Louis Marcoussis
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Louis Marcoussis
(b Warsaw, 10 Nov 1878; d Cusset, nr Vichy, 22 Oct 1941). French painter and printmaker of Polish birth. The second son in a cultivated family of Jewish origin that had converted to Catholicism, he began studying law in Warsaw but left to enrol in the Academy of Fine Arts in Krak?w. When he refused to follow decorative arts and design, potentially useful in the family's carpet manufacturing business, his father cut off his allowance, reinstating it only after he won honours in drawing and decided to continue his studies in Paris. In 1903 he enrolled under Jules Lefebvre at the Acad?mie Julian in Paris, where he became friendly with Roger de La Fresnaye and the French painter Robert Lotiron (1886-1966). A casual student, he spent most of his time visiting the Louvre, salon exhibitions, galleries and caf?s until 1905, when the subvention from home ended. The first work he exhibited in Paris was an Impressionist landscape at the Salon d'Automne in 1905. Now obliged to support himself, he took advantage of his facility as a draughtsman and submitted illustrations to Parisian magazines of humour and fashion: Vie parisienne, Le Journal and Assiette au beurre. He continued to paint and by 1907 had moved into the orbit of Fauvism. A chance encounter with Guillaume Apollinaire and Georges Braque at the Cirque M?drano in 1910, by which time he was living in bourgeois comfort with Marcelle Humbert as a highly successful illustrator, changed the course of Marcoussis's life. Presented to Picasso, Marcoussis was startled by Cubism; Picasso in turn was taken with Marcelle, whom he renamed Eva and swept off to Avignon, Ceret and Sorgues. Freed of the pressures of maintaining a middle-class apartment, Marcoussis began to associate with Apollinaire and other younger poets and to experiment with the new painting. At the urging of Apollinaire he changed his surname to that of a small village in the district of Essonne. Although he exhibited in the Section d'Or (see SECTION D'OR (ii)) exhibition of 1912, the year in which he etched Apollinaire's portrait (Philadelphia, PA, Mus. A.), his own brand of Cubism was closer to that of the Montmartre artists Picasso and Braque than to that of the PUTEAUX GROUP. Like the former he favoured still-life and subjects that made reference to music, but his approach to form remained readable, his Cubist treatment more moderate. He gave up illustration only in 1913, the year in which he married the Polish painter Alicia Halicka; among his last caricatures is one lampooning Cubism. A typical example of his pre-war work is The Cellist (1914; Washington, DC, N.G.A.).
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Louis Marcoussis
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Louis Marcoussis
Louis Marcoussis, formerly Ludwik Kazimierz Wladyslaw Markus or Ludwig Casimir Ladislas Markus, (1878 or 1883,[1] Łódź – October 22, 1941, Cusset) was a painter and engraver of Polish origin who lived in Paris for much of his life and became a French citizen.
After studying law briefly in Warsaw he went to the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts, where his teachers included Jan Stanislawski and Jozev Mehoffer. Moving to Paris in 1903, he spent a short time at the Académie Julian under Jules Lefebvre. The first time a painting of his was shown in a major exhibition was at the Salon d'Automne in 1905, and over the next quarter-century his work was shown in many other important exhibitions, in particular at the Salon des Indépendants and the Salon des Tuileries.
He drew cartoons for satirical journals, as he had earlier in Poland. In Paris he needed to earn his own living, and also took on other drawing and illustration work. In the cafés of Montmartre and Montparnasse he got to know Apollinaire, Braque, Degas, Picasso and many more artists and writers. It was Apollinaire who suggested Markus' French name, Marcoussis, after a village not far from Paris.
Impressionism influenced his early paintings, but from about 1910 he was part of the Cubist movement alongside other avant-garde painters like Picasso, Braque and Juan Gris. His work was shown in exhibitions in many European cities and in the US. In 1925 he had his first solo exhibition in Paris. As well as painting still lifes and musical instruments in the Cubist manner, he also produced portraits, views of Paris, and images from the Breton seaside.
From 1930 onwards, he concentrated on printmaking and illustration, including work inspired by Apollinaire's Alcool, Tzara's Indicateur des chemins de cœur, and Éluard's Lingères légères and Aurélia. In the late 1930s Marcoussis collaborated with Spanish surrealist Joan Miró and taught him etching techniques. He also taught at the Académie Schlaefer.
In 1913 he had married Alice Halicka, a painter who came from Kraków. Their daughter Malène was born in 1922. Marcoussis served in a Polish company of the French Foreign Legion from 1914-1919. He became a French citizen, while also staying in touch with Poland, both personally and professionally. He did not generally talk about his Jewish ancestry, and his family had converted to Catholicism, but today Marcoussis is often described as a Jewish artist.
After Nazi troops arrived in Paris in 1940, Marcoussis and Alice moved to Cusset near Vichy. He died there on 22 October 1941.
Exhibitions
- 1905 Salon d'Automne, Paris
- 1906 Salon des Indépendants, Paris
- 1925 Galerie Le Pierre, Paris
- 1928 Galerie Le Centaure, Brussels
- 1929 Galerie Georges Bernheim, Paris
- 1929 Galerie Jeanne Bucher, Paris
- 1933 Galerie Knoedler, New York
- 1934 Arts Club, Chicago
- 1936 Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
- 1937 Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
- 1939 London Gallery, London
- 1949 Retrospective in Paris
- 1950 Retrospective in Basel
- 1951 Retrospective in Brussels
This list is from the German Wikipedia. It is not yet complete.
References
- Irena Kossowska, Louis Marcoussis (Ludwik Kazimierz Markus) (Instytut Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk July 2004)
- Grove Dictionary of Art
- ArtCyclopedia
- French National Library
- ^ November 10, 1878 is the date preferred by the Grove Dictionary of Art among others, but some reputable sources, for instance the French National Library, suggest 1883.
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The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Copyright © 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc.. All rights reserved.
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