Loreto, Baja California Sur

For other uses, see Loreto.

Loreto
—  Town  —
Coat of arms
Loreto
Coordinates: 26°00′46″N 111°20′36″W / 26.01278°N 111.34333°W / 26.01278; -111.34333
Country	Mexico
State	Baja California Sur
Municipality	Loreto
Founded	October 25, 1697 (Juan María de Salvatierra SJ)
Government
- Mayor	Yuan Yee Cunningham
Elevation	10 m (33 ft)
Population (2005)
- Total	10,283
- Demonym	Loretano
Time zone	MST (UTC-7)
Postal code	23880
Area code(s)	613
Website	www.loreto.gob.mx

Loreto (or Conchó) was the first Spanish settlement on the Baja California Peninsula. It served as the capital of Las Californias from 1697 to 1777, and is the current seat of the municipality of Loreto in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. The city of 10,283 people (2005 census) is located on the coast of the Sea of Cortés, about 350 km (220 miles) north of the state capital, La Paz.

The town was founded in 1697 by Jesuit missionaries. The Misión Nuestra Señora de Loreto was founded in the town in 1752. The town served as the capital of the province of Las Californias from its founding until the capital was moved to Monterey on February 3, 1777. The town then became the headquarters for the Lieutenant Governor of California Viejo (later the province of Baja California).

The city is now a tourist resort, catering mostly to U.S. travelers, with daily flights from the U.S. state of California arriving at Loreto International Airport. Many of the American Tourists enjoy fishing in "pangas" for "dorado" (Mahi-mahi or Dolphin Fish). Local restaurants will even prepare the daily catch of the tourists. Loreto has an excellent museum alongside the historic, but still active, parish. The Spanish Fathers found a steady spring of fresh water on this site. The city has an active sister city relationship with Hermosa Beach and Cerritos, California, USA.

Contents 1 Geography 2 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Culture 5 Fishing 6 Recreation and tourist attractions 7 Education 8 Events 9 Government 10 Politics 10.1 2008 mayoral election 11 Local Media 12 Trivia 13 Further reading 14 References 15 External links

Geography

Loreto is located on the east coast of the Baja California Peninsula, at 26º00'46" N 111º20'36" W. The town area is bordered to the East side by the Gulf of California, on the West by the Transpeninsular Highway and on the South side by the Arroyo Loreto, a dry creek bed that only fills with water after a heavy rainfall. The city is built on relatively flat land; the average elevation is 10 meters (33 ft) above sea level. To the west of the city area is located the “La Giganta” Mountain Range (“Sierra de la Giganta”), which extends along the center of the state of Baja California Sur, parallel to the gulf coast.

As for the geology and topography of the Loreto region (from Bahía Concepción to Agua Verde), it’s described by Paul J. Umhoefer as coastal belt that “consists mainly of a narrow belt of ridges, valleys, and pediments adjacent to the escarpment, low- to moderate-elevation ranges transverse to the coast, and narrow coastal plains” (description made in his complete study about the geology of the Loreto region, publicated by the Geological Society of America Bulletin).^[1]

Climate

Loreto’s climate is hot and humid, with abundant sunshine (desert with some rainfalls in summer). The median temperature is 24.4 °C (76 °F).^[2] The temperatures are hot from June through October. These summer days have highs around 34 °C (93 °F) and high humidity. According to the National Meteorological Service (Servicio Metereológico Nacional) Loreto's highest official temperature reading of 39 °C (102 °F) was recorded on August 1965; the lowest temperature ever recorded was 5.4 °C (42 °F) in January 1971.^[3] On spring season, the temperatures are moderate and template. Autumn and winter months are usually windy.

Weather data for Loreto, Baja California Sur
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C	23.3	24.5	25.7	28.2	31.2	34.2	35.4	35.9	35.4	33.0	28.2	24.7	30
Average low °C	9.8	9.9	11.0	12.9	16.2	20.5	24.6	24.9	23.9	19.7	14.3	11.5	16.6
Precipitation cm	11.3	5.6	1.9	0.0	0.3	0.0	7.8	36.8	41.5	15.5	8.9	13.1	11.89
Average high °F	74	76	78	83	88	94	96	97	96	91	83	76	86
Average low °F	50	50	52	55	61	69	76	77	75	67	58	53	62
Precipitation inches	4.4	2.2	0.7	0	0.1	0	3.1	14.5	16.3	6.1	3.5	5.2	4.7
Source: Servicio Metereológico Nacional. Normales Climatológicas 1961-1990[4] January 2007

From January to March, winds blow from the NW (night hours) and the North (day hours), the rest of the year, the winds blow usually from the West.^[5][6] Loreto's yearly precipitation is low; averages about 11.89 centimeters (4.68 in). The wettest months are August and September, when there are occasional short-lived rainfalls. One concern for Loreto is the Pacific hurricane season, which runs from June 1 to November 30, and some times causes heavy rainfall and floods in the area. The last time the town area had a hit by a hurricane was in September 2 and 3, 2006, when the hurricane John hit the Baja California Peninsula.^[7][8]

Demographics

According to INEGI, there are 10,283 people,^[9] 2565 households, residing in the city. There are 2565 households, out of which 77.67% are male householders and 22.32% are female householders The population is young, and is spread out with 29.75% from 0 to 14 years of age, 19.19% from 15 to 24, and 6.42% who are 60 years of age or older. For every 100 females there are 102.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.5 males. The Municipality of Loreto (which includes Nopoló, Puerto Escondido, San Javier and the rest of the little villages from the coast and mountains) has a population of 11,839 people.(Source: INEGI. Conteo 2005)

Loreto has a small population and low immigration. As a result, the presence of large families is very characteristic and repetitive last names can be found frequently among the inhabitants (this phenomena is similar in other state localities). The two largest families are the “Davis”, which predominate in the east of the city, along the beach (in fact, there is a street in the area named after this last name, the “Calle Davis”) and the “Murillo”, which predominate in the South along the Arroyo Loreto, in the neighborhood known as “barrio del Muro” (named after the retaining wall built to hold flood waters from the creek). Other large families are the Amador, the Arce, the Cota, the Higuera, the Romero and the Villalejo.^[10]

Culture

There are seven buildings in Loreto from the 18th to the 20th century that are considered “historical monuments” by the federal government, the most important is the Mission of our Lady of Loreto, which is the start of "the royal road" (“el camino real”), an historic corridor that ends in Sonoma USA and follows the ancient route of the Spanish missions.^[11][12][13] In the neighboring town of San Javier are five historical buildings, the most important is the Mission of Saint Francis Xavier (Misión de San Francisco Javier), which is considered the best preserved mission in the peninsula. Twenty kilometers North of Loreto there are ruins of the Mission of San Bruno, the first mission of Baja California, which was founded in 1683, only to be abandoned two years later.

The Jesuit Missions Museum (“Museo de las Misions Jesuiticas”) is located beside the Mission of our Lady of Loreto. It has a collection of religious art, weapons and tools from the XVII and XVIII centuries that were used in the Spanish missions in Baja California.^[14]

In the La Giganta Mountain Range there are cave paintings in canyons and rock shelters. The nearest sites to Loreto are “Cuevas Pintas” (15 km to the west) and "La Pingüica" (60 km to the North).^[15] The cave paintings from the indigenous groups of Baja California are world famous and some of them have been added to UNESCO's list of world heritage sites.

Fishing

Loreto has a reputation as an excellent point for sport fishing. This is its main tourist attraction as well as the main source of employment in the area, (therefore, Loreto’s economy is linked to fishing). It has two well-known fishing seasons: Summer, distinguished by the “dorado” and other species like marlin (black marlin, Atlantic blue marlin and striped marlin) and sailfish, ideal for the fly fishing techniques; Winter, distinguished by the “yellow tail” (jurel) and other species that usually are deep in the sea rocks. Additionally to the seasonal species, Loreto's waters are home of other species like snapper and seabass, which are found all year long.^[16][17][18] Thanks to this abundance, Loreto has been home of several IGFA records.^[19] The two “foundations” of the Loreto’s sport fishing are the “dorado” and the “yellow tail” (Seriola lalandi dorsalis). The dorado is the emblematic species of Loreto, it likes the warm waters, and its season begins in late May, peaks from July to September, and comes to an end in November. Two important tournaments are celebrated within this season in July and September. The yellow tail is one of the strongest species; its season begins in November, peaks from March to April, and comes to an end in late May

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Yellow Tail(Jurel)
Seabass (Cabrilla)
Rooster (Gallo)
Snapper (Pargo)
Grouper
Sierra
Dorado
Marlin
Sailfish (Pez Vela)
Tuna

Recreation and tourist attractions

There are several beaches in the Loreto area:

• Nopoló.
• Juncalito.
• Ensenada Blanca.
• Agua Verde.
• San Bruno (to the North of town).

Other activities are:

• Diving. Thanks to the good visibility, the warm water (that makes wetsuit not necessary most of the year) and the gulf biodiversity, Loreto offers world class snorkelling and scuba diving.
• Golfing. The Loreto Golf Course is located in Nopoló, 9 km south from the town. It’s a par 72 course with 18 holes and has two artificial lakes.
• Tennis. The Loreto Tennis Center is also located in Nopoló. It has 8 professional courts and a stadium.
• Camping. Loreto offers from full service campsites, as well as deserted beaches.
• Kayaking. There are several companies that offer sea kayak tours.
• Sailing. South of Loreto is Puerto Escondido (now renamed “Puerto Loreto” by the federal government). This port is the seat of the “Sea of Cortez Project” (formerly known as Nautical Ladder Plan), and is a safe natural harbor surrounded by hills, operated by two government agencies. The Hidden Port Yacht Club is based in this port, it’s an internationally recognized club that is also involved in philanthropic activities.

Education

The city has two public schools of superior studies:

• The Regional Center of Normal Education “Marcelo Rubio Ruiz” (CREN) is an undergraduate school of education that offers two bachelor's degree programs in education and in special education.
• The Baja California Sur Autonomous University campus Loreto (UABCS) offers two bachelor's degree programs in alternative tourism and in political science and public administration.

The catholic private school "Colegio Calafia" offers one associate degree in commerce.

High school students (10th to 12th grade) are served by two public schools:

• Centro de Estudios de Bachillerato.
• Colegio de Bachilleres (former Preparatoria Federal por Cooperación “Manuel Davis Ramírez”).

Middle school students (7th to 9th grade) are served by two public schools:

• Escuela Secundaria Estatal “Benito Juárez”.
• Escuela Secundaria Estatal “Modesto Sánchez Mayón”.

Elementary school students (1st to 6th grade) are served by six public schools and one catholic private school. There are five kindergarten schools. Boarding School Number 8 (Albergue Escolar Número 8 "General Venustiano Carranza") serves children from the mountain villages who attend school, away from their homes and families. It serves approximately sixty five students.

Events

• Fiestas de la Virgen de Loreto. The Our Lady of Loreto Festivities are celebrated on September 8. It's a series of religious, civic and cultural events.
• Fiestas de la Fundación de Loreto. The foundation of the city is celebrated from October 19 to 25. It's one of the most important cultural events in the state.
• Fiestas de San Javier. The festivities from December 1 to 3 are in honor of Saint Francis Xavier, patron saint from the neighbor town of San Javier. These festivities attract a lot of pilgrims from the peninsula.
• Loreto 400. An off-road racing event that takes place in September. The course is a classic desert offroad race which route includes Comondú, San Javier and the old towns of La Giganta mountain range.
• Loreto 300 milles. Off-road racing event. December.^[20][21]
• Torneo de las Misiones. Fishing Charity Tournament that started in 1993. The 2007 edition will be July 12-14.^[22]
• Loreto Dorado International Fishing Tournament. Takes place in July.
• Copa Dorado Tournament. State tournament in September.
• Governor's Cup Fishing Tournament. May

Government

The city of Loreto is the seat of the Municipality of Loreto, which is governed by a democratic elected City Council (Ayuntamiento), which is integrated by the Mayor or Municipal President (Presidente Municipal), the Syndic (Síndico) and six City Councilors (Regidores), for a period of three years with no right to reelection. The Mayor is a voting member of the council, the executor of the determinations of the City Council and the person directly in charge of the public municipal administration (the City Manager figure doesn’t exist in the Mexican city government structure). The Syndic is also a voting member, and is in charge of the legal representation of the council and municipal government, as well as watching the municipal patrimony and the supervision of the public servants conduct (similar to an US Inspector General). The City Councilors analyze the municipality policies and vote the determinations of the council.^[23][24] In the communities, the Mayor is represented by twelve sub-delegates (subdelegados), which are designated by the City Council; the twelve sub-delegations are Agua Verde, San Javier , Ligüi, Colonia Zaragoza, San Nicolás, Tembabiche, San Juan Londó, Ensenada Blanca, Alta Gracia, El Guatamote, El Peloteado and Santa Cruz. The current Mayor of Loreto is Professor Yuan Yee Cunningham, and he’ll remain in office until April 2011.

Municipality of Loreto
City Council Members 2008-2011

Member	Name	Political Party
Mayor	Prof. Yuan Yee Cunningham	PRD
Syndic	Santos Rivas García	PRD
1st Councilor	Prof. Rigoberto Arce Higuera	PRD
2nd Councilor	Iracema Yolisma Salorio Garayzar	PT
3rd Councilor	Alfredo Quintana Fuerte	PRD
4th Councilor	Luis Davis Davis	PRD
5th Councilor	Sonia Davis Higuera	PANAL
6th Councilor	Dr. Eduardo Velásquez Anzaldúa	PAN

Municipality of Loreto
Mayors

Term	Name	Party
2008-2011	Prof. Yuan Yee Cunningham
2005-2008	Rodolfo Davis Osuna
2002-2005	Lic. Homero Davis Castro
1999-2002	Lic. Antonio Verdugo Davis
1996-1999	Ramón Davis Drew
1993-1996	Alfredo García Green

Politics

According to the Federal Electoral Institute, as of February 3, 2008, the Municipality of Loreto had 9,073 registered voters (lista nominal). In Loreto, the main political parties are:

• The conservative National Action Party (PAN), which heads the Municipal and the Federal Governments. Locally, the party was conformed in the early 90’s by small merchants and members from the Cursillos de Cristiandad (a catholic movement), as a political opposition to the then undefeatable PRI.

Municipality of Loreto
Participation in Mayor Elections and 2006 Presidential Election

Year	Participation
2008	72.5%
2006	62.42%
2005	74.4%
2002	75.36%
1999	80.05%
1996	83.5%
1993	48.2%

• The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which ruled the country from 1929 to 2000, and was mainly conformed by public employees and labor union members.
• The left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), which currently heads the State government. The political party gain presence within the State in 1998, when the local PRI suffered an escition of disgusted members, which then changed their political affiliation to the PRD.^[25]
• The New Alliance Party (PANAL). It's the political organization of the National Education Workers' Union (SNTE), a corporatist union led by Elba Esther Gordillo. The party began activities in the municipaly in 2007, when PAN members, including several members of the Davis Family, quit that party and changed their political affiliation to PANAL. In addition, the SNTE provided funds and political activists.^[26][27]

Loreto politics has two characteristics: a) High participation and b) Differentiated vote. Unlike the rest of the country, Baja California Sur State has a high political participation, and Loreto is the Municipality with the highest participation in the State. The local elections have the highest participation, above the participation in General Elections (Elecciones Federales) for President, Senators and Deputies. On local elections the lowest participation was on 1993 with 48.2%; the highest was on 1996 with 83%. In the last General Election the participation was 62.42%. The differentiated vote means that the citizens’ vote is for the candidate not the political party, choosing different candidates from diverse political affiliation at the same election. As an example of this differentiated vote are the 2005 State and local Election and the 2006 General Election. On February 6 2005, the citizens of Loreto elected State Governor, Mayor and State Representative: the winning candidates were the PRI candidate Rodimiro Amaya (but he lost the rest of the State), the PAN candidate Rodolfo Davis, and the PRD candidate Antonio Olachea (the current XII District State Representative), that means three different political parties won at the same election day, one for each office disputed. On July 2, 2006, the citizens of Loreto elected President, Senators and Deputies: the winning candidates were the PAN candidate Felipe Calderón (the current President), and the PRD candidates Francisco Obregón and Juan Adolfo Orci Martínez (current Senator and Federal Representative). This phenomenon began in 1993, that year the citizens of Loreto elected their first Municipal President (the Municipality was created in 1992) and, for the first time in local history, the PRI was defeated in an election (the PRI won the Governor election, but lost the Municipalities of La Paz, Comondú and Loreto, as well as the State Congress), since that year to 2006, each election has different winners, despite their political affiliation. From 1999 to 2005 even though the PRD had won almost all the local elections across the State, the Loreto Municipality had been won by the PRI or the PAN, while the PRD had won the Governor’s election or the State Representative Election. This status changed in the local elections on February 3, 2008, when the PRD candidates Yuan Yee and Francisco Rubio, won the election for mayor and state representative office, respectively.^{[28][29][30][31]}

Municipality of Loreto Votes
by Party in Presidential Elections (organized by IFE)

Year	PAN	PRI	PRD
2006	45.88% 2,315	14.47% 730	35.41% 1,787
2000	43.80% 2,149	41.99% 2,060	11.84% 581
1994	37.07% 1,671	57.72% 2,602	1.91% 86

2008 mayoral election

In the mayoral election of February 3, 2008, the winning candidate was the PRD candidate (and former PAN member), Professor Yuan Yee Cunningham, with 3,569 votes (54.23%). The New Alliance Party PANAL candidate (and also a former PAN member) Servando Davis Davis, finished in second place with 1,552 votes (23.58%) and the PAN and Green Party alliance candidate Carlos Amador (a former Municipal Social Development Secretary with corruption accusations), arrived third with 1362 votes (20.70%); the PRI did not present a candidate. In the State Representatives election of the same date, the winner was the PRD candidate Professor Francisco Rubio with 3,793 votes (49.97%); the PAN candidate Rodolfo Davis Osuna (the then mayor, who left the office in order to run for a seat in the State Assembly) was second, with 1,693 votes (22.30%) and the PANAL candidate Bernabé Quintana was third with 1,439 votes (18.96%). The PRI candidate finished a distant fourth with 491 votes (6.47%).^[32][33][34]

Municipality of Loreto
Votes by Party in Mayoral Elections

Year	PAN	PRI	PRD	PANAL
2008	20.7% 1,362		54.23% 3,569	23.58% 1,552
2005	36.3% 2,121	27.4% 1,597	28.8% 1,680
2002	38.83% 2,125	23.00% 1,259	34.65% 1,896
1999	40.3% 2,122	44.8% 2,364	11.0% 579
1996	43.7% 2,003	51.3% 2,351
1993	50.1% 1,735	49.9% 1,728

Local Media

The city has one local radio station, XHLBS 92.5 FM “Estéreo Loreto”, that plays popular music and offers local news.

Trivia

Loreto was the setting for the 7th season finale of ABC reality TV show "The Bachelor”, aired May 16, 2005.^[35]

Further reading

• Ann O’Neil and Don O’Neil (2001), Loreto, Baja California: First Mission and Capital of Spanish California, Tio Press, ISBN 0970854102.
• Alan Axelrod, David Axelrod and Aaron Bodansky (2007), Best Guide: Loreto, Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico; ISBN 0970045584.
• Brett Alan Wyatt (2005), You Decide Travel Guide:Loreto, Riley Books, ISBN 0970889852.
• Conservación del Territorio Insular Mexicano, A.C., Estudio socioeconómico de las comunidades costeras El Juncalito, Ligui, Ensenada Blanca y Agua Verde, Municipio de Loreto, B.C.S.
• Miguel León-Portilla (1997), Loreto's key role in the early history of the Californias (1697-1773), California Mission Studies Association, OCLC 37842990.
• Paul Gangster, Oscar Arizpe and Antonina Ivanova (2007), Loreto - The future of the first capital of the Californias, ISBN 9780925613523
• Sergio Morales Polo (1993), Loreto : some relevant facts about the history of the keystone of California culture, Editorial Londó, OCLC 39034134.
• Nicole Dyan Peterson (2005), Casting a wide net decision-making in a Mexican marine park, Ph.D. dissertation, UCSD, OCLC: 64507505.
• Loreto: Baja California, Mexico fishing chart and guide (1999), Baja "Directions", Inc., ISBN 1929394055 9781929394050.

References

• Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática

Morales Polo, Sergio, THE MISSION OF SAN JAVIER. A beautiful link of Jesuit Missions chain in the Royal Road of the Californias. Edit. Londó, México 2007

External links

• Loreto Eco-Alliance Non-profit organization of environmental organizations and individuals committed to working collaboratively to protect and preserve the coastal, marine and terrestrial eco-systems of the Municipality of Loreto
• Guide to Loreto Loreto attractions, tourist information, activities
• Baja Travel Guide Loreto online trip planner to help decide your next vacation.
• Loreto Guide Loreto guide with travel information.
• Loreto Hotel Association Loreto transportation and accommodations.
• Parque Nacional Bahia de Loreto Loreto Bay National Park Official Page.
• Futuros Alternativos Loreto Strategic planning study for the Greater Loreto region.
• Grupo Ecologista Antares Non-profit association committed to conservation of nature and sustainable development in the Loreto region.
• Loreto Official website
• FONATUR Loreto Touristic Project
• Dirección de Turismo Municipal de Loreto Loreto Tourism Office.
• CREN "Marcelo Rubio Ruiz" Loreto school of education.
• Animalandia A non-profit organization that applies spay and neuter programs.
• Fishing for the Mission Tournament
• Hidden Port Yacht Club
• The Baja Big Fish Company Loreto Information about sportfishing, weather and local news.
• El Sudcaliforniano Newspaper Local news.
• Loretanos Local people pictures and articles.
• esmexico.com Loreto photos
• Loreto, Baja California Sur travel guide from Wikitravel

Coordinates: 26°01′N 111°21′W / 26.017°N 111.35°W / 26.017; -111.35

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