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List of tallest buildings and structures in London

 
Wikipedia: List of tallest buildings and structures in London
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Skyline of the City of London in August 2009

This list of the tallest buildings and structures in London ranks skyscrapers and towers in the city of London, United Kingdom by height. The tallest structure in London is the 50-storey One Canada Square, which rises 235 metres (771 ft) in Canary Wharf and was completed in 1991.[1] It also stands as the tallest building in the United Kingdom and the 14th-tallest building in Europe. The second-tallest structure in London is the 219-metre (720 ft) Crystal Palace transmitting station, which was completed in 1950.[2]

The history of structures in London began with the completion of the 27-metre (90 ft) White Tower, a part of the Tower of London, in 1098.[3][4] The first structure to surpass a height of 100 metres (328 ft) was Old St Paul's Cathedral. Completed in 1310, the cathedral stood at a height of 150 metres (493 ft).[5] It was the world's tallest structure until 1311, when its height was surpassed by Lincoln Cathedral in Lincoln, England.[5] It regained the title when the spire of the Lincoln Cathedral fell in 1549.[6] Although the spire of the Old St Paul's Cathedral was destroyed by lightning on 4 June 1561, it still stood as the tallest structure in London,[6] while the world's tallest structure became Strasbourg Cathedral in Strasbourg, France.[6] The Old St Paul's Cathedral was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in September 1666.[5] The title of tallest structure in London passed to Southwark Cathedral, which stands at a height of 50 metres (163 ft).[7] No structure in London rose above 100 metres (328 ft) until 1710 when the current St Paul's Cathedral was completed. Rising 111 metres (365 ft), the cathedral is the tallest place of worship in London.[8] It remained as the tallest structure in London for 229 years until the construction of Battersea Power Station in 1939.[9]

Despite its long history, London has not been the location of many skyscrapers. This is due to strict regulations on building heights to preserve its protected views, especially those of St Paul's Cathedral, the Tower of London and Westminster Palace.

The lifting of the height restriction caused a boom in the construction of tall buildings during the 1960s. One of London's first notable tall buildings was the 117-metre (380 ft) Centre Point, completed in 1966. The NatWest Tower followed in 1980, which at 183 metres (600 ft) became London's first genuine "skyscraper" by international standards. It was followed in 1991 by the 235-metre (770 ft) One Canada Square, which formed the centrepiece of the Canary Wharf development. Following a 10-year gap, several new skyscrapers appeared on London's skyline: 8 Canada Square, 25 Canada Square, the Heron Quays buildings, the Barclays headquarters, the Broadgate Tower and the award-winning 30 St Mary Axe. Some of the awards given to 30 St Mary Axe include the Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2003[10] and the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2004.[11] As of June 2008, there are 1,384 completed high-rises in the city.[12] This is more than any other city in the United Kingdom, and third in Europe behind Moscow and Istanbul.[13]

There are 13 structures under construction in London that will rise at least 100 metres (328 ft) in height. The tallest of these at 310 m (1,017 ft) is Shard London Bridge, which began construction in February 2009. The next tallest is the 288-metre 'Pinnacle' which will form the centrepiece of the City skyscraper cluster.

Contents


Panoramic view of London seen from the Golden Gallery of St Paul's Cathedral in September 2007

Tallest buildings and structures

One Canada Square, the tallest structure in London and tallest building in the United Kingdom.
The Crystal Palace Transmitter is the second-tallest structure in London.
8 Canada Square is the third-tallest structure in the city.
Tower 42 is the sixth-tallest structure in London.
30 St Mary Axe, London's seventh-tallest structure.

This list ranks London skyscrapers and free-standing towers that stand at least 100 metres (328 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed.

Rank Name Height
metres / ft		 Floors Year Notes
1 One Canada Square 235 / 800 01.050 1991 14th-tallest building in Europe, tallest building in the United Kingdom. Tallest building in the United Kingdom since 1991. Tallest structure completed in London in the 1990s.[1][14]
2 Crystal Palace Transmitter 219 / 720 35.0N/A 1950 Tallest structure completed in London in the 1950s.[2][15]
3= 8 Canada Square 200 / 655 03.042 2002 22nd-tallest building in Europe, second-tallest building in the United Kingdom.[16][17]
3= 25 Canada Square 200 / 655 04.042 2002 22nd-tallest building in Europe, second-tallest building in the United Kingdom.[18][19]
5 BT Tower 191 / 625 16.034 1962 Tallest building completed in London in the 1960s.[20][21]
6 Tower 42 183 / 600 07.042 1980 35th-tallest building in Europe, fourth-tallest building in the United Kingdom. Tallest structure completed in London in the 1980s.[22][23]
7 30 St Mary Axe 180 / 590 09.040 2003 Also known as the Gherkin. 38th-tallest building in Europe, sixth-tallest building in the United Kingdom.[24][25]
8 Broadgate Tower 161 / 529 14.035 2008 59th-tallest building in Europe.[26][27]
9 One Churchill Place 156 / 513 22.032 2004 Seventh-tallest building in the United Kingdom.[28][29]
10= Croydon Transmitter 153 / 502 36.0N/A 1964 [30][31]
10= 25 Bank Street 153 / 502 19.033 2003 Eighth-tallest building in the United Kingdom.[32][33]
10= 40 Bank Street 153 / 502 20.033 2003 Eighth-tallest building in the United Kingdom.[34][35]
13 10 Upper Bank Street 151 / 495 23.032 2003 Tenth-tallest building in the United Kingdom.[36][37]
14 Pan Peninsula East Tower 147 / 484 02.048 2008 [38][39]
15 Guy's Tower 143 / 469 17.034 1974 Tallest all-hospital building in the world. Tallest structure completed in London in the 1970s.[40][41]
16 22 Marsh Wall East Tower* 140 / 458 40 2010 Topped out.
17 London Eye 135 / 443 37.0N/A 1999 The world's tallest ferris wheel until the completion of the Star of Nanchang in 2006. Is now the world's third tallest ferris wheel, after the Singapore Flyer opened in 2008 (soon to be surpassed by the Beijing Great Wheel in late 2009). Contains the highest public viewing point in London.[42][43]
18 Wembley Stadium 133 / 436 34.06 2007 Tallest stadium in the world.[44][45]
19 CityPoint 127 / 417 11.036 1967 [46][47]
20 Willis Building 125 / 410 29.026 2007 [48][49]
21 Euston Tower 124 / 408 12.036 1970 [50][51]
22= Cromwell Tower 123 / 404 08.042 1973 [52][53]
22= Lauderdale Tower 123 / 404 06.043 1974 [54][55]
22= Shakespeare Tower 123 / 404 05.043 1976 [56][57]
25 Pan Peninsula West Tower 122 / 400 10.039 2008 [58][59]
26 Millbank Tower 119 / 390 21.033 1963 [60][61]
27 Aviva Tower 118 / 387 28.028 1969 [62][63]
28= Centre Point 117 / 385 15.035 1967 [64][65]
28= Empress State Building 117 / 385 24.031 1961 Originally stood at a height of 100 metres (328 ft) before a height extension in 2003.[66][67]
30 Battersea Power Station 113 / 370 33.010 1953 [68][9]
31 St Paul's Cathedral 111 / 364 38.0N/A 1710 Tallest place of worship in London. Tallest structure completed in London in the 1700s.[8][69]
32= King's Reach Tower 108 / 354 18.034 2004 [70][71]
32= 1 West India Quay 108 / 354 13.036 2004 [72][73]
34 Shell Centre 107 / 351 30.026 1961 [74][75]
35= 33 Canada Square 105 / 344 32.018 1999 [76][77]
35= 100 Middlesex Street* 105 / 344 34 2009 Topped out. (Also known as Nido)
36= 99 Bishopsgate 104 / 340 31.026 1976 [78][79]
36= Ontario Tower 104 / 340 25.029 2007 [80][81]
38 Victoria Tower 102 / 336 39.0N/A 1858 World's tallest non-religious building in the world upon completion. Tallest structure completed in London in the 1800s.[82][83]
39 Portland House 101 / 333 26.029 1963 [84][85]
40 The London Hilton on Park Lane 101 / 331 27.029 1963 [86][87]

* Indicates still under construction, but has been topped out

The 16 tallest buildings in London as of May 2007

Tallest under construction, approved, and proposed

Under construction

The Heron Tower construction as of 30th October 2009.
The 122 Leadenhall Street site in November 2009.

This lists buildings that are under construction in London and are planned to rise at least 100 metres (328 ft). Under construction buildings that have already been topped out are also included.

Name Height
metres / ft		 Floors Year (est.) Notes
Shard London Bridge 310 / 1,017 88 2012 Due to become the tallest building in the European Union.
Bishopsgate Tower 288 / 945 75 2012 Also known as The Pinnacle.[88][89]
Riverside South Tower 1 236 / 772 45 2012 [90][91]
The Leadenhall Building 225 / 737 50 — On Hold [92][93]
Heron Tower 202 / 664 47 2011 Reached 165m in November 2009, now the 3rd tallest structure in the City. [94][95]
Riverside South Tower 2 189 / 618 34 2012 [96][97]
20 Fenchurch Street 160 / 525 39 2014 [98][99] Piling
Strata 147 / 482 43 2010 [100][101]
Arrowhead 114 / 373 25 2010 [102][103][58][59]
Pioneer Point North 105 / 343 31 2010 [104][105]

Approved

This lists buildings that are approved for construction in London and are planned to rise at least 100 metres (328 ft).

Name Height
metres / ft		 Floors Year* (est.) Notes
The Three Houses 253 / 827 65 [106]
Columbus Tower 237 / 778 65 2010s
North Quay Tower 1 216 / 708 44 [107][108]
The Pride 209 / 683 61 2012 [109]
Wood Wharf W07B 206 / 676 51
North Quay Tower 3 203 / 667 38 [110][111]
Heron Quays West 198 / 649 33 [112][113]
One Park Place 197 / 648 45 2012 [114][115]
Wood Wharf W06 187 / 618 45
Wood Wharf W02 182 / 598 40+
St George Wharf Tower 181 / 593 49 2011 [116][117]
Beetham Tower 173 / 568 52 2012
100 Bishopsgate 165 / 542 39 2014 [118][119]
Croydon Gateway Arena Block A 163 / 535 40 [120]
Ruskin Square Building 159 / 521 26 [121]
Wood Wharf W07C 154 / 503 30+
The Blade 150 / 491 44 2012 [122][123] Site Prep
Baltimore Wharf Building 1 150 / 492 46 2012 [124][125]
Wellesley Square Block F 149 / 488 44 2010 [126]
20 Blackfriars Road Residential Tower 133 / 438 43 2011 [127][128]Public Inquiry
360-London 142 / 464 44 2010 [129]
The Quebec Building 136 / 448 44 [130]
Croydon Vocational Tower 134 / 439 29 [131]
150 High Street Stratford Block A 132 / 433 43 [132]
Wood Wharf W07A 128 / 418 30+
Lots Road South Tower 122 / 400 37 2010- [133][134]
North Quay Tower 2 120 / 393 18 [135][136]
Wood Wharf W08 119 / 389 30+
Elizabeth House North Tower 117 / 383 33 2012
City Road Basin Site C 115 / 377 35 [137][138]
Wood Wharf W05 113 / 370 25+
The Heron 112 / 367 35 2011 [139] Site Cleared
Walbrook Square Building 1 107 / 350 22 2010 [140] Being redesigned
Elizabeth House South Tower 107 / 350 20 2012
20 Blackfriars Road Office Tower 105 / 343 24 [141][142] Public Inquiry
Trinity Building 3 100 / 327 25 2012 [143] On Hold

* Table entries without text indicate that information regarding a building's expected year of completion has not yet been released.

Proposed

This lists buildings that are proposed for construction in London and are planned to rise at least 100 metres (328 ft).

Name Height
metres / ft		 Floors* Year* (est.) Notes
Bishops Place Building 3 164 / 539 51 [144]
Ram Brewery Tower 1 145 / 456 42 [145]
Newfoundland 145 / 475 37 [146]
The Leaf Block F 138 / 453 49 [147]
Victoria Interchange Building 2 134 / 440 42 [148]
Victoria Interchange Building 7 134 / 440 42 [149]
70-100 City Road Block A 131 / 430 39 2010 [150]
Clapham Junction Tower 2 127 / 417 40 2012 [151]
Bishops Place Building 2 126 / 414 32 [152]
Helix-London Building B 117 / 384 36 [153]
St. John's Tower 116 / 382 30 [154]
Ram Brewery Tower 2 114 / 374 32 [155]
4-5 South Quay Square 100 / 328 30 [156]

* Table entries without text indicate that information regarding a building's expected year of completion has not yet been released.

Scale models of the skyscrapers planned for Central London.

Timeline of tallest buildings and structures

The White Tower stood as the tallest structure in London from 1098 until 1310.

This lists free-standing structures that once held the title of tallest structure in London.

Name Location Years as tallest Height
metres / ft		 Floors Reference
White Tower Tower Hill 1098–1310 01.027 / 90 03.0N/A [4]
Old St Paul's Cathedral[A] City of London 1310–1666 07.0150 / 493[B] 08.0N/A [5]
Southwark Cathedral Southwark 1666–1677 02.050 / 163 04.0N/A [157]
Monument to the Great Fire of London City of London 1677–1683 03.062 / 202 05.0N/A [158]
St Mary-le-Bow Cheapside 1683–1710 04.072 / 236 06.0N/A [159]
St Paul's Cathedral City of London 1710–1939 05.0111 / 365 07.0N/A [69]
Battersea Power Station[D] Kirtling Street 1939–1950 06.0113 / 370 01.010 [9]
Crystal Palace transmitting station[C] Crystal Palace Park 1950–1991 08.0219 / 720 09.0N/A [2]
One Canada Square Canary Wharf 1991–present 09.0235 / 771 02.050 [14]

Notes

A.^ This structure was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666, allowing a shorter structure to become the tallest in the city.[160]
B.^ The exact height of the Old St. Paul's Cathedral remains unknown. Heights ranging between 140 metres (460 ft) and 150 metres (493 ft) have all been reported.[160]
C.^ If the Crystal Palace Transmitter is excluded as a "building", then the record was held by the "Post Office Tower" (later The British Telecom Tower) from 1962 to 1991, at a height of 191m (625ft) and containing 34 floors.
D.^ If counting the tallest habitable floors in buildings, then the record would be held from 1961-1962 by the Shell Centre, at 107m (351ft) and having 26 floors; and previous to this by the Victoria Tower 98.5m (323ft) having 14 floors, completed in 1858. [161], [162]

References

General
Specific
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  76. ^ "33 Canada Square". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=33canadasquare-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  77. ^ "33 Canada Square". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=2906. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  78. ^ "99 Bishopsgate". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=99bishopsgate-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  79. ^ "99 Bishopsgate". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=2907. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  80. ^ "Ontario Tower". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=ontariotower-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  81. ^ "Ontario Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=9296. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  82. ^ "Victoria Tower". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=victoriatower-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  83. ^ "Houses of Parliament". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=6286. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  84. ^ "Portland House". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=portlandhouse-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  85. ^ "Portland Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=6207. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  86. ^ "The London Hilton on Park Land". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=streetlondonhiltononparklane-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  87. ^ "The London Hilton on Park Lane". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=6496. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 
  88. ^ "The Pinnacle". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=streetbishopsgatetower-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  89. ^ "The Pinnacle". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=28290. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  90. ^ "Canary Wharf RS1". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=canarywharfrs1-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  91. ^ "Riverside South (South Tower)". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=6233. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 
  92. ^ "The Leadenhall Building". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=streetleadenhallbuilding-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  93. ^ "The Leadenhall Building". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7625. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  94. ^ "Heron Tower". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=herontower-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-07-08. 
  95. ^ "Heron Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1825. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  96. ^ "Canary Wharf RS2". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=canarywharfrs2-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  97. ^ "Riverside South (North Tower)". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=61917. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  98. ^ "20 Fenchurch Street Redevelopment". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=20fenchurchstreetredevelopment-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  99. ^ "20 Fenchurch Street Redevelopment". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=35652. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  100. ^ "Strata". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=castlehouse-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  101. ^ "Strata". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=43137. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  102. ^ "Arrowhead". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=arrowheadquayschemea-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  103. ^ "Arrowhead". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=71216. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  104. ^ "Pioneer Point North". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=pi1erpointnorth-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  105. ^ "Pioneer Point, North Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=18824. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  106. ^ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=787222
  107. ^ "Canary Wharf NQ1". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=canarywharfnq1-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  108. ^ "North Quay (Tower 1)". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=8314. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  109. ^ http://www.wharf.co.uk/2008/07/new-vision-for-city-pride-site.html
  110. ^ "Canary Whaft NQ3". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=canarywharfnq3-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  111. ^ "North Quay (Tower 3)". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=9294. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  112. ^ "Heron Quays West". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=heronquayswest-london-unitedkingdom996. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  113. ^ "Heron Quays West". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7855. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  114. ^ "One Park Place". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=1parkplace-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  115. ^ "One Park Place". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=73374. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  116. ^ "No.1 The Tower". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=vauxhalltower-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  117. ^ "No.1 The Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1948. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  118. ^ "100 Bishopsgate". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=100bishopsgate-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  119. ^ "100 Bishopsgate". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=54387. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  120. ^ "Croydon Gateway Arena Block A". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=landmarktower-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  121. ^ "Ruskin Square Building BO1". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=croydongatewaybuildingbo1-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  122. ^ "The Blade". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=merchantsquarebuildinga-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  123. ^ "Merchant Square (Residential Building)". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=46025. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  124. ^ "Baltimore Wharf Building 1". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=crossharbourbuilding1-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  125. ^ "Baltimore Wharf Building 1". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7845. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  126. ^ "Wellesley Square Block F". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=wellesleysquare-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  127. ^ "20 Blackfriars Road Residential Tower". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=20blackfriarsroadresidentialtower-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  128. ^ "20 Blackfriars Road (Residential tower)". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=35626. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  129. ^ "360-London". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=londonparkhotelredevelopment-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  130. ^ "The Quebec Building". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=newprovidencewharfbuildingc1-london-unitedkingdom643. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  131. ^ "Croydon Vocational Tower". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=croydonvocationalcollege-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  132. ^ "150 High Street Stratford Block A". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=150highstreetstratfordblocka-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  133. ^ "Lots Road South Tower". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=lotsroadsouthtower-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  134. ^ "Hammersmith & Fulham Tower, Lots Road". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=9941. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  135. ^ "Canary Wharf NQ2". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=canarywharfnq2-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  136. ^ "North Quay (Tower Two)". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=9293. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  137. ^ "City Road Basin Site C". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=cityroadbasinsitec-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  138. ^ "City Road Basin 1". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=31723. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  139. ^ "The Heron". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=miltoncourt-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  140. ^ "Walbrook Square Building 1". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=walbrooksquarebuilding1-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  141. ^ "20 Blackfriars Road Office Tower". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=20blackfriarsroadofficetower-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  142. ^ "20 Blackfriars Road (office tower)". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=60464. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  143. ^ "Trinity Building 3". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=trinity1-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  144. ^ "Bishops Place Building 3". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=bishopsplacebuilding3-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
  145. ^ "Ram Brewery Tower 1". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=rambrewerytower1-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  146. ^ "Newfoundland". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=newfoundland-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  147. ^ "The Leaf Block F". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=ealingbroadwayleaf-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  148. ^ "Victoria Interchange Building 2". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=victoriainterchangetower1-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  149. ^ "Victoria Interchange Building 7". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=victoriainterchangetower2-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  150. ^ "70-100 City Road Block A". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=70100cityroadblocka-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  151. ^ "Clapham Junction Tower 2". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=claphamjunctiontower2-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  152. ^ "Bishops Place Building 2". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=bishopsplacebuilding2-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  153. ^ "Helix-London Building B". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=2trafalgarwaybuildingb-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  154. ^ "St. John's Tower". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=streetjohnstowers-london-unitedkingdom112. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  155. ^ "Ram Brewery Tower 2". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=rambrewerytower2-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  156. ^ "4-5 South Quay Square". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=southquaysquarephase2-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  157. ^ "Southwark Cathedral". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=10456. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 
  158. ^ "The Monument". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=5706. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 
  159. ^ "Church of St. Mary-Le-Bow". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=10457. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 
  160. ^ a b "Old St. Paul's Cathedral". Emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=oldstreetpaulscastreetdral-london-unitedkingdom. Retrieved 2008-06-28. 
  161. ^ House of Commons Information Office;The Palace of Westminster; Factsheet G11; General Series; Revised May 2009: http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/G11.pdf
  162. ^ Jackson-Rowe case study: http://www.jackson-rowe.com/jr_admin/cases/pdf/JR_CASE_vi.pdf

See also

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