back duo of the Titans starting in 2008; White being Smash for his 'power running back' skills and Johnson being Dash because of his astonishing breakaway speed | |
| Smash, Dash, and Tash[citation needed] | Marion Barber III, Felix Jones, and Tashard Choice | Dallas Cowboys' 3 man running attack starting in 2008; nod to the Titans' "Smash and Dash"; Barber = Smash (power back), Jones = Dash (speed back), Choice = Tash (contraction of first name) | |
| Snake[citation needed] | Knowlton Ames | His speed and elusiveness | |
| Snake[citation needed] | Ken Stabler | Earned his nickname from his coach following a long, winding touchdown run | |
| Snake[citation needed] | Jake Plummer | His ability of "snaking" around out of pressure in the pocket; also rhymes with first name | |
| Smurfs[77] | Gary Clark, Alvin Garrett, and Charlie Brown | 1980s Redskins' receiving corps; because of their diminutive size (Garrett was 5'7”, Clark was 5'9”, and Brown the tallest at 5'10”), comparing them to the tiny blue comic and cartoon characters | |
| Sweetness[78] | Walter Payton | ||
| TD[citation needed] | Terrell Davis | His initials, also referring to the abbreviation for "touchdown"; Davis holds the record for most rushing touchdowns in one Super Bowl game with three | |
| T.O.[citation needed] | Terrell Owens | His initials | |
| Three Amigos[79] | Mark Jackson, Vance Johnson, and Ricky Nattiel | Broncos trio of wide receivers in the late 1980s and early 1990s; nod to the movie of the same name | |
| Thunder and Lightning[citation needed] | Ron Dayne & Tiki Barber | 2000 Giants running back tandem; Dayne = Thunder, Barber = Lightning | |
| Thunder and Lightning[citation needed] | Ricky Watters & Charlie Garner | 1995–1997 Eagles running back tandem; Watters = Thunder, Garner = Lightning | |
| Tommy Gun[citation needed] | Tommy Maddox | ||
| Touchdown Tommy[citation needed] | Tommy Vardell | He was given the nickname in college by Stanford head coach Dennis Green after scoring four touchdowns against Notre Dame. | |
| Triplets[80] | Troy Aikman, Michael Irvin & Emmitt Smith | Offensive stars of the 1990s Dallas Cowboys 3-time Super Bowl winning teams | |
| The Tyler Rose[citation needed] | Earl Campbell | Campbell is from Tyler, Texas | |
| Uptown[citation needed] | Gene Upshaw | ||
| Wash and Wear[citation needed] | Thomas Jones & Leon Washington | 2008–2009 Jets duo of running backs | |
| White Shoes[citation needed] | Billy Johnson | His choice of footwear at a time when most players wore black cleats | |
| The Wheaton Iceman[81] | Harold "Red" Grange | A part-time job he once held delivering ice in his hometown of Wheaton, Illinois | |
| Wildman[citation needed] | Ray Nitschke | ||
| Windy City Flyer[82] | Devin Hester | Hester's speed and a nickname for the city of Chicago, in which he plays; bestowed by WBBM 780 radio-announcer Jeff Joniak |
Places
- Big Sombrero[83] — Nickname given to Tampa Stadium, first home of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, so named because of its curved outline that resembled the brim of a sombrero. Raymond James Stadium, the Buccaneers' home since 1998, was christened The New Sombrero by ESPN anchor Chris Berman.[84]
- Black Hole[85] — Name of the section behind the south end zone at Oakland Coliseum, home of the Oakland Raiders, known for having some of the most rabid fans in the NFL.
- Dawg Pound[86] — Name of the bleacher section behind the east end zone in Cleveland Browns Stadium, also known for having one of the most loyal fans in the NFL. The name was originally applied to the same section of Cleveland Municipal Stadium, which formerly stood on the site.
- Frozen Tundra (of Lambeau Field)[87] — Nickname given to the home field of the Green Bay Packers. The phrase was allegedly first uttered by NFL Films narrator John Facenda as he described the 1967 NFL Championship Game, or "Ice Bowl", during which Lambeau's undersoil heating system failed and the field froze. However, Steve Sabol of NFL Films denies that Facenda used the phrase; it is thought that an impersonation of Facenda by Chris Berman popularized the phrase. Without a heating system, the severe winter climate of Green Bay, Wisconsin would frequently cause the field to freeze. (The name itself is redundant, since, by definition, all tundra is frozen.)
- House of Pain[88] — House of Pain was used to describe the Houston Astrodome during NFL games played by the Houston Oilers. This was during the days that Warren Moon was the quarterback, and the Oilers defense was a force to be reckoned with.
- Peanut Heaven — The orange-colored seats in the upper decks of Pittsburgh's Three Rivers Stadium.
- Jerry's World - Cowboys Stadium, named after Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones. See stadium's article for full list of current nicknames.
- The Jungle - The nickname for Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati and also at the Bengals current home. The name largely derived in the 1980s from the Guns 'N' Roses' song "Welcome to the Jungle." The Bengals are also known for the "Who Dey" chant. The "Jungle" name has since been used to describe other teams' stadiums with similar mascots.
- The Linc - Nickname for Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia.
- The Q - A nickname describing Qualcomm Stadium, home of the San Diego Chargers. The stadium was also nicknamed "The Murph" after its original name of Jack Murphy Stadium.
- Ralph[89] — Ralph Wilson Stadium, home of the Buffalo Bills.
- Razor[90] — New England Patriots stadium Gillette Stadium
- Rockpile[91] — The seating section underneath the scoreboard at Ralph Wilson Stadium. Considered one of the most raucous environments in the NFL, this section was named after War Memorial Stadium (the home of the Bills prior to Rich Stadium) which was referred to locally as "The Rockpile".
- The Swamp - Giants Stadium's nickname in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
- The 'Stick - Common nickname for Candlestick Park in San Francisco.
- 700 Level[92] — The notorious upper levels of the former Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia between 1971 and 2002. This section was infamous for brawls between Philadelphia Eagles fans and those of visiting teams, especially Cowboys fans.
- Titletown[93] — referring to both the city of Green Bay, Wisconsin and the twelve-time NFL champion Packer teams, including those of legendary coaches Vince Lombardi and Curly Lambeau.
Fans
- 49ers Faithful[94] — Nickname given to the fans of the San Francisco 49ers.
- Bills Backers[95] — Buffalo Bills fans. Due to the massive population displacement of Western New Yorkers, "Bills Backers Bars" can be found in almost every major city throughout the United States.
- Bills Elvis[96] - Entertainer and Elvis impersonator John R. Lang, who appears with a large white guitar that he uses as a billboard. He is one of the Bills' most recognizable individual fans.
- Cheeseheads[97] — A name given to people of Wisconsin (mainly Packer fans) by Chicago Bears fans after the Bears won the Super Bowl. The name mocks Wisconsin's love of cheese. The name eventually gained acceptance. "Cheeseheads" can refer to the "Packer Nation", being synonymous to Green Bay's massive diaspora of fans nationwide.
- Chief Zee[98] - Fan at nearly all Washington Redskins games since 1978 and considered the unofficial mascot of the team. He wears an Indian headdress, large rimmed glasses, with a red jacket and carries a tomahawk.
- Fireman Ed[99] — Fan at NY Jets home games who wears a green fireman helmet with a Jets logo on the front. Known for leading the "J-E-T-S" chants.
- Franco's Italian Army[100][101] — Fans of Pittsburgh Steelers running back Franco Harris.
- Gerela's Gorillas[101] — Fans of Pittsburgh Steelers placekicker Roy Gerela.
- Hogettes[102] — A group of about twelve Washington Redskins fans who dress in drag and wear pig-noses.
- Packer Backer - Fan of the Green Bay Packers. Sometimes used derisively by Bears fans.
- Raider Nation[103] — Oakland Raiders fans.
- Steeler Nation[104] — Pittsburgh Steelers fans.
- SuperSkin[105] — Die-hard fan of the Washington Redskins, who attends each home game dressed in a burgundy and gold superhero costume and motivates other fans to cheer loudly.
- The Sea of Red — Nickname given to the loudest NFL fans of the Kansas City Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium.
- The 12th Man[106] — Nickname given to the fans of the Seattle Seahawks due to the impact of their loud cheering on the opposing team's offensive linemen, leading to false start penalties.
- Who Dat Nation[107] - New Orleans Saints fans.
Other
- Baltimore Triangle - The mid-field logo at M&T Bank Stadium of the Baltimore Ravens. It is named so because the mid-field shield logo of the Ravens is shaped like a triangle and their defense "makes offenses disappear" when opposing teams take snaps from that area.
- Ickey Shuffle[108] — Dance done by Cincinnati Bengals running back Ickey Woods whenever he scored a touchdown. Woods was forced to move the dance to the sidelines behind the Bengals' bench after officials starting penalizing him for unsportsmanlike conduct.
- K-Gun[109] — Nickname referring to the no-huddle offense used by the Buffalo Bills with quarterback Jim Kelly during the late 1980s and early-to-mid 1990s.
- Lambeau Leap[110] — During home games at Lambeau Field, some players from the Green Bay Packers would leap into the stands after scoring a touchdown. Originally created by LeRoy Butler, it was made popular by Robert Brooks. Players in other stadiums imitate the leap.
- Lights out - Dance by Chargers Linebacker Shawne Merriman after he gets a sack
- Miami Pound Machine - Nickname for the 1980s Dolphins defense, named in honor of Gloria Estefan's group "Miami Sound Machine." Ironically, Estefan would become a minority owner of the 'Phins before the 2009 season.
- Miami Vise - Also a Dolphins defense nickname, after the TV show "Miami Vice."
- Mile High Salute[111] — Mid-to-late 1990s Denver Broncos running back Terrell Davis would salute his soldier father after scoring touchdowns.
- Sack Dance[112] - New York Jets defensive end Mark Gastineau was nationally famous for doing his signature "Sack Dance" after sacking an opposing quarterback. However, he had to stop when the NFL declared it "unsportsman like taunting" in March 1984 and began fining players for it. The ban on the Sack Dance stemmed from a 1983 game against the Los Angeles Rams, when Gastineau and Rams Pro Football Hall of Fame offensive tackle Jackie Slater got into a fight following a Gastineau sack of Rams quarterback Vince Ferragamo.
- Terrible Towel[113] — a banner conceived by the late Myron Cope (long time Steeler commentator) used by fans of the Pittsburgh Steelers to cheer for their team, consisting of a yellow towel with the words "Terrible Towel" in black, to be waved in the air. The Miami Dolphins had the horrible hankie long before the Steelers had the terrible towel. The Carolina Panthers also began a spin-off known as the "Growl Towel".[114] Also spoofed by the Packers following their third Super Bowl victory as the "Title Towel". The "Terrible Towel" has jumped to at least one other sport, as the Homer Hanky used by Major League Baseball's Minnesota Twins.
References
- ^ "New Orleans Ain't the Aints No More". http://www.rockawave.com/news/2005/0923/Sports/204.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Celebrating “Air Coryell”". http://www.ramonajournal.com/news/2005/1010/Features/039.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "NFL Films: The Dallas Cowboys". http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000C8AO2/. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Sports E-Cyclopedia". http://sportsecyclopedia.com/tank/nfl06/nflpicks5.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Redskins Ryp the Bickering Bills". http://www.supernfl.com/SuperBowl/sb26.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Sports E-Cyclopedia History of the NY Giants". http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/nyg/nygiants.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ Roth, Leo. Bills East vs. Bills West. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. 23 October 2001.
- ^ Banks, Don. AFC is where all the action is lately. SI.com. 19 October 2001.
- ^ "Even online, you can hear Eagles fans boo". http://www.nestofdeath.com/press/StPetersburgh.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Steelers' D making a name for itself". http://www.nfl.com/teams/story/PIT/4465761. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ Goldstein, Richard (2001-09-19). "Tank Younger, 73, First Star From Black College to Play in N.F.L., Dies". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E7DF123BF93AA2575AC0A9679C8B63. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
- ^ "Cincinnati Bungles". Jason La Canfora. Washington Post. http://blog.washingtonpost.com/redskinsinsider/2006/08/cincinnati_bungles.html. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
- ^ "Cardinal Chronicle XX". http://www.angelfire.com/fl/TheCard/chron/chron20.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "NFL Playoffs Begin with Wild Card Weekend". http://www.laprensa-sandiego.org/archieve/december31/playoffs.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Carolina's Unforgettable 2003 Season". http://www.amazon.com/Cardiac-Cats-Carolinas-Unforgetable-Season/dp/157243659X. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Leftwich, Cardiac Jags Stun Kansas City". http://football.about.com/od/teamsjaguars/a/aa102204.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
- ^ "Da Bears Fan Blog". http://www.dabearsblog.com. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ a b "Sports E-Cyclopedia History of the Atlanta Falcons". http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/atlanta/falcons.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ The Dome Patrol
- ^ "Sports E-Cyclopedia History of the Dallas Cowboys". http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/dallas/cowboys.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "November in Buffalo Bills History". http://www.buffalobills.com/history/November.jsp. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Pats embrace image as new Evil Empire". Mike Celizic. MSNBCj. 2007-09-17. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20813246/. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ "Don Shula on Patriots: 'the Spygate Thing Has Diminished What They've Accomplished'". Michael David Smith. AOL Sports. 2007-11-06. http://sports.aol.com/fanhouse/2007/11/06/don-shula-on-patriots-the-spygate-thing-has-diminished-what-th/12. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
- ^ "Sports E-Cyclopedia History of the LA Rams". http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/larams/larams.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Strahan re-signs with G-Men". http://www.nfl.com/teams/story/NYG/5669530. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Where Are They Now? William Thomas". http://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/whereAreTheyNowDetail.jsp?id=18817. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "New York Jets Fan Site". http://www.theganggreen.com. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Rams Greatest Show or Turf Toe". http://football.about.com/b/a/257737.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Pyros cannot escape Lyons den". http://www.nd.edu/~observer/10012001/Sports/11.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Patriots 4-1 at bye; return to action Oct. 22". http://www.patriots.com/games/index.cfm?ac=gamereportdetail&pid=21703&pcid=47. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "Sports E-Cyclopedia History of the Cleveland Browns". http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/clev/browns.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Sports E-Cyclopedia History of the Miami Dolphins". http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/miami/dolphins.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Monsters of the Midway finally Bearing (sic) their teeth". http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/bears/2005-11-10-bears-cover_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Sack Exchange Had a Brief, but Glorious, Run". http://www.nfl.com/teams/story/NYJ/5823858. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Flashback: Playing to perfection". http://www.nfl.com/news/story/6844229. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Gehrke helped build “Orange Crush”". http://www.nfl.com/teams/story/DEN/4993136. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "'72 Redskins haven't lost their spirit". http://www.nfl.com/teams/story/DAL/5933826. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "New England: Patsies No More". http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946720-1,00.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Buccaneers Cheerleading". http://www.buccaneers.com/cheerleaders/cheermain.aspx. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Purple People Eaters". http://www.grandstandsports.com/sport5.aspx?itemid=10989. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Upon further review: Week 13". http://www.nfl.com/news/story/9847410. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "San Diego Super Chargers Song". http://www.chargers.com/fan_zone/super-charger-song.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
- ^ "San Diego Super Chargers". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CepkO_buVEk. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
- ^ "Sports E-Cyclopedia History of the Pittsburgh Steelers". http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/pitt/steelers.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "JT-SW NFL Scores and Records". http://www.jt-sw.com/football/pro/results.nsf/Teams/1976-pit/. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "The Daily News Online". http://www.tdn.com/articles/2008/01/08/local_sports/doc47824a218f22f523719565.txt. Retrieved 01-09-08.
- ^ "squawk". http://mw1.m-w.com/dictionary/squawk.
- ^ "SUPER BOWL XXIII; Bengals Hope Defense Will Stay Offensive". 01-17-1989. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/17/sports/super-bowl-xxiii-bengals-hope-defense-will-stay-offensive.html.
- ^ "Cardinal Chronicle XI". http://www.angelfire.com/fl/TheCard/chron/chron11.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Tampa Bay 25 San Diego 17". http://www.bucpower.com/1996game11.html. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ Smith, Katherine; Keith Morelli (January 24, 2008). "Bucs' Alstott 'Sad To Be Walking Away'". Tampa Tribune. http://www2.tbo.com/content/2008/jan/24/bucs-alstott-sad-be-walking-away/news-breaking/. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "Green, Monk Selected to NFL Hall of Fame". Washington Redskins. http://www.redskins.com/news/newsDetail.jsp?id=30850. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
- ^ "At 216 Games, Green Does His Energizer Imitation". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/redskins/longterm/1997/gamerep/week15/skinsn8.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ^ "Adrian Peterson, Ex-Oklahoma Running Back". http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2007/players/02/20/first.person0226/.
- ^ Bauer, Ted. "Six Click: Devin Hester". ESPN The Magazine. http://sports.espn.go.com/espnmag/story?id=3507883. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "Official Site of Ben Roethlisberger". http://www.bigben7.com/. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
- ^ Thomas, Jim (October 15, 2009). "A big deal, even in teal". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/sports/stories.nsf/rams/story/A07A7A47888297058625765000140DFD?OpenDocument. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ a b Brown, Scott (August 19, 2007). "What's in a Steelers' nickname". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/steelers/s_522902.html. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "Official Site of Jerome Bettis". http://www.thebus36.com/. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
- ^ Lawrence, Andrew (February 11, 2009). "The Eyes Of The Storm". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1152414/index.htm. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "Talking Peace and Pork Chops". http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949943,00.html. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "Time to put fantasy into trades". http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=gallo/061016. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
- ^ LaPointe, Joe (September 15, 2008). "Three Elements Fuse in Giants’ Backfield". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/16/sports/football/16giants.html. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "Sooooey". http://www.thehogs.net/content/story.php?id=70. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Red "The Galloping Ghost" Grange bio". College Football Hall of Fame. http://www.collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=20071. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ "Joe Bugel". http://www.redskins.com/team/cprofile.jsp?id=32. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Favre is the ultimate iron man". Mark Kriegel. FOX Sports. 2007-11-28. http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/7496422. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
- ^ Stuart, Chase (November 17, 2009). "Chris Johnson and the Race to 2,000". The Fifth Down blog. New York Times. http://fifthdown.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/chris-johnson-and-the-race-to-2000/. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "By any name, 'Marion the Barbarian' a vital part of Cowboys offense". http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=nfl&id=3029253.
- ^ "Miami Dolphins to Honor Marks Brothers". http://cbs.sportsline.com/nfl/story/6454402. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
- ^ "Michael Irvin: 2007 Hall of Fame enshrinement speech". http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/halloffame07/news/story?id=2961687. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
- ^ "Washington Redskins: Skill Positions". http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/sports2000/players/gridiron/redskins1.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "No. 16: Deion played his way into 'Prime Time'". Brent Jones. USA Today. 2007-06-30. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2007-06-29-no-16-deion-sanders_N.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
- ^ "Then & Now: William "The Refrigerator" Perry". CNN. 2005-06-19. http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/01/31/tan.cnn25.perry/index.html. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
- ^ "Sixty minute man". Ron Flatter. ESPN. http://espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Bednarik_Chuck.html. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
- ^ "Has 'Smash and Dash' become 'Smash and Grab'?". http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2008812110339.
- ^ "NFL Season Preview: Redskins". http://www.deadspin.com/sports/nfl/nfl-season-preview-washington-redskins-196440.php?mail2=true. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ ESPN Classic - Sweetness ran and ran and ran
- ^ "Denver Broncos: Elway Through the Years: 1987". http://www.denverbroncos.com/page.php?id=334&storyID=2428. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
- ^ "Sports E-cyclopedia: Dallas Cowboys, see 2005". http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/dallas/cowboys.html. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
- ^ Schwartz, Larry. "Galloping Ghost scared opponents". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Grange_Red.html. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ "Bears broadcasters avoid excuses". Fred Mitchell. Chicago Tribune. 2007-11-15. http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/cs-071114mitchell,1,3828591.column. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ "Adios, Sombrero". http://www.implosionworld.com/sombrero.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Raymond James Stadium". http://explorer.altopix.com/map/k7jnh8/Raymond_James_Stadium.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Black Hole: Just Scare 'Em, Baby". http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2001/01/11/raiderfans.DTL. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Dawg Pound". http://www.dawg-pound.net. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Sports E-Cyclopedia History of the Green Bay Packers". http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/gb/packers.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Chapter 12: The House of Pain". http://www.houstonprofootball.com/log/log12.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18. Note that in rugby union circles, the nickname refers to Carisbrook, a stadium in Dunedin, New Zealand.
- ^ "Bills Fan Tribute". http://www.classicbuffalo.com/Bills.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Patriots Season Predictions". http://www.footballlocks.com/nfl_predictions_new_england_patriots.shtml. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Buffalo Bills Ticket Seating Chart". http://www.buffalobills.com/facility/SeatingChart.jsp. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Memories not all bad for this vet of the Vet". http://www.nfl.com/news/story/7188844. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "The Glory of Titletown". http://www.amazon.com/Glory-Titletown-Classic-Packers-Photography/dp/0878339906. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
- ^ "Letter to the 49ers Faithful". http://49ers.com/pressbox/news_detail.php?PRKey=2032. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ "Bills Backers United – Fan Site". http://www.billsbackers.com/. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ http://billselvis.com/
- ^ "Official Cheesehead Site". http://www.cheesehead.com/. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Washington Post Article". http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/13/AR2007091302652.html?nav=rss_opinion/columns/. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
- ^ "Official Here's to you, New York". http://espn.go.com/page2/s/murphy/010917.html/. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
- ^ "Franco's Italian Army Fan Site". http://www.mcmillenandwife.com/franco.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ a b Michael Bradley (2006-01-27). "Legendary Steelers owner forged a blue-collar legacy". SeattlePI.com. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/football/257293_steelers27.html. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
- ^ "Official Hogettes Site". http://www.hogettes.org. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Official Raider Nation Site". http://www.raidernation.com. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Pittsburgh Steelers Nation Site". http://www.post-gazette.com/steelers/steelersnation/. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- ^ "Video of SuperSkin dancing". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0BESbNhRzc. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Spirit of 12". http://www.seahawks.com/fans/12zone/spirit-of-12.html.
- ^ "About.com Article about the Who Dat's". http://goneworleans.about.com/od/sportsteams/a/Whodat.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
- ^ "Will the Ickey Shuffle Rise Again?". http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/SuperBowl2006/story?id=1578363. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Colts Attack Draws References to K-Gun". http://www.buffalobills.com/news/news.jsp?news_id=4381. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Greatest Moments in Lambeau Field History". http://www.jsonline.com/packer/lambeau-ballot.asp. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "San Francisco at Denver Game Recap". http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/recap/NFL_20020819_SF@DEN. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Gastineau, King of Sack". http://www.espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Gastineau_Mark.html.
- ^ "Terrible Towel Official Site". http://www.terribletowel.com/. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "Official Growl Towel". http://shop.panthers.com/officialgrowltowel.aspx. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)




