| Lisunov Li-2 | |
|---|---|
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| Lisunov Li-2 of Soviet Air Force at Monino near Moscow in August 1994 | |
| Role | Cargo/passenger utility aircraft and light bomber |
| Manufacturer | GAZ |
| Introduced | 1939 |
| Primary users | Soviet Air Force Aeroflot, and exported to 14 countries |
| Produced | 1939-1952 |
| Number built | 6,157[1][2] (per latest research 4,937 [3]) |
| Developed from | Douglas DC-3 |
The Lisunov Li-2, originally designated PS-84 (NATO reporting name Cab), was a license-built version of the Douglas DC-3. It was produced by the GAZ-84 works near Moscow, and subsequently at GAZ-34 in Tashkent. The project was directed by aeronautical engineer Boris Pavlovich Lisunov.
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Design and development
The Soviet Union had already received its first DC-2 in 1935 and although a total of 18 DC-3s had been ordered on 11 April 1936, the Soviets managed to purchase 21 DC-3s for operation by Aeroflot before World War II. The arrangement (possibly through a third country) accompanied a production license "for free" on 15 July 1936. Lisunov spent two years at the Douglas Aircraft Company, between 1938 and 1940 and modified the C-47 into a Soviet version, which was given the designation PS-84 (Passazhirskiy Samolyot 84, passenger airplane 84).
Despite the original intention to incorporate as few changes as necessary to the basic design,[4] the GAZ-84 works documented over 1,200 engineering changes from the Douglas engineering drawings, and it was no small task for Vladimir Myasishchev to change all dimensions from inches to metric units.[5] Some of the changes were substantial, such as the use of the Russian Shvetsov ASh-62IR engines.
The Russian standard design practice also usually mandated fully shuttered engines in order to cope with the extreme temperatures. A slightly shorter span was incorporated but many of the other alterations were less evident. The passenger door was moved to the right side of the fuselage, with a top-opening cargo door on the left side in place of the original passenger door. The structural reinforcement included slightly heavier skins necessitated since the metric skin gauges were not exact duplicates of the American alloy sheet metal. Standard Russian metric hardware was different and the various steel substructures such as engine mounts and landing gear, wheels, and tires were also quite different from the original design. Later modifications allowed the provision of ski landing gear in order to operate in remote and Arctic regions. The first PS-84s began to emerge from the GAZ-84 production line by 1939. [6]
Some military versions of the Li-2 also had bomb racks and a dorsal turret, unlike the C-47 development of the DC-3.
Operational history
The PS-84 had flown with Aeroflot primarily as a passenger transport before World War II. When Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941 many of the PS-84s were taken into military use and redesignated the Lisunov Li-2 in 1942. The military models were equipped with a 7.62 mm (.30 in) ShKAS machine gun, and later with a 12.7 mm (.50 in) UBK heavy machine gun. The aircraft were used for transport, partisan supply, bombing, and as ambulance aircraft. A version designated Li-2VV (Vojenny Variant = military variant) had a redesigned nose for extra defensive armament and could carry up to four 250 kg (551 lb) bombs under the wings. Smaller bombs could be carried inside the fuselage and thrown out the freight hatch by the crew.
4,937 [7] aircraft were produced of all Li-2 versions between 1940 and 1954 and it saw extensive use in Eastern Europe until the 1960s. The last survivors in use were noted in China and Vietnam during the 1980s. [7] There were many versions, including airliner, cargo, military transport, reconnaissance, aerial photography, parachute drop, bomber, and high altitude variants. The Li-2 also saw extensive service in the Chinese Air Force in the 1940s and 1950s.
Several airlines operated Lisunov Li-2s, among others Aeroflot, CAAK, CSA, LOT, Malév, Polar Aviation, TABSO and Tarom [8].
There is only one Li-2 restored to airworthy condition. Hungarian registered HA-LIX was built in 1949 in Airframe Factory Nr.84 of Tashkent, as serial number 18433209 and still flies sightseeing tours and regularly participates at air shows. [9]
Variants
- PS-84
- Original passenger airliner, equipped with 14-28 seats. Somewhat smaller span and higher empty weight, and it was also equipped with lower-powered engines compared to the DC-3. The cargo door was also transposed to the right side of the fuselage.
- Li-2
- Military transport aircraft with defensive armament (designation started from 17 September 1942).
- Li-2D
- Paratroop transport version (1942), with reinforced floor and tie-downs, plus cargo doors (slightly smaller than the C-47 doors) on the left.
- Li-2P
- Basic civil passenger model.
- Li-2PG
- Civil "combi" passenger-cargo version.
- Li-2R
- "Reconnaissance" version, with bulged windows fitted behind the cockpit.
- Li-2VV
- Bomber version (1942)
- Li-2V
- High-altitude weather surveillance version of the Li-2, equipped with turbocharged engines.
- Li-3
- Yugoslavian version equipped with American Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engines (similar to the DC-3)
- Li-2T
- Polish bomber training aircraft
Operators
Military
Bulgaria- Bulgarian Air Force
Czechoslovakia- Czechoslovakian Air Force
China- People's Liberation Army Air Force
Hungary- Hungarian Air Force
Madagascar
Mongolia- Mongolian People's Air Force
North Korea- North Korean Air Force
Democratic Republic of Vietnam- Vietnam People's Air Force
Poland- Polish Air Force
Romania- Romanian Air Force
Soviet Union- Soviet Air Force
Syria
Yugoslavia- SFR Yugoslav Air Force
- 1st Transport Aviation Regiment (1945-1948)
- 119th Transport Aviation Regiment (1948-1959, Li-3 1970)
Civil
- People's Republic of China
- China National Aviation Corporation
- Czechoslovakia
- CSA
- Hungary
- Malév
- North Korea
- CAAK
- Poland
- LOT
- Romania
- TAROM
- Soviet Union
- Aeroflot
Specifications (Li-2)
General characteristics
- Crew: 5-6
- Capacity: 20+ passengers
- Length: 19.65 m (64 ft 5 in)
- Wingspan: 28.81 m (94 ft 6 in)
- Height: ()
- Empty weight: 7,750 kg (17,485 lb)
- Loaded weight: 10,700 kg (23,589 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 11,280 kg (24,867 lb)
- Powerplant: 2× Shvetsov ASh-62IR 4-bladed VISh-21, 746 kW (1,000 hp) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 300 km/h (186 mph)
- Cruise speed: 245 km/h (152 mph)
- Range: 1,100-2,500 km (685-1,550 mi)
Armament
3 × 7.62 mm (.30 in) ShKAS machine guns
1× 12.7 mm (.50 in) UBK machine gun
1,000 kg bombs (normal load)
2,000 kg (4,409 lb) of bombs (short distances)
See also
Related development
Comparable aircraft
Related lists
References
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Davies, R.E.G. Aeroflot. Rockville, MD: Paladwr Press, 1993. ISBN 0-96264-831-0.
- Gordon, Yefim and Sergey and Dimitriy Komissarov. Lisunov Li-2: the Soviet DC-3. St. Paul, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2006. ISBN 1-85780-228-4.
- Gradidge, Jennifer M., ed. DC-1, DC-2, DC-3: The First Seventy Years. Tonbridge, UK : Air-Britain, 2006. ISBN 0-85130-332-3.
- Gunston, Bill. Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft. London: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2000. ISBN 1-84176-096-X.
- Jane, Fred T., ed. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1945-1946. London: Jane's Information Group, 1946.
- Mondey, David, ed. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books Inc., 1978. ISBN 0-89009-771-2.
- Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas Propliners DC-1-DC-7. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1995. ISBN 1-85310-261-X.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lisunov Li-2 |
- Lisunov Li-2 (NATO: Cab) by Maarten Brouwer
- Lisunov Li-2: the Soviet DC-3, reviewed by Scott Van Aken
- Gold Timer Foundation Restorers of the only remaining Li-2 still in flying condition. (Hungarian)
- Hungarian/Lisunov Li-2T
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